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All living organisms exhibit daily fluctuations in biochemical, physiological and behavioural parameters driven by endogenous oscillators, residing in the organism itself. In mammals, the core circadian oscillator is located in the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Circadian rhythm generation in the SCN depends upon the expression of clock genes interacting in positive and negative transcriptional/translational feedback loops. The SCN governs the timing of peripheral circadian oscillators by neuronal pathways and by neuroendocrine mechanisms. An important neuroendocrine hand of the core circadian oscillator is melatonin, which is produced in and secreted from the pineal gland night by night. The adenohypophysis represents a peripheral circadian oscillator and the secretion of one of its hormones, prolactin, is known to be regulated by melatonin. The aim of the present study was to analyze a putative influence of melatonin on the activity state and diurnal variations of identified cell types in the hypophysis. Particular attention was paid to lactotroph, gonadotroph and pars intermedia cells. Experiments were performed with young male mice of different strains: melatonin-proficient C3H, melatonin-deficient C57BL, melatonin-proficient C3H with targeted deletions of the Mel1a receptor (MelaaBB), Mel1b receptor (MelAAbb) or both receptors (Melaabb). Cells producing prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were immunocytochemically identified and the presence of phosphorylated CREB protein (pCREB) and clock gene protein PER1 was demonstrated by double immunolabeling at different time points during the light/dark cycle in melatonin deficient, melatonin proficient and melatonin receptor knockout mice. Melatonin influence on Prl mRNA levels was investigated by means of in situ hybridization. At night the percentage of lactotroph cells showing a positive nuclear pCREB- and PER1-immunoreaction is significantly smaller in C57BL than in C3H mice. In both mouse strains, the percentage of pCREB –immunoreactive cells is minimal in the early morning and gradually increases to reach a maximum in the late night. PER1 levels show a parallel temporal variation in C3H, but in C57BL, they are drastically reduced in the early afternoon. The percentage of FSH-immunoreactive cells showing pCREB immunoreaction was significantly lower in the melatonin-deficient C57Bl mice than in the melatonin-proficient C3H mice during the second part of the day and during the night. In each strain, the percentage of FSH-immunoreactive cells was lowest at the early morning and gradually increases until the maximum at late night. In wild type (MelAABB) and MelAAbb mice the percentage of lactotroph cells with nuclear pCREB immunoreactions varied significantly over 24 h period, whereas in MelaaBB and Melaabb mice no significant differences were found between the five time points analyzed. The number of Prl mRNA expressing cells was significantly higher in MelaaBB and MelAAbb than in their wild type (MelAABB) littermates. pCREB levels in the pars intermedia did not show rhythmic variation in wild type or Melaabb animals, but wild type mice had higher pCREB levels than Melaabb. The observation that, during darkness, the percentage of lactotroph cells with nuclear pCREB immunoreaction is significantly higher in C3H than in C57BL mice suggests the existence of a distinct cell population that is under the control of melatonin-dependent intrapituitary signaling. Results with melatonin receptor knockout mice indicate that Mel1a and Mel1b melatonin receptors are involved in the control of the activity state of lactotroph cells, but to a differing degree. Analysis of cells expressing Prl mRNA showed that inhibitory action on the Prl expression is mostly mediated through the Mel1a receptor. The significant difference between pCREB immunoreaction in gonadotroph cells of C3H and C57BL mice might suggest that, like lactotrophes, FSH cells represent a heterogeneous population and only a subpopulation is under control of melatonin signaling. The present study is first to show that melatonin signaling also affects pCREB levels in pars intermedia of mice.
To determine the effects of inhaled IL-10 at different doses and different time points on the pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia, 48 ventilated, anaesthetized rats (mean body weight ± standard deviation, 500 ± 33g) were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 8, each). Interleukin-10 was nebulised either prior to or following the intravenous injection of LPS (5mg/kg) at two doses (5.0 mycro-g or 0.5 mycro-g) in our groups. Eight rats received the same insult with no further treatment (LPS-only group). Another eight rats served as controls without endotoxemia but with aerosolized phosphate-buffered saline, the solvent of IL-10 (Sham group). Concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IFN-gamma were analyzed in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, the nitrite release from ex-vivo cultured alveolar macrophages was determined. As compared to the LPS-only group, the concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IFN-gamma in plasma were significantly reduced in the group, which inhaled 5 mycro-g IL-10 before LPS injection (p< 0.0125). Spontaneous nitrite release from exvivo cultured alveolar macrophages was suppressed in this group (p< 0.0125). Inhalation of 0.5 mycro-g IL-10 before LPS injection and both dosages of IL-10 inhalation (5 mycro-g or 0.5 mycro-g) after LPS injection did not significantly influence either inflammatory cytokine concentrations in BALF, in plasma or the nitrite release from ex-vivo cultured alveolar macrophages. In this study, inhaled IL-10 only demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects when it was administered at 5 mycro-g prior to the induction of experimental endotoxemia. Interleukin-10 aerosol had no effect when it was given either following induction of endotoxemia or given at a lower dosage (which here was 0.5 mycro-g) either before or following injection of lipopolysaccharide.
HELEX Septal Occluder for transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale : multicenter experience
(2006)
Aims Patients with cryptogenic embolic events and a patent foramen ovale (PFO) are at risk of paradoxical embolism causing recurrent cerebral events; however, transcatheter PFO closure remains controversial. The aim of this multicenter trial was to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of transcatheter closure of PFO with the HELEX Septal Occluder. Methods and results The study enrolled 128 patients (66 female; mean age, 50 years). Mean (± SD) PFO size was 10±3.7 mm; 38 patients also had an atrial septal aneurysm. Device implantation was successful in 127 patients. Device-related events during implantation or follow-up were device embolisation, wire-frame fracture, and retrieval cord breaks (two cases each; no sequelae). Other adverse events included atrial arrhythmia (two patients), migraine, convulsion, and transient ischaemic attack (one case each). There were no recurrent strokes, deaths, perforations, or accumulations of thrombi on the device. Within a mean follow-up period of 21±11 months, complete PFO closure using one device was achieved in 114 patients (90%). Five patients with a moderate to large residual shunt received a second device. Conclusion The HELEX Occluder can be used for PFO closure. Device- and procedure-related complications are rare. The closure procedure appears to reduce recurrence rates of stroke and transient ischaemic attack.
The substantia nigra is not the induction site in the brain of the neurodegenerative process that underlies Parkinson’s disease. Instead, the results of this semiquantitative study of 30 autopsy cases with incidental Lewy body pathology indicate that Parkinson’s disease in the brain commences with the formation of the very first immunoreactive Lewy neurites and Lewy bodies in noncatecholaminergic visceromotor neurons of the dorsal glossopharyngeusvagus complex, in projection neurons of the intermediate reticular zone, and in specific nerve cell types of the gain setting system (coeruleussubcoeruleus complex, caudal raphe nuclei, gigantocellular reticular nucleus), olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, and/or anterior olfactory nucleus in the absence of nigral involvement. The topographical parcellation of the nuclear grays described here is based upon known architectonic analyses of the human brain stem and takes into consideration the pigmentation properties of a few highly susceptible nerve cell types involved in Parkinson’s disease. In this sample and in all 58 ageand gendermatched controls, Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites do not occur in any of the known telencephalic Parkinson’s disease predilection sites (hippocampal formation, temporal mesocortex, proneocortical cingulate areas, amygdala, basal nucleus of Meynert, interstitial nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, hypothalamic tuberomamillary nucleus).
Removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages or resident semi-professional phagocytes is a prominent principle with important implications for the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory diseases, viral infections, or cancer. To characterize mechanisms which may determine the fate of apoptotic cells, I investigated chemokine expression in apoptotic promonocytic U-937 cells or PBMC. Exposure of U-937 cells to the anti-cancer drug etoposide (VP-16), an inducer of apoptosis in these cells, was associated with increased expression of the chemokines IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha). Upregulation of IL-8 mRNA expression by VP-16 was observed as early as 4 h after onset of treatment and was still detectable after 19h of exposure. A serine protease inhibitor prevented both VP-16-induced apoptosis and release of IL-8, whereas inhibition of p38 MAP-kinases reduced IL-8 secretion only. Moreover, I observed that incubation with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA) upregulated release of IL-8 from adherent PBMC in parallel to induction of apoptosis. In these cells a modest but significant induction of TNF-alpha release by CdA was also detected. In addition, CdA augmented release of IL-8 from whole blood cultures. By facilitating adequate recruitment of phagocytes to sites of cell death, stress-induced upregulation of chemokines associated with apoptosis may contribute to mechanisms aiming at efficient removal of apoptotic cells.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus with a 7.2 kb genome that is capped and polyadenylated. The virus is currently unclassified : the organisation of the genome resembles that of the Caliciviridae but sequence analyses suggest that it is more closely related to the Togaviridae. HEV is an enterically transmitted virus that causes both epidemics and sporadic cases of acute hepatitis in many countries of Asia and Africa but only rarely causes disease in more industrialised countries. Initially the virus was believed to have a limited geographical distribution. However, serological studies suggest that that HEV may be endemic also in the United states and Europe even though it infrequently causes overt disease in these countries. Many different animal species worldwide recently have been shown to have antibodies to HEV suggesting that hepatitis E may be zoonotic. Although two related strains have been experimentally transmitted between species, direct transmission from animal to a human has not been documented. Our main objective in this study is to evaluate the suitability of current available HEV antibody assays for use in low-endemicity areas such as in Germany. Methods: We selected sera on the basis of at least borderline reactivity in the routinely used Abbot EIA. Most were tested as part of routine screening of long-term expatriates in endemic countries. The following assays (recombinant antigens : ORF2 and ORF3) were used: Abbot EIA, Genelabs ELISA, Mikrogen recomBlot and a 'Prototype' DSL-ELISA. We observed a wide range of sensitivity ( average of 56.8%) and specificity ( an average of 61.4%) in these used assays. These results implies that , these assays might be unreliable for detection of HEV infection in areas where hepatitis E is not endemic. However, most anti- HEV assays have not been correlated with the HEV RNA determined by reverse transcription. Many of these unexpected results and discrepancies can be alluded to the following reasons: I. The choice and the size of the HEV antigen. II. Duration of the antibody persistence III. A cross reactivity with different agent IV. Due to geographic species V. A low sensitivity of the available assays. VI. And infection with non-pathogenic HEV strain. (zoonotic strain?). We therefore suggest that, further studies will be required to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the available commercial assays on the market.
Die vorliegende Dissertation berichtet über eine Serie von Verhaltens- und funktionellen Bildgebungsstudien zu experimentalpsychologischen Paradigmata, die eine räumliche Analyse und Koordinatentransformation von Material der visuellen Wahrnehmung oder Vorstellung beinhalten. Nach einer Einführung in die Prinzipien und Techniken der funktionellen Kernspintomographie, der hier benutzten Methode für die Messung von Gehirnaktivität, werden die Versuche einer Replikation des berühmten Stratton'schen Umkehrbrillen-Experiments dargestellt (Kapitel 1). Unsere vier Probanden zeigten zwar eine zügige Anpassung der visuomotorischen Funktionen an die neue visuelle Umwelt, berichteten aber, anders als Stratton, nicht, daß sie die Welt nach einigen Tagen mit der Umkehrbrille wieder normal sähen. Diese Persistenz des umgekehrten Bildes wurde durch eine psychphysische Testbatterie bestätigt. Des weiteren ergaben die funktionellen Kernspinmessungen, daß sich die kortikale retinotope Organisation im Verlaufe des Experiments nicht geändert hat. Da sich also Strattons Haupteffekt, das Aufrechtsehen durch die Umkehrbrille nach einwöchiger Adaptation, nicht replizieren ließ, werden andere Möglichkeiten der Interpretation der verschiedenen Umkehrexperimente der letzten hundert Jahre vorgeschlagen. Dieses Ergebnis einer funktionellen Anpassung ohne größere Änderungen der visuellen Wahrnehmung (und ohne Veränderungen der Repräsentation der Netzhautareale in der Sehrinde) führte zu der Hypothese, daß die erforderlichen Transformationen auf einer höheren Stufe der kortikalen Hierarchie der visuellen Verarbeitung erfolgen. Zur Testung dieser Hypothese wurde eine funktionelle Kernspinstudie des Umkehrlesens durchgeführt (Kapitel 2). Hierbei lasen die Probanden Wörter und Sätze in Spiegelschrift oder auf dem Kopf. Der neuronale Mechanismus der räumlichen Transformationen, die zur Bewältigung dieser Aufgabe nötig sind, konnte in bestimmten Regionen des Parietallappens, die zwischen den Probanden sehr konstant waren, lokalisiert werden. Weiterhin fand sich eine Koaktivierung okzipitootemporaler Objekterkennungs-Areale. Die Spezifizität der parietalen Aktivierungsfoci wurde durch ein Kontrollexperiment bestätigt, in welchem das kortikale System für räumliche Transformationen von den Netzwerken der allgemeinen visuellen Aufmerksamkeit und der Augenbewegungskontrolle unterschieden werden konnte. In einem weiteren Experiment wurden die räumlichen Funktionen des Parietallappens unter dem Vorzeichen der visuellen Vorstellung untersucht. Als Paradigma wurde der "mental clock" - Test verwendet, bei welchem die Probanden die Winkel der Zeiger zweier Uhren vergleichen müssen, deren Zeiten nur akustisch vorgegeben werden (Kapitel 3). Diese Aufgabe erfordert die Generierung eines entsprechenden Vorstellungsbildes und dessen räumliche Analyse, stellt also sowohl ein kontrolliertes Vorstellungs-Paradigma als auch einen Test räumlicher Funktionen dar, der nicht auf visuell präsentiertem Material beruht. Das parietale Aktivierungsmuster, das der Analyse der Winkel dieser vorgestellten Uhren zugeschrieben werden konnte, entsprach weitgehend demjenigen, das mit der räumlichen Transformation von Buchstaben verbunden war. Es handelt sich also wahrscheinlich um ein kortikales System für räumliche Analyse und Koordinatentransformationen, das nicht auf eine visuelle Stimulation angewiesen ist, sondern auch bei bloßer visueller Vorstellung aktiv werden kann. Die vorgelegten Resultate werden im Kontext neuerer neuropsychologischer Befunde zu Defiziten räumlicher Analyse und Vorstellung bei Läsionen des Parietallappens diskutiert (Kapitel 4). Auch die methodologischen Probleme der kognitiven Subtraktion, die in unseren Studien teilweise benutzt wurde, werden behandelt. Dabei wird erläutert, inwiefern diese für die Beurteilung der vorgelegten Studien nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung sind. Nichtsdestoweniger schlagen wir Modifikationen der experimentellen Paradigmata im Sinne des parametrischen Designs und des "event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging" vor, die bei zukünftigen Studien einen vollständigen Verzicht auf die kognitive Subtraktion ermöglichen dürften. Schließlich wird die Bedeutung der vorgelegten Ergebnisse für die Erforschung der Anpassungsfähigkeit des menschlichen Gehirns und des Verhältnisses von Vorstellung und visueller Wahrnehmung dargelegt.