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DNA damage in oocytes induces a switch of the quality control factor TAp63α from dimer to tetramer
(2011)
TAp63a, a homolog of the p53 tumor suppressor, is a quality control factor in the female germline. Remarkably, already undamaged oocytes express high levels of the protein, suggesting that TAp63a’s activity is under tight control of an inhibitory mechanism. Biochemical studies have proposed that inhibition requires the C-terminal transactivation inhibitory domain. However, the structural mechanism of TAp63a inhibition remains unknown. Here, we show that TAp63a is kept in an inactive dimeric state. We reveal that relief of inhibition leads to tetramer formation with ~20-fold higher DNA affinity. In vivo, phosphorylation-triggered tetramerization of TAp63a is not reversible by dephosphorylation. Furthermore, we show that a helix in the oligomerization domain of p63 is crucial for tetramer stabilization and competes with the transactivation domain for the same binding site. Our results demonstrate how TAp63a is inhibited by complex domain-domain interactions that provide the basis for regulating quality control in oocytes.
Focus on quantum efficiency
(2014)
Technologies which convert light into energy, and vice versa, rely on complex, microscopic transport processes in the condensed phase, which obey the laws of quantum mechanics, but hitherto lack systematic analysis and modeling. Given our much improved understanding of multicomponent, disordered, highly structured, open quantum systems, this ‘focus on’ collection collects cuttingedge research on theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum transport in truly complex systems as defined, e.g., by the macromolecular functional complexes at the heart of photosynthesis, by organic quantum wires, or even photovoltaic devices. To what extent microscopic quantum coherence effects can (be made to) impact on macroscopic transport behavior is an equally challenging and controversial question, and this "focus on" collection provides a setting for the present state of affairs, as well as for the "quantum opportunities" on the horizon.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly primary brain malignancy. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), which have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into tumor lineages, are believed to cause tumor recurrence due to their resistance to current therapies. A subset of GSCs is marked by cell surface expression of CD133, a glycosylated pentaspan transmembrane protein. The study of CD133-expressing GSCs has been limited by the relative paucity of genetic tools that specifically target them. Here, we present CD133-LV, a lentiviral vector presenting a single chain antibody against CD133 on its envelope, as a vehicle for the selective transduction of CD133-expressing GSCs. We show that CD133-LV selectively transduces CD133+ human GSCs in dose-dependent manner and that transduced cells maintain their stem-like properties. The transduction efficiency of CD133-LV is reduced by an antibody that recognizes the same epitope on CD133 as the viral envelope and by shRNA-mediated knockdown of CD133. Conversely, the rate of transduction by CD133-LV is augmented by overexpression of CD133 in primary human GBM cultures. CD133-LV selectively transduces CD133-expressing cells in intracranial human GBM xenografts in NOD.SCID mice, but spares normal mouse brain tissue, neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells and primary human astrocytes. Our findings indicate that CD133-LV represents a novel tool for the selective genetic manipulation of CD133-expressing GSCs, and can be used to answer important questions about how these cells contribute to tumor biology and therapy resistance.
Coevolution of viruses and their hosts represents a dynamic molecular battle between the immune system and viral factors that mediate immune evasion. After the abandonment of smallpox vaccination, cowpox virus infections are an emerging zoonotic health threat, especially for immunocompromised patients. Here we delineate the mechanistic basis of how cowpox viral CPXV012 interferes with MHC class I antigen processing. This type II membrane protein inhibits the coreTAP complex at the step after peptide binding and peptide-induced conformational change, in blocking ATP binding and hydrolysis. Distinct from other immune evasion mechanisms, TAP inhibition is mediated by a short ER-lumenal fragment of CPXV012, which results from a frameshift in the cowpox virus genome. Tethered to the ER membrane, this fragment mimics a high ER-lumenal peptide concentration, thus provoking a trans-inhibition of antigen translocation as supply for MHC I loading. These findings illuminate the evolution of viral immune modulators and the basis of a fine-balanced regulation of antigen processing.
Heme-copper oxidases (HCOs) are the terminal enzymes of the aerobic respiratory chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane or the plasma membrane in many prokaryotes. These multi-subunit membrane protein complexes catalyze the reduction of oxygen to water, coupling this exothermic reaction to the establishment of an electrochemical proton gradient across the membrane in which they are embedded. The energy stored in the electrochemical proton gradient is used e.g. by the FOF1-ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The superfamily of HCOs is phylogenetically classified into three major families: A, B and C. The A-family HCOs, represented by the well-studied aa3-type cytochrome c oxidases (aa3-CcOs), are found in mitochondria and many bacteria. The B-family of HCOs contains a number of bacterial and archaeal oxidases. The C-family comprises only the cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase (cbb3-CcO) and is most distantly related to the mitochondrial respiratory oxidases.
Die Suche nach neuen Zielmolekülen und Wirkstoffen für die Schmerztherapie ist eine unerlässliche Aufgabe, um Nebenwirkungen heutiger auf dem Markt befindlicher Schmerzmedikamente entgegenzuwirken. Ein vielversprechendes Ziel - als Alternative zu cyclooxigenasehemmenden Medikamenten (tNSDAIDs und Coxibe) - ist die mikrosomale Prostaglandin E-Synthase 1 (mPGES-1). In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Substanzklassen rund um die Benzensulfonamid-Leitstruktur FR4 und die Quinazolinon-Leitstruktur FR20 aufgebaut. Die Benzensulfonamidklasse enthält 32 Derivate, die Klasse der Quinazolinone 24 Derivate. Beide Strukturklassen konnten durch chemische Modulation an verschiedenen Resten erweitert werden. Durch strukturelle Variationen konnte die Aktivität der FR4-Klasse von initial 14 µM auf 0,8 µM (FR4-Dev28) optimiert werden. In der FR20-Klasse konnten zahlreiche equipotente Derivate gefunden werden. Beide Klassen zeigten eine niedrige Toxizität (ab etwa 100 µM) und konnten auch auf zellulärer Ebene den PGE2-Level konzentrationsabhängig reduzieren. In humanen Vollblutversuchen wurde die Kreuzreaktivität dieser Substanzen auf andere Eicosanoide untersucht. Beide Klassen konnten auch hier den PGE2-Level reduzieren. Ein Prostanoidshunting in Folge der mPGES 1-Hemmung konnte dabei nicht festgestellt werden. Darüber hinaus wurde eine dualinhibitorische Funktion der Benzensulfonamide beobachtet. Neben der mPGES-1 wurde auch das 5LOX-vermittelte LTB2-Level reduziert. Dieser Effekt trat bei den Quinazolinonen nicht auf. Neben der humanen mPGES-1 wurde auch der Einfluss auf das murine Enzym untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass die Hemmung von der Wahl der Klasse abhängt: Benzensulfonamide hemmen die murine mPGES-1, Quinazolinone nicht. Damit konnte erstmals eine Strukturklasse mit dualinhibitorischer (mPGES-1/5LOX) und speziesübergreifender Hemmung (human/murin) beschrieben werden. Untersuchungen an erstellten Homologie-Modellen der humanen und murinen mPGES-1 zeigten Unterschiede der Bindetaschen der beiden Spezies. PLIF-Analysen der beiden Strukturklassen deckten verschiedene Bindungsmuster auf. In vivo-Pharmakologische Untersuchungen von FR4-Dev6 zeigten eine sehr schnelle Resorption ins Blut (tMax = 10 min) sowohl nach intraperitonealer als auch nach oraler Applikation, gefolgt von einer raschen Verteilung in zahlreiche Organe. Hohe Konzentrationen wurden im Gastrointestinaltrakt und der Niere gemessen, beides Organe, in denen PGE2 eine physiologische Funktion ausübt. Die Konzentration fiel bereits nach 30 min in allen Organen wieder stark ab, ein basaler Level war aber noch nach sechs Stunden mit der eigens entwickelten LC-MS/MS-Methode detektierbar. Eine antiinflammatorische Wirkung in einem Zymosan-induzierten Entzündungsmodell konnte nicht bestätigt werden, da die gewählte Formulierung bereits den PGE2-Level stark reduzierte. Eine starke Akkumulation von FR4-Dev6 konnte aber im Pfotenödem gemessen werden. Die umfassende Charakterisierung der vorgestellten Substanzklassen hat neben grundlegenden Struktur-Aktivitätsbeziehungen neue Einsichten in die Wirkungsweise von mPGES-1-Inhibitoren geliefert. Diese Ergebnisse können in Zukunft für weitere Entwicklungen von neuartigen, verträglicheren Analgetika, Antiphlogistika und Antipyretika mit dem Zielmolekül mPGES-1 genutzt werden.
The NO/cGMP pathway inhibits Rap1 activation in human platelets via cGMP-dependent protein kinase I
(2005)
The NO/cGMP signalling pathway strongly inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not completely defined.We have studied NO/cGMP effects on the activity of Rap1, an abundant guanine-nucleotidebinding protein in platelets. Rap1-GTP levels were reduced by NO-donors and activators of NO-sensitive soluble guanylyl cyclase. Four lines of evidence suggest that NO/cGMP effects are mediated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGKI): (i) Rap1 inhibition correlated with cGKI activity as measured by the phosphorylation state ofVASP, an established substrate of cGKI, (ii) 8-pCPT-cGMP, a membrane permeable cGMP-analog and activator of cGKI, completely blocked Rap1 activation, (iii) Rp- 8pCPT-cGMPS, a cGKI inhibitor, reversed NO effects and (iv) expression of cGKI in cGKI-deficient megakaryocytes inhibited Rap1 activation. NO/cGMP/cGKI effects were independent of the type of stimulus used for Rap1 activation.Thrombin-,ADPand collagen-induced formation of Rap1-GTP in platelets as well as turbulence-induced Rap1 activation in megakaryocytes were inhibited. Furthermore, cGKI inhibited ADP-induced Rap1 activation induced by the G a i -coupled P2Y12 receptor alone, i.e. independently of effects on Ca2+-signalling. From these studies we conclude that NO/cGMP inhibit Rap1 activation in human platelets and that this effect is mediated by cGKI. Since Rap1 controls the function of integrin a IIbß 3 , we propose that Rap1 inhibition might play a central role in the anti-aggregatory actions of NO/cGMP.
In this study, we describe the synthesis of 1,4-disustituted-1,2,3-triazolo-quinazoline ribonucleosides or acyclonucleosides by means of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between various O or N-alkylated propargyl-quinazoline and 1'-azido-2',3',5'-tri-O-benzoylribose or activated alkylating agents under microwave conditions. None of the compounds selected showed significant anti-HCV activity in vitro.
Die vorliegende Arbeit ist das Extrakt umfangreicher Untersuchungen an ausgewählten organischen und metallorganischen Verbindungen im Hinblick auf ihre Polymorphie. Nicht nur die praktischen Arbeiten, wie Synthesen, Polymorphie-Screenings (nach eigens entwickeltem Vorgehen), die chemisch-physikalischen Charakterisierungen neuer polymorpher Formen, sondern auch die Kristallstrukturbestimmungen aus Röntgenbeugungsdaten wurden durchgeführt. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen standen Pigmentvorprodukte, Pigmente, pharmazeutische Wirkstoffe und weitere organische und metallorganische Verbindungen.
Ein Auszug zu Pigmentvorprodukten bilden 2-Ammoniobenzolsulfonate, welche klassische Vorprodukte verlackter Hydrazonpigmente sind. Die bislang unbekannte tautomere Form und Kristallstruktur der CLT-Säure als Zwitterion konnte erfolgreich aus dem Zusammenspiel von IR-, Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie und Röntgen-Pulverdiffraktometrie ermittelt werden [1]. Mit Hilfe eines Polymorphie-Screenings konnten nicht nur zwei neue Pseudopolymorphe, sondern auch das Ansolvat der CLT-Säure selbst kristallisiert und ihre Strukturen aus Röntgen-Einkristalldaten bestimmt werden. Hierbei konnte das, aufgrund der Strukturbestimmung aus Röntgen-Pulverdaten proklamierten Tautomer der CLT-Säure verifiziert werden [2]. Mit Hilfe thermischer und röntgenographischer Untersuchungen an drei Derivaten der CLT-Säure, konnte der Einfluss des Substitutionsmusters (Chlor- und Methylsubstituenten) auf die Kristallpackung aufgezeigt werden [3]. Mit Hilfe eines Polymorphie-Screenings an der Iso-CLT-Säure konnten Reaktionen der zum Polymorphie-Screening eingesetzten Lösungsmittel und der Iso-CLT-Säure beobachtet und mittels thermischer und röntgenographischer Ergebnisse aufgeklärt werden. In zwei Fällen konnte eine Deprotonierung und im dritten Fall eine Desulfonierung beobachtet werden. Durch Erwärmen der deprotonierten und desulfonierten Verbindung(en) ist die Rückgewinnung der Iso-CLT-Säure möglich [4]. Ein Polymorphie-Screening an Pigment Red 53 lieferte vierundzwanzig neue Phasen, welche identifiziert und charakterisiert werden konnten. Ferner konnten von neun Phasen die Kristallstrukturen bestimmt werden (acht aus Röntgen-Einkristall- und eine aus Röntgen-Pulverdaten). Mit Hilfe dieser konnte ein Teil der Funktionalisierung von Lösungsmittelmolekülen in Pigment Red 53 aufgedeckt werden. Diverse Beziehungen pseudopolymorpher Formen zueinander konnten auf Basis der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bestimmt werden [5]. Mit Hilfe der Ergebnisse aus den Untersuchungen zu Pigment Red 53 konnte mittels Modifizierung der bekannten Syntheseroute zu Pigment Red 53:2 die bekannte α-Phase erhalten werden. Weiterhin konnten neben zehn bekannten weitere fünfzehn neue Polymorphe identifiziert und weitestgehend charakterisiert werden. Die Kristallstrukturen von fünf bekannten und zwei neuen Phasen (sechs aus Röntgen-Einkristall- und eine aus Röntgen-Pulverdaten [6]) konnten bestimmt werden. Anhand der Ergebnisse aus den chemisch-physikalischen Charakterisierungen konnten Einzelbeziehungen zwischen den Phasen beobachtet werden. Die eigene Synthese von Pigment Red 57:1 resultierte in der bereits bekannten α-Phase. Ein Polymorphie-Screening an der α-Phase lieferte neben der bereits bekannten β-Phase elf neue Modifikationen. Schließlich konnte mit Hilfe der gesammelten Daten zur α-, β- und γ-Phase ein Zusammenhang zwischen De-/Rehydratation und dem damit einhergehenden Farbwechsel hergestellt und nachgewiesen werden [7]. Die bislang unbekannte Protonierung und Kristallstruktur von Nimustin-Hydrochlorid konnten erfolg-reich aus der Symbiose von Festkörper-NMR und Röntgen-Pulverdiffraktometrie des Handelsproduktes ermittelt werden [8]. Ebenso konnte die bislang unbekannte Kristallstruktur von 5′-Deoxy-5-fluorouridin konnte erfolgreich aus Röntgen-Pulverdaten des Handelsproduktes bestimmt werden [9]. Nach einem umfangreichen Polymorphie-Screening gelang es, Einkristalle von Tizanidin-Hydrochlorid zu erhalten und dessen Struktur aus Röntgen-Einkristalldaten zu bestimmen. Die bislang angenommene Tautomerie von Tizanidin im Festkörper und flüssiger Phase konnte mittels Röntgen-Einkristalldiffraktometrie und 1H-NMR korrigiert werden [10]. Während thermischer Untersuchungen wurden zwei bisher nicht beschriebene Polymorphe (ein Hochtemperatur- und ein Raumtemperaturpolymorph) gefunden. Schließlich konnte die Kristall-struktur des zweiten bei Raumtemperatur stabilen Polymorphs aus Röntgen-Pulverdaten bestimmt werden.
Es konnte die Kristallstruktur von 4,5,9,10-Tetramethoxypyren [11], eines neuen 2:1 Co-Kristalls aus Chinolin und Fumarsäure [12] und einer biradikalen Azoverbindung [13] aus Röntgen-Pulverdaten bestimmt werden. Neben diesen Verbindungen konnten aus analytischen und röntgenographischen Untersuchungen an ausgewählten Stereoisomeren von Inositol dreizehn neue Phasen erhalten werden. Zudem konnten mehrere Schmelzpunkte mittels DSC-Messungen korrigiert oder als Phasenübergänge oder Zersetzungs-punkte identifiziert werden. Acht Strukturen geordneter Phasen konnten aus Röntgen-Pulverdaten bestimmt werden. Zusätzlich konnten fünf der dreizehn Phasen als Rotatorphasen identifiziert und deren Elementarzelle ermittelt werden [14]. Auf Basis einer neuen Syntheseroute konnten ein Cobalt(II)- und ein Zink(II)-fumarat-Anhydrat, welche im Vergleich zu den bisher bekannten Hydraten besser wasser-löslich sind, erhalten werden. Diese Anhydrate konnten zur Kristallisation eingesetzt werden und lieferten alle bisher bekannten und zusätzlich drei neue Kristallphasen (zwei neue Cobalt(II)-fumarat-Hydrate und ein neues Zink(II)-fumarat-Hydrat). Die Kristallstrukturen der drei neuen Kristallphasen konnten aus Röntgen-Einkristalldaten bestimmt werden [15 und 16].
[1] S. L. Bekö, S. D. Thoms, J. Brüning, E. Alig, J. van de Streek, A. Lakatos, C. Glaubitz & M. U. Schmidt (2010), Z. Kristallogr. 225, 382–387; [2] S. L. Bekö, J. W. Bats & M. U. Schmidt (2012), Acta Cryst. C 68, o45–o50; [3] S. L. Bekö, C. Czech, M. A. Neumann & M. U. Schmidt. "Doubly substituted 2-ammonio-benzenesulfonates: Substituent influence on the packing pattern", eingereicht; [4] S. L. Bekö, J. W. Bats, E. Alig & M. U. Schmidt (2013), J. Chem. Cryst. 43, 655–663; [5] S. L. Bekö, E. Alig, J. W. Bats, M. Bolte & M. U. Schmidt. "Polymorphism of C.I. Pigment Red 53", eingereicht; [6] T. Gorelik, M. U. Schmidt, J. Brüning, S. Bekö & U. Kolb (2009), Cryst. Growth Des. 9, 3898–3903; [7] S. L. Bekö, S. M. Hammer & M. U. Schmidt (2012), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 4735–4738 und Angew. Chem. 124, 4814–4818; [8] S. L. Bekö, D. Urmann, A. Lakatos, C. Glaubitz & M. U. Schmidt (2012), Acta Cryst. C 68, o144–o148; [9] S. L. Bekö, D. Urmann & M. U. Schmidt (2012), J. Chem. Cryst. 42, 933–940; [10] S. L. Bekö, S. D. Thoms, M. U. Schmidt & M. Bolte (2012), Acta Cryst. C 68, o28–o32; [11] M. Rudloff, S. L. Bekö, D. Chercka, R. Sachser, M. U. Schmidt, K. Müllen & M. Huth. "Structural and electronic properties oft he organic charge transfer system 4,5,9,10-tetramethoxypyrene - 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane", eingereicht; [12] S. L. Bekö, M. U. Schmidt & A. D. Bond (2012), CrystEngComm 14, 1967–1971; [13] S. L. Bekö, S. D. Thoms & M. U. Schmidt (2013), Acta Cryst. C 43, 1513–1515; [14] S. L. Bekö, E. Alig, M. U. Schmidt & J. van de Streek (2014), IUCrJ 1, 61–73; [15] S. L. Bekö, J. W. Bats & M. U. Schmidt (2009), Acta Cryst. C 65, m347–m351; [16] S. L. Bekö, J. W. Bats & M. U. Schmidt. "One-dimensional zinc(II) fumarate coordination polymers", akzeptiert.
Background: Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a significant unmet medical need. Despite advances with targeted therapies in a small subset of patients, fewer than 20% of patients survive for more than two years after diagnosis. Cancer vaccines are a promising therapeutic approach that offers the potential for durable responses through the engagement of the patient's own immune system. CV9202 is a self-adjuvanting mRNA vaccine that targets six antigens commonly expressed in NSCLC (NY ESO-1, MAGEC1, MAGEC2, 5 T4, survivin, and MUC1).
Methods/Design: The trial will assess the safety and tolerability of CV9202 vaccination combined with local radiation designed to enhance immune responses and will include patients with stage IV NSCLC and a response or stable disease after first-line chemotherapy or therapy with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Three histological and molecular subtypes of NSCLC will be investigated (squamous and non-squamous cell with/without EGFR mutations). All patients will receive two initial vaccinations with CV9202 prior to local radiotherapy (5 GY per day for four successive days) followed by further vaccinations until disease progression. The primary endpoint of the study is the number of patients experiencing Grade >3 treatment-related adverse events. Pharmacodynamic analyses include the assessment of immune responses to the antigens encoded by CV9202 and others not included in the panel (antigen spreading) and standard efficacy assessments.
Discussion: RNActive self-adjuvanted mRNA vaccines offer the potential for simultaneously inducing immune responses to a wide panel of antigens commonly expressed in tumors. This trial will assess the feasibility of this approach in combination with local radiotherapy in NSCLC patients.
Antigenic and 3D structural characterization of soluble X4 and hybrid X4-R5 HIV-1 Env trimers
(2014)
Background: HIV-1 is decorated with trimeric glycoprotein spikes that enable infection by engaging CD4 and a chemokine coreceptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4. The variable loop 3 (V3) of the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) is the main determinant for coreceptor usage. The predominant CCR5 using (R5) HIV-1 Env has been intensively studied in function and structure, whereas the trimeric architecture of the less frequent, but more cytopathic CXCR4 using (X4) HIV-1 Env is largely unknown, as are the consequences of sequence changes in and near V3 on antigenicity and trimeric Env structure.
Results: Soluble trimeric gp140 Env constructs were used as immunogenic mimics of the native spikes to analyze their antigenic properties in the context of their overall 3D structure. We generated soluble, uncleaved, gp140 trimers from a prototypic T-cell line-adapted (TCLA) X4 HIV-1 strain (NL4-3) and a hybrid (NL4-3/ADA), in which the V3 spanning region was substituted with that from the primary R5 isolate ADA. Compared to an ADA (R5) gp140, the NL4-3 (X4) construct revealed an overall higher antibody accessibility, which was most pronounced for the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), but also observed for mAbs against CD4 induced (CD4i) epitopes and gp41 mAbs. V3 mAbs showed significant binding differences to the three constructs, which were refined by SPR analysis. Of interest, the NL4-3/ADA construct with the hybrid NL4-3/ADA CD4bs showed impaired CD4 and CD4bs mAb reactivity despite the presence of the essential elements of the CD4bs epitope. We obtained 3D reconstructions of the NL4-3 and the NL4-3/ADA gp140 trimers via electron microscopy and single particle analysis, which indicates that both constructs inherit a propeller-like architecture. The first 3D reconstruction of an Env construct from an X4 TCLA HIV-1 strain reveals an open conformation, in contrast to recently published more closed structures from R5 Env. Exchanging the X4 V3 spanning region for that of R5 ADA did not alter the open Env architecture as deduced from its very similar 3D reconstruction.
Conclusions: 3D EM analysis showed an apparent open trimer configuration of X4 NL4-3 gp140 that is not modified by exchanging the V3 spanning region for R5 ADA.
Correlative microscopy incorporates the specificity of fluorescent protein labeling into high-resolution electron micrographs. Several approaches exist for correlative microscopy, most of which have used the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the label for light microscopy. Here we use chemical tagging and synthetic fluorophores instead, in order to achieve protein-specific labeling, and to perform multicolor imaging. We show that synthetic fluorophores preserve their post-embedding fluorescence in the presence of uranyl acetate. Post-embedding fluorescence is of such quality that the specimen can be prepared with identical protocols for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); this is particularly valuable when singular or otherwise difficult samples are examined. We show that synthetic fluorophores give bright, well-resolved signals in super-resolution light microscopy, enabling us to superimpose light microscopic images with a precision of up to 25 nm in the x-y plane on electron micrographs. To exemplify the preservation quality of our new method we visualize the molecular arrangement of cadherins in adherens junctions of mouse epithelial cells.
We review fluorescent probes that can be photoswitched or photoactivated and are suited for single-molecule localization based super-resolution microscopy. We exploit the underlying photochemical mechanisms that allow photoswitching of many synthetic organic fluorophores in the presence of reducing agents, and study the impact of these on the photoswitching properties of various photoactivatable or photoconvertible fluorescent proteins. We have identified mEos2 as a fluorescent protein that exhibits reversible photoswitching under various imaging buffer conditions and present strategies to characterize reversible photoswitching. Finally, we discuss opportunities to combine fluorescent proteins with organic fluorophores for dual-color photoswitching microscopy.
Physical Biology is a field of life sciences dealing with the extraction of quantitative data from biophysical or molecular biological experiments with different levels of complexity. Such data are further used as parameters for mathematical models of the biological system. These models allow to predict reactions on external stimuli by describing the relevant molecular interactions and are therefore used for example to generate a deeper comprehension of complex human diseases. An essential technique in biophysical research on human diseases is fluorescence microscopy. This is a constantly developed toolbox comprising a large number of specific labeling strategies, as well as a broad spectrum of fluorescent probes. It is further minimal invasive and therefore suitable for measurements in living cells or organisms. The sensitivity of modern photo-detectors even allows for the detection of a single fluorescent probe with an accuracy of approximately 10 nm.
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The model-prediction was further verified by two color SMLM experiments. In this work the development and application of imaging-systems are described which provide quantitative data with single-molecule resolution for systems biological model approaches with a low degree of abstractness. In the near future, the impact of mathematical models in the research field of complex human diseases will increase. The predictions of these models will be more exact, the more detailed and accurate the input parameters will become. This work gives an impression of how quantitative data obtained by SMLM may serve as input parameters for mathematical models at the single-cell level.
Bacteria have adapted their NhaA Na(+)/H(+) exchangers responsible for salt homeostasis to their different habitats. We present an electrophysiological and kinetic analysis of NhaA from Helicobacter pylori and compare it to the previously investigated exchangers from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Properties of all three transporters are described by a simple model using a single binding site for H(+) and Na(+). We show that H.pylori NhaA only has a small acidic shift of its pH-dependent activity profile compared to the other transporters and discuss why a more drastic change in its pH activity profile is not physiologically required.
5-Lipoxygenase (5LO) is a key enzyme in biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LTs), lipid mediators of inflammation. To study the roles of the 5LO accessory proteins coactosin-like protein (CLP) and 5LO-activating protein (FLAP), we knocked down these proteins in human monocytic cells. Our results show that expression of CLP was required for full cellular 5LO activity when cells were activated with Ca2+ ionophore, as well as with a physiological stimulus (lipopolysaccharide followed by N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine). During LT biosynthesis in stimulated cells, 5LO typically translocates to the nuclear membrane. This redistribution, from cytosolic to perinuclear, was clearly compromised in both CLP- and FLAP-deficient cells. Our results suggest that the CLP–5LO interaction may be a target for reduced LT production.
Channelrhodopsin-1 from Chlamydomonas augustae (CaChR1) is a light-activated cation channel, which is a promising optogenetic tool. We show by resonance Raman spectroscopy and retinal extraction followed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) that the isomeric ratio of all-trans to 13-cis of solubilized channelrhodopsin-1 is with 70:30 identical to channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR2). Critical frequency shifts in the retinal vibrations are identified in the Raman spectrum upon transition to the open (conductive P2(380)) state. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra indicate different structures of the open states in the two channelrhodopsins as reflected by the amide I bands and the protonation pattern of acidic amino acids.