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The pseudorapidity asymmetry and centrality dependence of charged hadron spectra in d+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=200 GeV are presented. The charged particle density at midrapidity, its pseudorapidity asymmetry, and centrality dependence are reasonably reproduced by a multiphase transport model, by HIJING, and by the latest calculations in a saturation model. Ratios of transverse momentum spectra between backward and forward pseudorapidity are above unity for pT below 5 GeV/c . The ratio of central to peripheral spectra in d+Au collisions shows enhancement at 2< pT <6 GeV/c , with a larger effect at backward rapidity than forward rapidity. Our measurements are in qualitative agreement with gluon saturation and in contrast to calculations based on incoherent multiple partonic scatterings.
We report on the rapidity and centrality dependence of proton and antiproton transverse mass distributions from 197Au + 197Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV as measured by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Our results are from the rapidity and transverse momentum range of |y| <0.5 and 0.35< pt <1.00 GeV/c . For both protons and antiprotons, transverse mass distributions become more convex from peripheral to central collisions demonstrating characteristics of collective expansion. The measured rapidity distributions and the mean transverse momenta versus rapidity are flat within |y| <0.5 . Comparisons of our data with results from model calculations indicate that in order to obtain a consistent picture of the proton (antiproton) yields and transverse mass distributions the possibility of prehadronic collective expansion may have to be taken into account.
We report inclusive photon measurements about midrapidity ( |y| <0.5 ) from 197 Au + 197 Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV at RHIC. Photon pair conversions were reconstructed from electron and positron tracks measured with the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) of the STAR experiment. With this method, an energy resolution of Delta E/E ~ 2% at 0.5 GeV has been achieved. Reconstructed photons have also been used to measure the transverse momentum ( pt ) spectra of pi 0 mesons about midrapidity ( |y| <1 ) via the pi 0 --> gamma gamma decay channel. The fractional contribution of the pi 0 --> gamma gamma decay to the inclusive photon spectrum decreases by 20%±5% between pt =1.65 GeV/c and pt =2.4 GeV/c in the most central events, indicating that relative to pi 0 --> gamma gamma decay the contribution of other photon sources is substantially increasing.
We present the first large-acceptance measurement of event-wise mean transverse momentum <pt> fluctuations for Au-Au collisions at nucleon-nucleon center-of-momentum collision energy sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV. The observed nonstatistical <pt> fluctuations substantially exceed in magnitude fluctuations expected from the finite number of particles produced in a typical collision. The r.m.s. fractional width excess of the event-wise <pt> distribution is 13.7±0.1(stat) ±1.3(syst)% relative to a statistical reference, for the 15% most-central collisions and for charged hadrons within pseudorapidity range | eta |<1,2 pi azimuth, and 0.15 <= pt <= 2 GeV/c. The width excess varies smoothly but nonmonotonically with collision centrality and does not display rapid changes with centrality which might indicate the presence of critical fluctuations. The reported <pt> fluctuation excess is qualitatively larger than those observed at lower energies and differs markedly from theoretical expectations. Contributions to <pt> fluctuations from semihard parton scattering in the initial state and dissipation in the bulk colored medium are discussed.
We present the results of charged particle fluctuations measurements in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV using the STAR detector. Dynamical fluctuations measurements are presented for inclusive charged particle multiplicities as well as for identified charged pions, kaons, and protons. The net charge dynamical fluctuations are found to be large and negative providing clear evidence that positive and negative charged particle production is correlated within the pseudorapidity range investigated. Correlations are smaller than expected based on model-dependent predictions for a resonance gas or a quark-gluon gas which undergoes fast hadronization and freeze-out. Qualitative agreement is found with comparable scaled p+p measurements and a heavy ion jet interaction generation model calculation based on independent particle collisions, although a small deviation from the 1/N scaling dependence expected from this model is observed.
The transverse mass spectra and midrapidity yields for Xi s and Omega s are presented. For the 10% most central collisions, the Xi -bar+/h- ratio increases from the Super Proton Synchrotron to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider energies while the Xi -/h- stays approximately constant. A hydrodynamically inspired model fit to the Xi spectra, which assumes a thermalized source, seems to indicate that these multistrange particles experience a significant transverse flow effect, but are emitted when the system is hotter and the flow is smaller than values obtained from a combined fit to pi , K, p, and Lambda s.
Data from the first physics run at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV, have been analyzed by the STAR Collaboration using three-pion correlations with charged pions to study whether pions are emitted independently at freeze-out. We have made a high-statistics measurement of the three-pion correlation function and calculated the normalized three-particle correlator to obtain a quantitative measurement of the degree of chaoticity of the pion source. It is found that the degree of chaoticity seems to increase with increasing particle multiplicity.
The balance function is a new observable based on the principle that charge is locally conserved when particles are pair produced. Balance functions have been measured for charged particle pairs and identified charged pion pairs in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider using STAR. Balance functions for peripheral collisions have widths consistent with model predictions based on a superposition of nucleon-nucleon scattering. Widths in central collisions are smaller, consistent with trends predicted by models incorporating late hadronization.
The results from the STAR Collaboration on directed flow (v1), elliptic flow (v2), and the fourth harmonic (v4) in the anisotropic azimuthal distribution of particles from Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200GeV are summarized and compared with results from other experiments and theoretical models. Results for identified particles are presented and fit with a blast-wave model. Different anisotropic flow analysis methods are compared and nonflow effects are extracted from the data. For v2, scaling with the number of constituent quarks and parton coalescence are discussed. For v4, scaling with v22 and quark coalescence are discussed.
We present a systematic analysis of two-pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200GeV using the STAR detector at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We extract the Hanbury-Brown and Twiss radii and study their multiplicity, transverse momentum, and azimuthal angle dependence. The Gaussianness of the correlation function is studied. Estimates of the geometrical and dynamical structure of the freeze-out source are extracted by fits with blast-wave parametrizations. The expansion of the source and its relation with the initial energy density distribution is studied.
Midrapidity open charm spectra from direct reconstruction of D0(D0-bar)-->K± pi ± in d+Au collisions and indirect electron-positron measurements via charm semileptonic decays in p+p and d+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV are reported. The D0(D0-bar) spectrum covers a transverse momentum (pT) range of 0.1<pT<3 GeV/c, whereas the electron spectra cover a range of 1<pT<4 GeV/c. The electron spectra show approximate binary collision scaling between p+p and d+Au collisions. From these two independent analyses, the differential cross section per nucleon-nucleon binary interaction at midrapidity for open charm production from d+Au collisions at BNL RHIC is d sigma NNcc-bar/dy=0.30±0.04(stat)±0.09(syst) mb. The results are compared to theoretical calculations. Implications for charmonium results in A+A collisions are discussed.
Transverse energy ( ET ) distributions have been measured for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=200 GeV by the STAR Collaboration at RHIC. ET is constructed from its hadronic and electromagnetic components, which have been measured separately. ET production for the most central collisions is well described by several theoretical models whose common feature is large energy density achieved early in the fireball evolution. The magnitude and centrality dependence of ET per charged particle agrees well with measurements at lower collision energy, indicating that the growth in ET for larger collision energy results from the growth in particle production. The electromagnetic fraction of the total ET is consistent with a final state dominated by mesons and independent of centrality.
We present data on e+ e- pair production accompanied by nuclear breakup in ultraperipheral gold-gold collisions at a center of mass energy of 200 GeV per nucleon pair. The nuclear breakup requirement selects events at small impact parameters, where higher-order diagrams for pair production should be enhanced. We compare the data with two calculations: one based on the equivalent photon approximation, and the other using lowest-order quantum electrodynamics (QED). The data distributions agree with both calculations, except that the pair transverse momentum spectrum disagrees with the equivalent photon approach. We set limits on higher-order contributions to the cross section.
We present STAR measurements of charged hadron production as a function of centrality in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV . The measurements cover a phase space region of 0.2< pT <6.0 GeV/c in transverse momentum and -1< eta <1 in pseudorapidity. Inclusive transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons in the pseudorapidity region 0.5< | eta | <1 are reported and compared to our previously published results for | eta | <0.5 . No significant difference is seen for inclusive pT distributions of charged hadrons in these two pseudorapidity bins. We measured dN/d eta distributions and truncated mean pT in a region of pT > pcutT , and studied the results in the framework of participant and binary scaling. No clear evidence is observed for participant scaling of charged hadron yield in the measured pT region. The relative importance of hard scattering processes is investigated through binary scaling fraction of particle production.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Optimierung der Kristallzüchtung von eisenbasierten Supraleitern. Im ersten Teil lag der Fokus dabei auf der Züchtung der 1111-Verbindung unter Hochdruck/Hochtemperaturbedingungen (HD/HT), sowie der systematischen Untersuchung verschiedener Einflüsse der Züchtung dieser Familie unter Normaldruckbedingungen.
Die HD/HT-Experimente führten unter den gewählten Parametern, sowohl unter der Verwendung eines Flussmittels als auch ohne, nicht zur Stabilisierung der gewünschten Zielphase. Stattdessen kam es zur Phasenseparation So bildete sich immer im Inneren des verwendeten BN-Tiegels ein, häufig kugelförmig ausgeformtes, Gebilde, bestehend aus einer Fe-As-Phase. Dies gilt sowohl für NdFeAsO als auch LaFeAsO1-xFx. Bei der Verwendung von Salz als Flussmittel kam es neben dieser Fe-As-Phase auch häufig zur Bildung einer Cl-haltigen Phase. Auch zeigte sich, dass es zu einer B-Diffusion während des Versuches kam, sodass Selten-Erd-Oxoborate nachgewiesen werden konnten. Durch einen Versuch unter Normaldruckbedingungen zeigte sich, dass dies kein Problem in der Hochdrucksynthese ist, sondern ein grundlegendes Problem bei der Verwendung von BN mit den Selten-Erden ist.
Nachdem gezeigt wurde, dass eine systematische Untersuchung bzw. Optimierung der Züchtungsparameter der 1111-Verbindungen unter HD/HT-Bedingungen enorm schwierig ist, lag der weitere Fokus auf der Züchtung unter Normaldruckbedingungen. Dazu wurde zu Beginn gezeigt, dass die Verwendung von Quarzampullen bei Temperaturen bis zu 1200 °C nicht zu einer zusätzlichen Sauerstoffdiffusion führen. Dies ermöglichte es ohne zusätzliche Schweißarbeit oder hohen Kosten den Optimierungsprozess für ein geeignetes Temperatur-Zeit-Profil durchzuführen. Das so erhaltene Profil wurde anschließen für alle weiteren Versuche verwendet. Mit dieser Basis wurde daraufhin untersucht, welchen Einfluss die Menge an Flussmittel auf die Stabilisierung der Phase und demnach auf die Kristallzüchtung hat. Dabei zeigte sich, dass ein molares Material-zu-Flussmittel-Verhältnis von 1:7 die besten Resultate liefert. Der nächste Optimierungsschritt, die Frage nach einem geeigneten Sauerstoffspender, in Angriff genommen. Bei dieser Frage wurde sich auf einen Sauerstoffspender aus der Gruppe der Eisenoxide konzentriert. Es zeigte sich, dass, für das gewählte Temperatur-Zeit-Profil die Verbindung FeO und Fe3O4 die besten Resultate liefern. In diesen Versuchen ist es gelungen Kristalle zu züchten die Kantenlängen bis zu 800 μm aufweisen. Allerdings zeigten Vergleichsversuche mit einen anderen Temperatur-Zeit-Profil, dass Fe2O3 in diesen Fällen die besten Resultate liefern. Dies macht deutlich, dass es bisher keine vollständige Kontrolle in der Züchtung der 1111-Verbindung gibt. Die Veränderung eines Züchtungsparameters bedeutet, dass auch alle anderen Parameter erneut geprüft werden müssen. Somit zeigte sich, dass eine fundierte und systematische Untersuchung der Züchtungsparameter notwendig ist.
Nachdem die grundlegenden Fragen für die undotierte Verbindung NdFeAsO beantwortet wurden, wurde untersucht, welche Sauerstoff-Fluorspenderkombination bei gegebenem Temperatur-Zeit-Profil optimal für den Kristallwachstum und den Fluoreinbau ist. Die erhaltenen Resultate belegten, dass in diesem Fall Fe3O4 und FeF2 zu den besten Resultaten führte. Die so gezüchteten Kristalle wiesen Kantenlängen bis zu 800 μm auf und Messungen des elektrischen Widerstandes zeigten einen maximalen Tc ≈ 53 K mit einen RRR-Wert im magnetischem Bereich von über 10. Damit unterscheiden sich die gezüchtete Kristalle hinsichtlich ihrer Qualität um den Faktor ~3 von den bisherigen Einkristallen bekannt aus der Literatur.
Durch die Ermittlung des reellen Fluorgehalts der Proben mittels WDX in Kombination mit elektrischen Widerstandsmessungen wurde ein vorläufiges Phasendiagramm erstellt.
Magnetische Messungen unter Normaldruck und Hochdruckbedingungen ermöglichten es die Anisotropie zwischen der ab- Ebene und der c-Ebene zu messen, sowie das Verhalten des elektrischen Widerstandes in Abhängigkeit vom Druck.
Es zeigte sich dabei, dass ab einem Druck von etwa 22.9 GPa die Supraleitung in diesen Kristallen nicht mehr vorhanden ist, und der Kristall wieder normalleitend ist. Mit weiter steigendem Druck steigen die Absolut-Widerstandswerte ebenfalls wieder an, was auf eine mögliche ferromagnetische Ordnung deutet.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit lag der Fokus auf einer Verbindung aus der 122-Familie der Pniktide: SrFe2As2. Zu Beginn wurde untersucht, welches der drei gewählten Tiegelmaterialien BN, Al2O3 oder Glaskohlenstoff, für Züchtungen dieser Phase am geeigneten ist. In allen Versuchen konnte die gewünschte Zielphase stabilisiert werden, jedoch kam es bei der Verwendung von Glaskohlenstoff zu Diffusion von Kohlenstoff aus dem Tiegel in die Probe hinein, sodass C-haltige Phasen nachweisbar waren. Ebenso zeigte sich, dass es auch eine Diffusion vom Material in den Tiegel hinein gegeben hat. Diese Probleme traten auch bei der Verwendung von Al2O3 auf. Durch ein Röntgenpulverdiffrakgtogramm konnte eine Al-haltige Verbindung in der Probe nachgewiesen werden. Ein weiterer Nachteil dieses Materials ist die Benutzung des Tiegels durch die Schmelze. Von den drei Materialien erwies sich BN als am besten geeignetes Tiegelmaterial. Es kommt zu keiner Benetzung oder Diffusion, auch der Fremdphasenanteil ist sehr gering in dieser Probe.
Mit diesem Wissen wurde im weiteren Verlauf ein quasi-binäres Phasendiagramm des Systems SrFe2As2-FeAs erstellt. Die intermetallische Verbindung FeAs fungiert hierbei als Flussmittel. Eine wichtige Frage in diesem Zusammenhand ist die Frage ob das System kongruent erstarrend ist. Diese Frage lässt sich anhand der vorhandenen DTA-kurven nicht eindeutig beantworten, zeigte das System bei Aufheizen keine zusätzlichen Schmelzprozesse, es scheint allerdings, dass es in der Schmelze zu einem Abdampfen von Arsen kommt. Somit verschiebt sich die Zusammensetzung der Schmelze und beim Abkühlen treten zusätzliche Erstarrungsprozesse auf. Die Schmelztemperatur TM wurde so auf T = 1320 °C bestimmt. Mit steigendem Flussmittelanteil verschob sich diese Temperatur zu niedrigeren Temperaturen unter 1200 °C, was eine Züchtung in Quarzampullen wieder möglich macht.
Die Ergebnisse in dieser Arbeit liefern eine fundierte Grundlage für weitere Optimierungen. So ist zum Beispiel der Frage nach dem am besten geeigneten Sauerstoffspender nicht auf die Selten-Erd-Oxide eingegangen worden. Auch ob die Verwendung eines anderen Salzes, wie zum Beispiel den Iodiden für die Züchtung bessere Resultate liefert kann weiterhin untersucht werden.
Nachdem der Schmelzpunkt von SrFe2As2 bestimmt wurde und im quasi-binärem Phasendiagramm ein Eutektikum vorhanden ist, kann mit den weiteren Optimierungsschritten für die Kristallzüchtung dieses Systems begonnen werden. Dazu gehört die Entwicklung eines Temperatur-Zeit-Profils, sowie im nächsten Schritt Züchtungen von dotierten Verbindungen.
Der STAR Level-3 Trigger
(2002)
Schwerionen-Collider-Experimente, wie das STAR-Experiment am RHIC (BNL) oder das geplante ALICE-Experiment am LHC (CERN) untersuchen Schwerionenkollisionen bei Schwerpunktsenergien von Wurzel aus SNN = 200 GeV (RHIC), bzw. Wurzel aus sNN = 5, 5 TeV (ALICE). In diesen Kollisionen werden mehrere tausend geladene Teilchen produziert, die in STAR und ALICE in großvolumigen TPCs gemessen werden. Das Datenvolumen erreicht dabei bis zu 10 MB (STAR) und 60 MB (ALICE) pro Ereignis. Aufgrund der hohen Luminosität der Collider könnten die Experimente zentrale Schwerionenkollisionen mit einer Rate bis zu 100 Hz bzw. 200 Hz (ALICE) untersuchen. Die dabei entstehenden Datenraten im Bereich mehrerer GB/s sind mit heutiger Technologie jedoch nicht mehr einfach zu speichern. Deshalb kann nur ein Bruchteil der zur Verfügung stehenden Ereignisse aufgezeichnet werden. Aufgrund der exponentiellen Entwicklung der CPU-Leistung wird es jedoch möglich, die Rekonstruktion von Ereignissen während der Datennahme in Echtzeit durchzuführen. Basierend auf den rekonstruierten Spuren in den Detektoren kann die Entscheidung getroffen werden, ob ein Ereignis gespeichert werden soll. Dies bedeutet, dass die begrenzte Speicherbandbreite gezielt mit Ereignissen, die eine interessierende physikalische Observable beinhalten, angereichert werden kann. Ein solches System zur Ereignisselektion wird als Level-3-Trigger oder allgemeiner als High Level Trigger bezeichnet. Am STAR-Experiment wurde erstmals in einem Schwerionenexperiment solch ein Level-3-Triggersystem aufgebaut. Es besteht aus 432 i960-CPUs, auf speziell gefertigten Receiver Boards für die paralelle Clusterrekonstruktion in der STARTPC. 52 Standard-Computer mit ALPHA- bzw. Pentium-CPUs rekonstruieren die Spuren geladener Teilchen und tre.en eine Triggerentscheidung. Dieses System ermöglicht die Echtzeit-Rekonstruktion zentraler Au-plus-Au-Kollisionen mit anschliessender Analyse durch einen Trigger-Algorithmus mit einer Rate von 40-50 Hz. Die Qualität, die mit dieser schnellen Analyse erreicht wird, kann mit der Qualität der STAR-Offline-Rekonstruktion verglichen werden. Der Level-3-Clusterfinder erreicht in Bezug auf Ortsauflösung und Rekonstruktionseffizienz dieselbe Qualität wie der Offline-Clusterfinder. Der Level-3-Trackfinder erreicht bei Rekonstruktionseffizienz und Impulsauflösung 10-20% schlechtere Werte als der Offline- Trackfinder. Die Anwendung eines Level-3-Triggers besteht in der Messung von seltenen Observablen ("rare Probes"), die ohne eine Anreicherung nicht, oder nur schwer, meßbar wären. In den Jahren 2000 und 2001 wurden erste Triggeranwendungen für das STARLevel- 3-System erprobt. In ultraperipheren Au-plus-Au-Kollisionen wurden po-Kandidaten schon im Jahr 2000 selektiert. Während der Strahlzeit des Jahres 2001 wurde das Level-3-System erstmals zum Triggern in zentralen Au-plus-Au-Kollisionen eingesetzt. Die Triggeralgorithmen beinhalteten einen Õ-Trigger, einen 3He-Trigger und einen Algorithmus zur Anreicherung von Spuren hohen Impulses in der Akzeptanz des RICH-Detektors. Das STAR Level-3-System ist in der Lage zehnmal mehr Ereignisse zu analysieren, als gespeichert werden können. Aufgrund der begrenzten Luminosität des RHIC-Beschleunigers, konnten die Level-3 Trigger erst zum Ende der Strahlzeit eingesetzt werden. Den genannten Algorithmen standen zusätzlich zu den 3 · 10 hoch 6 gespeicherten zentralen Ereignissen, 6 · 10 hoch 5 zentrale Ereignisse zur Analyse zur Verfügung. Mit diesem begrenzten Anreicherungsfaktor von 20% blieb das System hinter seinen Möglichkeiten zurück. Es konnte jedoch gezeigt werden, dass das STAR Level-3-System in der erwarteten Qualität und Stabilität funktioniert.
Die Stoßparameterbestimmung, an den zur Zeit im Bau befindlichen bzw. geplanten Schwerionen-Collidern RHIC und LHC ist nicht mehr wie bei Experimenten mit festem Target über die Messung der Summe aller Spektatoren möglich. Am einfachsten sind die neutralen Spektatoren (Neutronen) nachzuweisen. Diese enden bei RHIC jedoch in einem Bereich zwischen den zwei Strahlrohren, der die Größe eines Detektors auf 10 cm Breite und 130 cm Länge beschränkt, was im Vergleich zu der Breite herkömmlicher Kalorimeter, die zur Messung von Spektatoren eingesetzt werden, sehr klein ist. Die Anzahl neutraler Spektatoren kann über deren Gesamtenergie bestimmt werden, da sie im wesentlichen den Strahlimpuls behalten. Am RHIC wird zu beiden Seiten der vier Wechselwirkungszonen je ein Kalorimeter zur Messung der neutralen Spektatoren installiert(d.h. insgesamt 8 Kalorimeter). Diese Kalormeter werden aus Wolfram bestehen und eine Länge von 6 hadronischen Wechselwirkungslängen haben. Zusätzlich sollen mit diesen Detektoren einzelne Neutronen aus Riesenresonanz-Abregungen gemessen werden. Über die Rate der Koinzidenz dieser einzelnen Neutronen auf beiden Seiten der Wechselwirkungszone soll die Luminosität des Beschleunigers bestimmt werden. An die Detektoren wurde in erster Line die Forderung nach einer Energieauflösung von ca 20% gestellt, um das Signal der einzelnen Neutronen vom Untergrund trennen zu können. Für die Messung der neutralen Spektatoren, deren erwartete Anzahl im Bereich von ~ 10 - 40 liegt, ist die Energieauflösung nicht so kritisch. Fluktuationen in der Signalhöhe des Detektors werden durch die Messung mehrerer Neutronen zum Teil kompensiert, die Energieauflösung skaliert mit der Anzahl der Neutronen Nn wie 1/sqrt(Nn). Weiterhin wurde die Forderung einer Zeitauflösung theta < 300 ps gestellt. Dies ist zum einen nötig, um bei der Messung der korrelierten Emission einzelner Neutronen zur Luminositätsbestimmung zufällige Koinzidenzen zu vermeiden. Weiterhin kann der Ort der Wechselwirkung über eine Laufzeitmessung der Spektatoren zu beiden Seiten des Wechselwirkungspunktes auf einige cm genau bestimmt werden. Eine neue Kalorimeter-Bauform, das Cherenkov-Licht-Kalorimeter, ermöglicht es hadronische Kalorimeter mit geringen lateralen Ausmaßen zu konstruieren, da nur der zentrale Teil des hadronischen Schauers zum Signal beiträgt. Cherenkov-Licht-Kalorimeter bestehen aus einem Absorbermaterial und darin eingebrachten Lichtleitern, in denen relativistische geladene Teilchen des Schauers Cherenkov-Strahlung erzeugen. Es wurden zwei Prototypen aus Kupfer bzw. Wolfram mit PMMA-Lichtleitern am SPS (CERN) im 100 GeV/c- und 158 GeV/c-Protonstrahl getestet. Beide Prototypen haben eine Länge von 8 hadronischen Wechselwirkungslängen Lambda I und einen Querschnitt von 10 x 10 cm*cm. Das Kupferkalorimeter ist longitudinal in 8 Module zu je a Lambda I Länge unterteilt, das Wolframkalorimeter besteht aus 4 Modulen von je 2 Lambda I Länge. Die Lichtleiter laufen bei beiden Prototypen unter 45 Grad relativ zur Strahlachse. In früheren Untersuchungen von Gorodetzky et al. wurde festgestellt, daß in dieser Anordnung, das maximale Signal erzeugt wird. Die Energieauflösung des Kupferkalorimeters beträgt 21.8 +- 0,5% RMS/E bei 100 GeV/c Strahlimpuls. Das Wolframkalorimeter hatte im 100 GeV/c-Protonstrahl eine Energieauflösung von 20.5 +- 0.5% RMS/E. Bei beiden Prototypen wurde eine Zeitauflösung von theta < 200 ps gemessen.
Azimuthal anisotropy (v2) and two-particle angular correlations of high pT charged hadrons have been measured in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV for transverse momenta up to 6 GeV/c, where hard processes are expected to contribute significantly. The two-particle angular correlations exhibit elliptic flow and a structure suggestive of fragmentation of high pT partons. The monotonic rise of v2(pT) for pT<2 GeV/c is consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow calculations. At pT>3 GeV/c, a saturation of v2 is observed which persists up to pT=6 GeV/c.
We report the first measurement of strange ( Lambda ) and antistrange ( Lambda -bar) baryon production from sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Rapidity density and transverse mass distributions at midrapidity are presented as a function of centrality. The yield of Lambda and Lambda -bar hyperons is found to be approximately proportional to the number of negative hadrons. The production of Lambda -bar hyperons relative to negative hadrons increases very rapidly with transverse momentum. The magnitude of the increase cannot be described by existing hadronic string fragmentation models alone.
Azimuthal anisotropy (v2) and two-particle angular correlations of high pT charged hadrons have been measured in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV for transverse momenta up to 6 GeV/c, where hard processes are expected to contribute significantly. The two-particle angular correlations exhibit elliptic flow and a structure suggestive of fragmentation of high pT partons. The monotonic rise of v2(pT) for pT<2 GeV/c is consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow calculations. At pT>3 GeV/c, a saturation of v2 is observed which persists up to pT=6 GeV/c.
Inclusive transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons within 0.2<pT<6.0 GeV/c have been measured over a broad range of centrality for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV. Hadron yields are suppressed at high pT in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions and to a nucleon-nucleon reference scaled for collision geometry. Peripheral collisions are not suppressed relative to the nucleon-nucleon reference. The suppression varies continuously at intermediate centralities. The results indicate significant nuclear medium effects on high-pT hadron production in heavy-ion collisions at high energy.
We report STAR results on the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 for strange particles K0S, Lambda , and Lambda -bar at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The value of v2 as a function of transverse momentum, pt, of the produced particle and collision centrality is presented for both particles up to pt~3.0 GeV/c. A strong pt dependence in v2 is observed up to 2.0 GeV/c. The v2 measurement is compared with hydrodynamic model calculations. The physics implications of the pt integrated v2 magnitude as a function of particle mass are also discussed.
Elliptic flow holds much promise for studying the early-time thermalization attained in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. Flow measurements also provide a means of distinguishing between hydrodynamic models and calculations which approach the low density (dilute gas) limit. Among the effects that can complicate the interpretation of elliptic flow measurements are azimuthal correlations that are unrelated to the reaction plane (nonflow correlations). Using data for Au + Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV from the STAR time projection chamber, it is found that four-particle correlation analyses can reliably separate flow and nonflow correlation signals. The latter account for on average about 15% of the observed second-harmonic azimuthal correlation, with the largest relative contribution for the most peripheral and the most central collisions. The results are also corrected for the effect of flow variations within centrality bins. This effect is negligible for all but the most central bin, where the correction to the elliptic flow is about a factor of 2. A simple new method for two-particle flow analysis based on scalar products is described. An analysis based on the distribution of the magnitude of the flow vector is also described.
We report the first observation of K*(892)0--> pi K in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The transverse momentum spectrum of (K*0+K*0)/2 from central Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV is presented. The ratios of the K*0 yield derived from these data to the yields of negative hadrons, charged kaons, and phi mesons have been measured in central and minimum bias collisions and compared with model predictions and comparable e+e-, pp, and p-barp results. The data indicate no dramatic reduction of K*0 production in relativistic heavy ion collisions despite expected losses due to rescattering effects.
Two-pion correlation functions in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV have been measured by the STAR (solenoidal tracker at RHIC) detector. The source size extracted by fitting the correlations grows with event multiplicity and decreases with transverse momentum. Anomalously large sizes or emission durations, which have been suggested as signals of quark-gluon plasma formation and rehadronization, are not observed. The Hanbury Brown-Twiss parameters display a weak energy dependence over a broad range in sqrt[sNN].
We report first results on elliptic flow of identified particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow as a function of transverse momentum and centrality differs significantly for particles of different masses. This dependence can be accounted for in hydrodynamic models, indicating that the system created shows a behavior consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow. The fit to the data with a simple model gives information on the temperature and flow velocities at freeze-out.
The minimum-bias multiplicity distribution and the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions for central collisions have been measured for negative hadrons ( h-) in Au+Au interactions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV. The multiplicity density at midrapidity for the 5% most central interactions is dNh-/d eta | eta = 0 = 280±1(stat)±20(syst), an increase per participant of 38% relative to pp-bar collisions at the same energy. The mean transverse momentum is 0.508±0.012 GeV/c and is larger than in central Pb+Pb collisions at lower energies. The scaling of the h- yield per participant is a strong function of pperp. The pseudorapidity distribution is almost constant within | eta |<1.
The STAR Collaboration reports the first observation of exclusive rho 0 photoproduction, AuAu-->AuAu rho 0, and rho 0 production accompanied by mutual nuclear Coulomb excitation, AuAu-->Au [star] Au [star] rho 0, in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions. The rho 0 have low transverse momenta, consistent with coherent coupling to both nuclei. The cross sections at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV agree with theoretical predictions treating rho 0 production and Coulomb excitation as independent processes.
We report the first measurement of inclusive antiproton production at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The antiproton transverse mass distributions in the measured transverse momentum range of 0.25<pperp<0.95 GeV/c are found to fall less steeply for more central collisions. The extrapolated antiproton rapidity density is found to scale approximately with the negative hadron multiplicity density.
The first measurements of light antinucleus production in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider are reported. The observed production rates for d-bar and 3He-bar are much larger than in lower energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. A coalescence model analysis of the yields indicates that there is little or no increase in the antinucleon freeze-out volume compared to collisions at CERN SPS energy. These analyses also indicate that the 3He-bar freeze-out volume is smaller than the d-bar freeze-out volume.
We present the first measurement of midrapidity vector meson phi production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC (sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV) from the STAR detector. For the 11% highest multiplicity collisions, the slope parameter from an exponential fit to the transverse mass distribution is T=379±50(stat)±45(syst) MeV, the yield dN/dy=5.73±0.37(stat)±0.69(syst) per event, and the ratio N phi /Nh- is found to be 0.021±0.001(stat)±0.004(syst). The measured ratio N phi /Nh- and T for the phi meson at midrapidity do not change for the selected multiplicity bins.
We report results on the ratio of midrapidity antiproton-to-proton yields in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of | y|<0.5 and 0.4<pt<1.0 GeV/c, the ratio is essentially independent of either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of 0.65±0.01(stat)±0.07(syst) for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this RHIC energy, although the p-p-bar pair production becomes important at midrapidity, a significant excess of baryons over antibaryons is still present.
The high energy loss of heavy ions in matter as well as the small angular scattering makes heavy ion beams an excellent tool to produce almost cylindrical and homogeneously excited volumes in matter. This aspect can be used to pump short wavelength lasers. In an experiment performed at the GSI (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany) ion accelerator facility in December 2005 the well-known KrF* excimer laser was pumped with an intense high energy uranium beam. Pulses of an uranium beam with initial particle energy of 250 MeV per nucleon, provided by heavy-ion-synchrotron SIS-18, were delivered to the HHT-target station and then stopped inside a gas laser cell. The maximum beam intensity reached in the experiment was 2,5·109 particles per pulse, which resulted in 34 J/g specific energy deposited in the laser gas. By applying electron cooling and a bunch compression technique at SIS-18, the beam pulses were compressed down to 110 ns (FWHM). A mixture of an excimer laser premix gas (95,5% Kr + 0,5% F2) and a buffer gas (Ar 4.8) was used as the laser gas in proportions of 35/65 and 60/40, respectively. The gas pressure inside the laser cell was varied in the range of 1,2÷2 bar in continues flow mode. The experimental setup consisted of a 1 m long stainless steel tube with a number of diagnostic viewports and two mirror adjustment units. The optical cavity was formed by a flat, Alcoated mirror at the beam entrance and a second dielectrically coated, highly reflective mirror with 3 m radius of curvature at a distance of 1,3 m. A beam of heavy ions has been used to pump a short wavelength gas laser for the first time. Laser effect on the KrF* laser transition (λ = 248 nm) has been successfully demonstrated. Laser threshold for this specific setup was reached with a beam intensity of 1,2·109 particles per pulse. Laser action has been clearly proofed by the following methods: appearance of the laser line, spectral narrowing of the laser line, temporal narrowing of the laser signal, non-linear response of the laser output intensity on the pumping power, and cavity disalignment effect. An energy of the laser pulse of about 2 mJ was measured for an ion beam intensity of 2·109 particles per pulse. The time delay of the onset of the laser emission with respect to the pumping pulse was measured as a function of ion beam intensity. The dependence of spontaneous emission spectra on the gas pressure in a range of 1,3÷2 bar was observed and the optimal gas pressure for laser experiments in the sense of laser efficiency was concluded. As a next step in studying short wavelength lasers pumped with heavy ion beams it is planned to reduce the laser wavelength down to the VUV region of the spectrum, and to proceed to the excimer lasers of the pure rare gases: Xe2 * (λ = 172 nm), Kr2 * (λ = 146 nm), Ar2 * (λ = 126 nm), Ne2 * (λ = 83 nm) and He2 * (λ = 80 nm). We believe that the use of heavy ion beams as a pumping source may lead to new pumping schemes on the higher lying level transitions and considerably shorter wavelengths (XUV and X-ray spectral region), which rely on the high cross sections for multiple ionization of the target species.
We present measurements of ρ0, ω and K∗0 spectra in π−+ C production interactions at 158 GeV / c and ρ0 spectra at 350 GeV / c using the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS. Spectra are presented as a function of the Feynman’s variable xF in the range 0<xF<1 and 0<xF<0.5 for 158 and 350 GeV / c respectively. Furthermore, we show comparisons with previous measurements and predictions of several hadronic interaction models. These measurements are essential for a better understanding of hadronic shower development and for improving the modeling of cosmic ray air showers.
his Erratum replaces incorrect plots shown in Fig. 7 with the corrected ones. In the publication, the NA57 [1] ratios of Ξ− and Ξ¯¯¯¯+ to the number of wounded nucleons at ⟨NW⟩=349 by mistake were plotted at the wrong values. The ratios were calculated and plotted by mistake using ⟨NW⟩=249.
The correct normalization does not change the conclusions of the paper. The correctly normalized results are presented in Fig. 7.
The production of Ξ(1321)− and Ξ¯¯¯¯(1321)+ hyperons in inelastic p+p interactions is studied in a fixed target experiment at a beam momentum of 158 GeV/c. Double differential distributions in rapidity y and transverse momentum pT are obtained from a sample of 33M inelastic events. They allow to extrapolate the spectra to full phase space and to determine the mean multiplicity of both Ξ− and Ξ¯¯¯¯+. The rapidity and transverse momentum spectra are compared to transport model predictions. The Ξ− mean multiplicity in inelastic p+p interactions at 158 GeV/c is used to quantify the strangeness enhancement in A+A collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair.
A measurement of charged hadron pair correlations in two-dimensional ηφ space is presented. The analysis is based on total 30 million central Be + Be collisions observed in the NA61/SHINE detector at the CERN SPS for incident beam momenta of 19A, 30A, 40A, 75A, and 150A GeV/c. Measurements were carried out for unlike-sign and like-sign charge hadron pairs independently. The C(η, φ) correlation functions were compared with results from a similar analysis on p + p interactions at similar beam momenta per nucleon. General trends of the backto-back correlations are similar in central Be + Be collisions and p + p interactions, but are suppressed in magnitude due to the increased combinatorial background. Predictions from the Epos and UrQMD models are compared to the measurements. Evolution of an enhancement around (η, φ) = (0, 0) with incident energy is observed in central Be + Be collisions. It is not predicted by both models and almost non-existing in proton–proton collisions at the same momentum per nucleon.
Bose-Einstein correlations of charged kaons were measured near mid-rapidity in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. Source radii were extracted using the Yano-Koonin-Podgoretsky and Bertsch-Pratt parameterizations. The results are compared to published pion data. The measured m_perp dependence for kaons and pions is consistent with collective transverse expansion of the source and a freeze-out time of about 9.5 fm.
Measurements of charged pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are presented. These are compared with data at lower and higher energies as well as with results from p+p interactions. The mean pion multiplicity per wounded nucleon increases approximately linearly with s_NN^1/4 with a change of slope starting in the region 15-40 AGeV. The change from pion suppression with respect to p+p interactions, as observed at low collision energies, to pion enhancement at high energies occurs at about 40 AGeV. A non-monotonic energy dependence of the ratio of K^+ to pi^+ yields is observed, with a maximum close to 40 AGeV and an indication of a nearly constant value at higher energies.The measured dependences may be related to an increase of the entropy production and a decrease of the strangeness to entropy ratio in central Pb+Pb collisions in the low SPS energy range, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a transient state of deconfined matter is created above these energies. Other interpretations of the data are also discussed.
We present the first measurement of fluctuations from event to event in the production of strange particles in collisions of heavy nuclei. The ratio of charged kaons to charged pions is determined for individual central Pb+Pb collisions. After accounting for the fluctuations due to detector resolution and finite number statistics we derive an upper limit on genuine non-statistical fluctuations, perhaps related to a first or second order QCD phase transition. Such fluctuations are shown to be very small.
Results of the production of Xi and Xi-bar hyperons in central Pb+Pb interactions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon are presented. This analysis utilises a global reconstruction procedure, which allows a measurement of 4pi integrated yields to be made for the first time. Inverse slope paramters, which are determined from an exponential fit to the transverse mass spectra, are shown. Central rapidity densities are found to be 1.49 +- 0.08 and 0.33 +- 0.04 per event per unit of rapidity for Xi and Xi-bar respectively. Yields integrated to full phase space are 4.12 +- 0.02 and 0.77 +- 0.04 for Xi and Xi-bar. The ratio of Xi-bar/Xi at mid-rapidity is 0.22 +- 0.03.
Cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIM) has been employed to image the momentum distributions of continuum electrons liberated in the impact of slow He2+ on He and H2. The distributions were measured for fully determined motion of the nuclei that is as a function of the impact parameter and in a well de ned scattering plane The single ionization (SI) of H2 leading to H2+ recoil ions in nondissociative states (He2+ + H+ -> He2+ + H+ + e-) and the transfer ionization (TI) of H2 leading to H2 dissociation into two free protons (He2+ H2 -> He+ + H+ + H+ + e-) were investigated. Similar measurements have been carried out for He target, the corresponding atomic two electron system, i.e. the single ionization (SI) (He2+ + He -> He+ + He2+ e- and the transfer ionization (TI) (He2+ + He -> He+ + He2+ + e-). These measurements have been exploited to understand the results obtained for H target. In comparing the continuum electron momentum distributions for H2 with that for He, a high degree of similarity is observed. In the case of transfer ionization of H2, the electron momentum distributions generated for parallel and perpendicular molecular orientations revealed no orientation dependence. The in scattering plane electron momentum distributions for the transfer ionization of H2 by He2+ and for the transfer ionization of He by He2e showed that the salient feature of these distributions for both collisions systems consists in the appearance of two groups of electrons with difeerent structures. In addition to the group of the saddle electrons forming two jets separated by a valley along the projectile axis we nd a new group of electrons moving with a velocity higher than the projectile velocity These new fast forward electrons result from a narrow range of impact parameters and appear as image saddle in the projectile frame. In contrast to the transfer ionization of He, the fast forward electrons group disappears in the in scattering plane electron momentum distribution generated for the single ionization of He. Instead of this group another new group of electrons appear These electrons exhibit an amount of backscattering These backward elec trons appear as image saddle in the target frame The structures that the saddle electrons show are owing to the quasi molecular nature of the collision process For the TI of H2, the TI of He and the SI of He, a pi-orbital shape of the electron momentum distribution is observed This indicates the importance of the rotational coupling 2-p-theta -> 2p-pi in the initial promotion of the ground state followed by further promotions to the continuum The backward electrons as well as the fast forward electrons are not discussed in the theoretical literature at all. However, a number of obvious indications of the existence of the backward and fast forward electrons could be seen in the experimental works of Abdallah et al. as well as in the theoretical calculations of Sidky et al One might speculate that electrons which are promoted on the saddle for some time during the collision could finally swing around the He+ ion in the way out of the collision, i.e. either around the projectile in the forward direction as in the TI case forming the fast forward electrons or around the recoil ion in the backward direction as in the SI case forming the backward electrons. This might be a result of the strong gradient, and hence the large acceleration of the screened He+ potential.
Partial wave analysis of the reaction p(3.5 GeV) + p → pK +Λ to search for the "ppK−" bound state
(2015)
Employing the Bonn–Gatchina partial wave analysis framework (PWA), we have analyzed HADES data of the reaction p(3.5 GeV) + p → pK +Λ. This reaction might contain information about the kaonic cluster “ppK −” (with quantum numbers J P = 0− and total isospin I = 1/2) via its decay into pΛ. Due to interference effects in our coherent description of the data, a hypothetical KNN (or, specifically “ppK −”) cluster signal need not necessarily show up as a pronounced feature (e.g. a peak) in an invariant mass spectrum like pΛ. Our PWA analysis includes a variety of resonant and non-resonant intermediate states and delivers a good description of our data (various angular distributions and two-hadron invariant mass spectra) without a contribution of a KNN cluster. At a confidence level of CLs = 95% such a cluster cannot contribute more than 2–12% to the total cross section with a pK +Λ final state, which translates into a production cross-section between 0.7 μb and 4.2 μb, respectively. The range of the upper limit depends on the assumed cluster mass, width and production process.
We present measurements of exclusive ensuremathπ+,0 and η production in pp reactions at 1.25GeV and 2.2GeV beam kinetic energy in hadron and dielectron channels. In the case of π+ and π0 , high-statistics invariant-mass and angular distributions are obtained within the HADES acceptance as well as acceptance-corrected distributions, which are compared to a resonance model. The sensitivity of the data to the yield and production angular distribution of Δ (1232) and higher-lying baryon resonances is shown, and an improved parameterization is proposed. The extracted cross-sections are of special interest in the case of pp → pp η , since controversial data exist at 2.0GeV; we find \ensuremathσ=0.142±0.022 mb. Using the dielectron channels, the π0 and η Dalitz decay signals are reconstructed with yields fully consistent with the hadronic channels. The electron invariant masses and acceptance-corrected helicity angle distributions are found in good agreement with model predictions.
Abstract Geant4 is a toolkit for simulating the passage of particles through matter. It includes a complete range of functionality including tracking, geometry, physics models and hits. The physics processes offered cover a comprehensive range, including electromagnetic, hadronic and optical processes, a large set of long-lived particles, materials and elements, over a wide energy range starting, in some cases, from 250 eV and extending in others to the TeV energy range. It has been designed and constructed to expose the physics models utilised, to handle complex geometries, and to enable its easy adaptation for optimal use in different sets of applications. The toolkit is the result of a worldwide collaboration of physicists and software engineers. It has been created exploiting software engineering and object-oriented technology and implemented in the C++ programming language. It has been used in applications in particle physics, nuclear physics, accelerator design, space engineering and medical physics. PACS: 07.05.Tp; 13; 23
Nuclear transport models including density- and momentum-dependent mean-field effects are compared to intranuclear-cascade models and tested on recent data on inclusive p-like cross sections for 800A-MeV La+La. We find a remarkable agreement between most model calculations but a systematic disagreement with the measured yield at 20°, possibly indicating a need for modification of nuclear transport properties at high densities.
There is little doubt that Quantumchromodynamics (QCD) is the theory which describes strong interaction physics. Lattice gauge simulations of QCD predict that in the m,T plane there is a line where a transition from confined hadronic matter to deconfined quarks takes place. The transition is either a cross over (at low m) or of first order (at high m). It is the goal of the present and future heavy ion experiment at RHIC and FAIR to study this phase transition at different locations in the m,T plane and to explore the properties of the deconfined phase. It is the purpose of this contribution to discuss some of the observables which are considered as useful for this purpose.
We demonstrate that momentum-dependent nuclear interactions (MDI) have a large effect on the dynamics and on the observables of high-energy heavy-ion collisions: A soft potential with MDI suppresses pion and kaon yields much more strongly than a local hard potential and results in transverse momenta intermediate between soft and hard local potentials. The collective-flow angles and the deuteron-to-proton ratios are rather insensitive to the MDI. Only simultaneous measurements of these observables can give clues on the nuclear equation of state at densities of interest for supernova collapse and neutron-star stability.