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In October 2015, the Cluster of Excellence 'Image Knowledge Gestaltung. An Interdisciplinary Laboratory' at Humboldt Universität zu Berlin staged a symposium entitled Science meets Comics. Academics from various disciplines converged along with artists from all over the world in order to discuss the future of global nutrition – and the medium of the comic strip as a communication tool for the complex issues in this field. The open two-day symposium was followed by a closed, three-day workshop wherein the artists and cluster members took up the issues raised at the symposium and worked on possible directions for the future.
Human-induced environmental change represents one of the major challenges of current and future generations. To evaluate the anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere, the concept of Planetary Boundaries was developed, indicating that in case of four out of nine environmental indicators a transgression of corresponding boundaries has already taken place: Biodiversity loss, climate change, land-system change, and biogeochemical flows. Further, paleoclimate research has shown that the earth´s environment has been relatively stable for the last 12,000 years. Researchers assume that this, in geological terms, very short period – called Holocene – is now already again replaced by a new geological era: the Anthropocene, due to the tremendous impacts humans had on earth.
Our daily food consumption is slowly but surely turning into the largest environmental threat. The agricultural sector consumes 70% of the water used by humankind. The production of meat consumes enormous amounts of water compared to plants. Innovations in the area of food production are lately summarized as AgTech, agricultural technology. This encompasses all sorts of areas, ranging from drone-controlled tractors to printed hamburgers. Specifically the challenge of making use of the limited areas available in cities and maximizing crop yields has seen a recent boom in novel approaches – and quite a bit of investor finance.
Ruth Preser's essay 'Things I Learned from the "Book of Ruth": Diasporic Reading of Queer Conversions' performs a queer appropriation of history. The "Book of Ruth" is a biblical narrative that opens with two women, Naomi the Israelite, a bereaved woman who wishes to return from Moab to Judea, and her no-longer-daughter-in-law Ruth the Moabite, who pledges to follow Naomi, turning away from her gods and people. This laconic tale of nomadic intimacies and speech-acts of pledges and conversions has become an iconic narrative and a seminal text in Judaism, and it has also been appropriated by contemporary feminist and lesbian readings. Indeed, since it is not fully narrated but rather full of gaps, voids, and 'ghostly matters', the "Book of Ruth" provides apt ground and a malleable vessel for contemporary appropriation by stories seeking incarnation beyond linear or teleological constraints. In Preser's 'palimpsest reading', the biblical tale continues to communicate a story of successful assimilation of the poor and the foreign, and of a 'home-coming', but it is troubled by displacement, unresolved diasporic longing, and an acute and continuous sense of vulnerability. Thinking with Avery Gordon's modality of haunting, Preser's reading aims to understand contemporary forms of dispossession and their impact, especially when their oppressive nature is denied. It reflects on what kind of theory might emerge by remobilizing the category of 'home' through its de-constitution, through movement rather than destination, through disintegration rather than determination. Troubled by questions of race, nomadism, gender, and sexuality, in an era when (some) bodies may traverse national, sexual, and class borders, Preser's investigation asks what happens to bodies that continuously signify precarity and loss.
Die künstliche Außenweltbeleuchtung ist keine neutrale Helligkeit, die die Sichtbarkeit der von ihr bestrahlten Umgebung unmodifiziert über die Dämmerungsgrenze hinweg in die Nacht hinein weiterdauern lässt. Sie hat in aller Regel einen intrusiven Aspekt und schafft ein spezifisches, vom Tagesanblick deutlich unterschiedenes Erscheinungsbild. Meistens erzeugt sie zum Beispiel Wahrnehmungsbilder, die mit fast allen Formen von gemalten Abbildungen und mit narrativen Darstellungen gemeinsam haben, 'Unbestimmtheitsstellen' zu enthalten.
Die Wahrnehmungsgeschichte der künstlich erleuchteten Stadtzentren ist von der Komplexität geprägt, die auch das Verhältnis von Kunstlicht und Raum charakterisiert. Im Verlauf der Epoche, die mit der Aufstellung der ersten Gaslaternen zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts begann und die mit der Einführung der elektrischen Glühbirnen, der Neon-Röhren und schließlich der LED-Dioden ihre Fortsetzung fand, hat das von diesen Lichtern erzeugte Raumerlebnis mehrfach qualitative Veränderungen erfahren. Die folgenden Ausführungen kontrastieren vier historisch aufeinander folgende Typen von Wahrnehmungsbildern der erleuchteten Innenstädte: 1.) Reaktionen aus der ‚Pionierzeit‘ der Straßenbeleuchtung (bis Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts); 2.) Reaktionen aus der Zeit der Einführung der elektrischen Beleuchtung; 3.) die avantgardistische Kunstlichtwahrnehmung der 1920er Jahre; 4.) Wahrnehmungsbilder, wie sie aktuell angewendete Beleuchtungspraktiken nahelegen. Die beobachteten Wandlungen im Erleben der beleuchteten Stadtszenerien werden mit Tendenzen, die für die jeweiligen Stadtgesellschaften typisch sind, in Zusammenhang gebracht.
During the transition from early-modern societies to the nation states of the 19th and 20th centuries, the formation of the territorial state performed an important function. The combining of dominions to form a geographical and political unit could occur through the annexation of the weaker territory by the stronger one, but it could also occur with the mutual agreement of the political decision-makers of both territories. In the case of a union, a distinction emerged very early on between a real union and a personal union (or union of crowns). While in a real union agreements under international law were equally binding for both partners, the personal union assumed a special status, in which the person of the ruler was the only connection between the two states. However, this strictly legal definition only applied to the political institutions. Below the state level, there were forms of transfer that could give a personal union a special, transnational character. Academic opinion remains divided on the extent to which these connections, which are referred to using the term "composite statehood", constitute a Europe-wide development.
Die soziokultivierte (effiziente) Kommunikation hängt von der Motivationswelt (von den Erfahrungen, Einstellungen, Bedürfnissen, Werten, Interessen usw.) der einzelnen Kommunikationsakteure und von der Erhaltung der Proportionalität zwischen den Akkommodations- und Assimilationsprozessen in der Kommunikation ab. Bei der Durchsetzung der Motivationswelt der Kommunikationsakteure spielt in einigen Kommunikationssituationen "die Beschäftigung" mit dem Kollektivgedächtnis eine bedeutende Rolle, d.h. welche Erinnerungen werden und in welchem Ausmaß aus dem Kollektivgedächtnis herausgezogen, und welche bleiben zielbewusst deaktiviert. Diese Tatsache bestätigt auch die linguistische Analyse der Äußerungen, die auf die Persönlichkeit von Ferdinand Porsche zielen.
Die XII. Tagung des Verbandes der Deutschlehrer und Germanisten der Slowakei (SUNG), die vom 30. Juni – 02. Juli 2016 an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Comenius-Universität in Bratislava stattgefunden hat, widmete sich dem Verhältnis von Gewalt und Sprache. Die literaturwissenschaftlichen Beiträge dieses Hefts dokumentieren die Breite und zugleich auch die historische Bedeutung dieses Themas, dem durch das Gedenken an die sich jährende europäische "Urkatastrophe", den Ersten Weltkrieg, eine besondere Aktualität zukam.
The centerpiece of all neuronal processes is the synaptic transmission. It consists of a complex series of events. Two key elements are the binding of synaptic vesicles (SV) to the presynaptic membrane and the subsequent fusion of the two membranes. SV are neurotransmitter-filled membranous spheres with many integral and peripheral proteins. The synaptic SNARE complex consists of three interacting proteins, which energize and regulate the fusion of the SV membrane with the presynaptic membrane. Both processes are closely orchestrated to ensure a specific release of neurotransmitter. Already many experiments have been performed, such as genetic screens and proteome analysis of SV, to determine the functions of the various proteins involved. Nevertheless, the functions of the identified proteins are still not fully elucidated. The aim of this thesis was initially applying a tandem affinity purification (TAP) of SV to identify unknown interaction partner of SV and to determine their role. This was supposed to be performed in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The underlying mechanisms are conserved throughout the phylogentic tree and identified interaction partners will help to understand the processes in the mammalian brain. Although there is no neuron-rich tissue in C. elegans as in other model organisms, the diverse genetic methods allows a rapid creation of modified organisms and a prompt determination of the function of identified proteins. The integral SV protein synaptogyrin has been fused to a TAP-tag. The TAP-tag consists of a ProteinA, a TEV protease cleavage site and a calmodulin binding peptide (CBP). Both affinity purification steps are performed sequentially and allow a highly specific native purification of proteins and their interaction partners. Due to technical difficulties the purification strategy was modified several times during the course of this thesis and then finally abandoned for a more promising project, the SNARE complex purification. In conclusion, one of the reasons was the necessary lack of detergent.
The amended aim of this thesis has been the TAP of solubilized SNARE complex to identify unknown interaction partner and to determine their role. In order to increase the specificity of the purification, in terms of formed complexes, the two SNARE subunits, synaptobrevin (SNB-1 in C. elegans) and syntaxin (UNC-64 in C. elegans), were separately fused to the different affinity tags. As the modifications of the proteins could impair their function and lead to false interaction partners, their functionality was tested. For this purpose, the corresponding fusion constructs were expressed in strains with mutated snb¬1 and unc-64. Non-functional synaptic proteins display an altered course of paralysis in an aldicarb assay. The fusion proteins which were expressed in their respective mutant strains displayed a near to wild-type (WT) behavior in contrast to the naive mutant strains. Multiple TAP demonstrated SNB-1 signals in Western blot analysis and complex sets of proteins in the final elution step in a silver staining of SDS-PAGEs. These samples were sent with negative control (WT purification) for MS analysis to various cooperation partners. 119 proteins were identified which appeared only in data sets with SNARE proteins and not in WT samples. If proteins were detected in ≥ 2 SNARE positive MS analysis and had known neural functions or homologies to neuronal proteins in other species, they were selected for further analysis. These candidates were knocked down by RNAi and tested for synaptic function in a following aldicarb assay. The treatment with their specific RNAi resulted for mca-3 in a strong resistance, while frm-2, snap-29, ekl-6, klb-8, mdh-2, pfk-2, piki-1 and vamp-8 resulted in hypersensitivity. The most responsive genes frm-2, snap-29 and mca-3 were examined, whether they displayed a co-localization together with synaptobrevin in promoter fusion constructs or functional fusion constructs. In fluorescence microscopy images only MCA-3::YFP demonstrated neuronal expression.
In order to substantiate the synaptic nature and functionality of the MCA-3::YFP a swimming assay was performed. Here, fusion construct expressing strains, which contained mutated mca-3, were compared with untreated mutant strains and WT strains according to their behavior. In this swimming assay a partial restoration of WT behavior was shown in the MCA-3::YFP expressing mutant strains. Based on these data, we discovered with MCA 3 a new interaction partner of the SNARE complex. MCA-3 is a plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase and was initially seen only in their role in the endocytosis. Its new putative role is the reduction of Ca2+ concentration at the bound SNARE complex. Since an interaction of syntaxin with Ca2+ channels has been demonstrated, it would be comprehensible to reduce the local concentration of Ca2+ to a minimum by tethering Ca2+ transporters to the SNARE complex.
In Ulrichs von Liechtenstein Frauendienst tauchen zahlreiche Motive auf, welche von einem weitgehenden Kulturtransfer zeugen dürften. Das deutlichste Beispiel dafür ist die Venusfahrt des Erzählers, wobei der bislang abgewiesene Ritter den Einsatz deutlich erhöht, und eine im Ganzen vollkommen inszenierte Liebesfahrt unternimmt. Dabei schafft er nicht nur zwischen seiner eigenen ritterlichen Kultur und der weit entfernten Antike eine plakative Verbindung, sondern versucht, dank der Instrumentalisierung der Liebestradition, von der verachteten Peripherie her ins ersehnte Zentrum zu gelangen.
Die Zeit des Kolonialismus ist schon lange vorbei, aber der Kolonialismus prägt das Denken und Handeln der Menschen heute noch auf vielfältige Weise. Möglich ist, dass auch Lehrer_innen und Kursleiter_innen sich ungewollt von linguizistischen Gedankengut verleiten lassen. Um möglichen habituellen Abwertungen von "Akzenten" beizukommen, wäre es m.E. wichtig, eine selbstreflexive Haltung einzunehmen und das eigene Sprechen zu überprüfen. Auch den Teilnehmenden bzw. Schüler_innen eines Deutschlernsettings gegenüber wäre es wichtig, die Gleichwertigkeit von "Akzenten" zu verdeutlichen.