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The gibba group of Chrysis occurs in many parts of the world. It is characterized in part by a lengthened clypeus. Other features are the usually long malar space, micro-ridging on the scapal basin, a frontal carina (when developed) with a broad M-shape and partial posterior rami (broadly biconvex in one species), tergum II apicolaterally obtuse, and tergum III with 4 teeth or lobes. American forms in the male, and to lesser extent the female, have long whitish hair beneath the head and on the opposing surface of the forecoxae. Other legs are also quite hairy, especially in males. Sternum VIII has ,the posterior one-half poorly developed and membranous.
Australian Chrysis form three closely related groups in addition to a few wide-ranging and apparently adventive species. The latter are lincea Fabricius, schiodtei Dahlbom, fuscipennis Brulle, and fossulata F. Smith. The remaining 23 species, including those presently described, appear to be endemic in the Australia-New Guinea area. Recently, Linsenmaier (1982, Entomofauna 3: 323-349) described a number of new species from Australia. Some of these I have been able to recognize and they are included in the key. Others that I am unable to place, possibly through lack of material, are curtisensis from Queensland and dentifrontis from South Australia. I have seen types of nearly all the species in the key. Institutions and individuals who have provided specimens of the new species herein described are given below.
The genus Pheidole is one of the more important ant genera in the world Approximately 1000 species are now known. Over 400 of these are found in the Neotropical region (Kempf, 1972), and about 75 taxa are known from North America north of Mexico. Pheidole spp. are abundant in many areas, and live in varying habitats ranging from the humid tropics to deserts. They are able to survive in some areas by their habits of collecting and storing seeds as food resources. They are also scavengers of dead insects and other animals, and can be predacious. Some species tends aphids and other homopterans, but this food source, so important to many ant species, is probably of relatively minor importance to most species of Pheidole.
The genetic code, the primary manifestation of life, and, on the other hand, language, the universal endowment of humanity and its momentous leap from genetics to civilization, are the two fundamental stores of information transmissible from the ancestry to the progeny, the molecular succession, which ensures the transfer of hereditary messages from the cells of one generation to the next generation, and the verbal legacy as a necessary prerequisite of cultural tradition. Divergent terminologies direct attention to different pattemings; and finding a logically convincing test, acceptable all around, that can determine whether one such system of terms is superior to its rivals, is often impossible. Yet the slow processes of evolution presumably apply to human societies and their symbolic systems as much as to human bodies, so that when logic cannot decide, survival eventually will.
The present paper is devoted to the old and always vexing problem of the linguistical ethnogenesis of the Slavs. The theme of the fate of the Indo-Europeans ancestors of the Slavic people is by its very nature broad and complex, too broad actually for a short essay. That is the reason why we have resigned ourselves to a detailed regular treatment, while presenting only some of the more interesting results and observations based mostly on new etymological studies of words and proper names. The major purpose is to combine linguistic and ethnic history and to proceed to its (fragmentary) reconstruction. Accordingly, our purpose is as simple as it can be for such a wide scope topic: to reconstruct the form, meaning and origin of the Old Slavic lexicon and to extract, if possible, more information about the history of the Slavic people from these linguistic data. The work of reconstructing the Common Slavic lexicon is being carried out in Moscow and Cracow, as far as the major new etymological dictionaries are concerned. A considerably larger number of scholars are concerned with these problems in Russia than in other countries. A reliable reconstruction of words and meanings is the key to any reconstruction of the culture. Why did the Slavs replace the IE name of the 'harrow' by a new word? How did the Ancient Slavs get a term for the process of 'paying'? What are we to think about the case of 'the Slavs and the sea'? How did a word for 'ship' appear among the Slavs? We now know how to answer these and many other questions (we shall revert later to the case of the sea), but the motivation of many other words remains as obscure as before. Others have fallen into oblivion and survive at best on the onomastic level - hence, our keen interest for onomastics and such new works as the Dictionary of Ukrainian waternames [2] that expand our knowledge of the Old Slavic common lexicon and provide new insights into onomastics proper, e.g. the Slavic toponymic 'superdialect,' the existence of genuine Slavic waternames (i.e. those without appellative stage, e.g. *morica and its continuations in different areas of Slavic hydronymy). It is not possible to determine the earliest area the Slavs occupied or, at least, their original homeland without studying etymology and onomastics. How can this question be solved? There are straightforward ways to do it (e.g. by marking off an area with many or only purely Slavic placenames and waternames), but there must also be subtler, more accurate ways. What happened to the lexicon and the onomastics of an ancient people at the time of migration? Did it name only what it saw and knew itself? Our studies show that "a people's vocabulary transcends its actual experience" [3, p. XLVII] ; thus, it preserves not only its own fossilized experience, but a foreign "hearsay" experience as well. The Slavic written tradition begins at a relatively late date - from the IXth century. But any Slavic word or name, although unwritten, can be a record, a memento reflected at some time in another language. Thus, the personal name of a king of the Antae - rex Boz. (in Jordanes [Vlth century] usually interpreted as Bozi 'God's), reflects an early Slavic vozi or vozi, Russian dial. voz (a calque of rex = voh), learned vozd?'chief, leader', already palatalized in the IVth century (the time of the described events and of the person named) - practically an up-to-date form!
The 70 Frullania species (+ 1 subspecies, 9 varieties, and 3 formae) belonging to 9 subgenera are confirmed in China, among which 1 subgenus and 4 species are new to science, and 12 species are newly reported from China. A new name (nom. nov.) and 12 combinations are proposed and several species are reduced to synonyms of other species. This study reveals the Frullania flora of China, particularly Yunnan and the neighboring provinces, to be most highly differentiated, containing many phytogeographic ally interesting taxa, and may be regarded as a center of the Paleotropic Frullania flora.
The genera of the subfamily Bryoideae (Musci) in South, Southeast and East Asia (As 2-4), consisting of some 290 species hitherto described or reported from the areas, are revised taxonomically. A total of about 400 specimens were available, in addition to those used in my earlier works (Ochi, 1959-69). Of the 290 species to be accounted for, types and other good specimens were available for about 245 (84%). Twenty-two species of Brachymeniun, 4 of Plagiobryum and 71 of Bryum (including 11 in subgen. Anomobryum, 54 in subgen. Bryum and 6 in subgen. Rhodobryum) have been recognized as valid (after rather many names were reduced to synonymy). Bryurn rubrobulbiferurum is proposed for Anomobryum bulbiferum Bartr. as a new name. Some errors in my earlier works are also corrected, including Bryum indicopolymorphum. nom. nov. for B. polymorphum (Dix.) Ochi hom. illeg. (non Hartm., 1838) and B. himalayanopenucidum nom. nov. for B. pellucidum (Dix. et Badhw.) Ochi hom. illeg. (non Richter, 1840). Brachymenium systylium (C. Muell.) Jaeg., B. leptophyllum (C. Muell.) Jaeg. and Bryum subapiculatum Hampe are recorded for the first time from South and Southeast Asia. Rather many problematic or little known species are ellucidated by annotations and many detailed figures, as well. Identification keys are also provided.
This paper deals with the anthomyiid-flies from Korea. A total of 81 species belonging to 22 genera are represented in Korean fauna as the result, among them the following 9 species are proposed here new to science as: Anthomyia koreana sp. nov., Botanophila seungrnoi sp. nov., Acklandia koreacola sp. nov., Lasiomma monticola sp nov., Egle podulparia sp. nov., Delia expansa sp. nov., Phorbia soyosana sp. nov., P. dissimiiis sp. nov., P. taeguensis sp. nov., and 2 genera, Acklandia Hennig, 1976, Egle Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, with the below 12 species are newly recorded from Korea as: Parapegomyia schineri, Nupedia debilis, Botanophila striolata, Egle muscaria, E. longipalpis, E. parvaeformis, E. panta, E. korpokkur, Paregle vetula, Delia tenuiventris, D. coronariae, Phorbia longipilis. Keys are given for all the taxa respectively, some illustrations of various characters for identification are provided. Arranged are host plants and domestic localities for each species.
The tribe Acanthaclisini Navas contains 14 described genera which we recognize as valid. We have reared larvae of 8 of these (Acanthaclisis Rambur, Centroclisis Navas, Fadrina Navas, Paranthaclisis Banks, Phanoclisis Banks, Synclisis Navas, Syngenes Kolbe, and Vella Navas). In addition, we have studied preserved larvae from Australia which probably represent the genus Heoclisis Navas. This represents the majority of the taxa, lacking only the small genera Avia Navas, Cosina Navas, Madrasta Navas, Mestressa Navas, and Stiphroneuria Gerstaecker. Studies of these larvae have revealed structural differences, especially of the mandible, which we have employed to provide identification of these genera by means of descriptions, keys, and illustrations. Also, since no modern key exists, we are providing a key to the genera based on adults which will provide some further insight on the generic relationships. Observations on the tribal differences of Myrmeleontidae based on larvae are made with a preliminary key to the known tribes.
Cicindela nigrior Schaupp (1884) has a complex taxonomic history as a subspecies, variety, and aberration of the morphologically plastic tiger beetle C. scutellaris. Schaupp gave the varietal name nigrior to what he apparently thought was a melanistic form of Cicindela scutellaris unicolor Dejean. Leng (1902) listed both nigrior and unicolor as varieties of scutellaris Say. However, Horn (1905) llsted nigrior and unicolor as aberrations of obscura Say (=scutellaris). Later he listed nigrior as a variety of scutellaris unicolor (Horn 1916). The Leng catalog (1920) shows both nigrior and unicolor as subspecies of scutellaris, while Vaurie (1950) and Boyd et al. (1982) placed nigrior as a synonym of unicolor. In this paper we raise the name "nigrior” to species level and present morphological, behavioral, and ecological data to Justify species status.
Several generic schemes used in classifying species belonging to Prionospio Malmgren, 1867 sensu lato have been reviewed; three taxa have been retained at the generic level, and three additional taxa at the subgeneric level. The following genera and subgenera are recognized: Prionospio Malmgren, 1867, including the subgenera Minuspio Foster, 1971, Aquilaspio Foster, 1971 and Prionospio Malmgren (sensu striclo); Apoprionospio Foster, 1969, and Paraprionospio Caullery, 1914. Prionospio sensu lata includes species with various combinations of branchiae which are smooth (apinnate), wrinkled, or with digitiform pinnules, beginning on setiger 2. Apoprionospio includes species having branchiae from setiger 2, with at least one pair having plate-like pinnules. Paraprionospio includes species with branchiae from setiger 1, with all pairs having platelike pinnules. Fifteen species, including seven new species, belonging to the genus Prionospio are described. Prionospio (Prionospio) steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 is described from the syntype series, and is newly synonymized with P. fallax Söderström, 1920. The validity of P. bocki Söderström, 1920 as a separate species is discussed, as is the indeterminable nature of P. malmgreni Claparède, 1869. Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Day, 1961 originally described as a new variety of P. malmgreni from S Africa, is raised to full species status. Prionospio (P.) cristata Foster, 1971 and P. (P.) heterobranchia Moore, 1907 are redescribed. Prionospio (P.) tripinnata, a new species with three pairs of pinnate branchiae, is described from the Mediterranean Sea and compared with P. plumosa Sars, 1872. A new synonymy is proposed for P. lobulata Fauchald, 1972 with P. (P.) ehlersi Fauvel, 1928. Two new species, P. (Minuspio) fauchaldi and P. (M.) laciniosa, are described in which the apinnate branchiae are distinctly wrinkled or sculptured, rather than smooth. P. (M.) laciniosa is also distinguished by dorsal crests modified into semicircular flaps. Several species previously referred to Prionospio (Minuspio) cirrifera Wirén, 1883 are reviewed and described. The seven species recognized by Foster in the genus Minuspio are considered; several are retained, and new species and new synonymies are proposed. Because the types are apparently lost, a description of P. (M.) cirrifera is given based on specimens from near the type locality. Prionospio (M.) aluta new species is separated from P. (M.) cirrifera on the basis of the presence of lateral pouches in P. aluta and their absence in P. cirrifera. Prionospio (M.) delta Hartman, 1965 is retained as a valid species; P. (M.) longibranchiata Reish, 1968 and P. (M.) minor Fauchald & Hancock, 1981 are newly synonymized with P. delta. P. (M.) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927 is also retained as a valid species, and P. (M.) perkinsi, P. (M.) lighti and P. (M.) wireni are newly described from shallow water. Two species are recognized as belonging to Apoprionospio Foster: A. pygmaea (Hartman, 1961) and A. dayi Foster, 1969. New records and range extensions are given for both species. New records are also presented for Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901). The specimens examined as part of this study are based primarily on deep-sea materials collected in the Atlantic Ocean, but also include shallow-water specimens from the east, west, and gulf coasts of N America.
Descriptions, illustrations, and distributions of adults of 3 species: schottii (=arizonae) from Arizona to southern Texas and northern Mexiko; hayekae n. sp. (=schottii of authors) from Kansas to southern Texas; sallei from Louisiana to New York. Identification Key. The larvae, unknown, are undoubtedly predaceous on larvae (grubs) of Scarabaeidae and other soft bodied insects.
August Wilhelm Schlegels frühe Volkspoesieauffassung im Kontext mit der Schiller-Bürger-Debatte
(1985)
Schiller hatte - wie zu jener Zeit üblich anonym - in der "Jenaischen Allgemeinen Literaturzeitung" Bürgers neue Gedichtausgabe einer scharfen Kritik unterzogen. Die zweite erweiterte Ausgabe war 1789 erschienen und hatte Bürger neuen Ruhm gebracht. Er befand sich kurz vor dem Erscheinen in einer schweren Krise. Sowohl seine Stellung als Gelehrter an der Universität als auch seine persönlichen Probleme, die aus der dritten Ehe erwuchsen, hatten bei ihm zu einer tiefen Resignation geführt.(1) Umso wichtiger war ihm in dieser Zeit die Freundschaft zu dem jungen A. W. Schlegel, und der Erfolg des endlich erschienenen Buches war nötige Stimulanz für neue poetische Produktion. Im Wetteifer von Lehrer und Schüler entstanden zahlreiche Sonette, eine Dichtungsform, die beide damit in Deutschland neu belebten. In dieser Sammlung befindet sich auch "Das Hohe Lied von der Einzigen", welches Schlegel später rezensiert. In der Vorrede spricht Bürger mit höchster Anerkennung von Schlegel und bezeichnet ihn als seinen "Lieblingsjünger". Er rückt das Schlegelsche Sonett "Das Lieblichste" mit ein und ermuntert dadurch in erheblichem Maße seinen Schüler. Für uns ist von Bedeutung, daß Bürger Schlegel "große(s) poetische(s) Talent, Geschmack und Kritik, mit mannigfaltigen Kenntnissen verbunden" (2) bescheinigt. Wir dürfen also auf größte Übereinstimmung beider rechnen, und die Reaktion des Jüngeren in der Schiller-Bürger-Debatte ist nicht nur Ausdruck der Verehrung des Schülers für seinen Lehrer, sondern in großem Maße auch Verständnis und Bewunderung für die Haltung dieses aufrechten Demokraten angesichts der vielfältigen Anfeindungen in Göttingen.
Tote Tiere am Straßenrand, besonders Kröten, Igel und Hasen, gehören heute schon zum alltäglichen Bild. Zu den häufigsten Tieren, die dem Straßenverkehr zum Opfer fallen, zählen die Insekten. Wer ein Auto besitzt, weiß selbst, wie viele Tiere an der Windschutzscheibe und am Kühlergrill haften bleiben. Da ich selbst bei meinen Beobachtungen an Straßenrändern immer wieder tote Falter fand, kam mir Anfang Mai des Jahres 1983 die Idee, diese Falter aufzusammeln und die Funde auszuwerten.
Am Beispiel des Gageo-Allietum oleracei (Tab. 1) werden Struktur, Lebensweise und Ökologie eines Vegetationstyps der Zwiebelgewächse aufgezeigt sowie Probeflächenwahl, Homogenität und Gliederung behandelt. Verwandte Ephemerenfluren auf halbruderalen Böden wurden anderenorts im Kontakt mit kontinentalen und mediterranen Steppenrasen beobachtet. Bisher lassen sich ein Gageo-Allion im temperaten Bereich mit Gageo-Allietum oleracei und Ornithogalo-Allietum scorodoprasi neben einer submediterranen Muscari-Allium-Gruppe innerhalb der Ornithogalo-Allietalia unterscheiden.