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The global economic crisis in the 1890s affected the economy of Greece severely, and in 1893 the Greek State had to stop servicing its foreign debt. Part of the
problem was the lack of diversity of Greek agricultural production, which was focused on raisins and currants (especially flavourful raisins, grown exclusively in the area around Corinth) for export. The collapse of market prices for this good seriously affected the Greek treasury and society in the growing regions. The Greek government responded by trying to withhold part of the harvest in fertile years to stabilise world market prices. Plans to organise a monopoly company for the currant trade necessitated high sums of capital from abroad. This article investigates the question of how foreign bankers in London (Hambro & Son, Emile Erlanger) and Paris (Banque de l’Union Parisienne) could be convinced to participate in the project. Which factors allowed foreign bankers to trust in the Greek national economy despite its poor reputation? What factors influenced their risk management? The focus is on the role of Greek brokers in persuading the foreigners to invest in Greece, especially the role played by Ioannis Pesmazoglou, the director of the young and innovative Bank of Athens.
Introduction: Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are a promising resource for wound healing and tissue regeneration because of their multipotent properties and cytokine secretion. ASCs are typically isolated from the subcutaneous fat compartment, but can also be obtained from visceral adipose tissue. The data on their equivalence diverges. The present study analyzes the cell-specific gene expression profiles and functional differences of ASCs derived from the subcutaneous (S-ASCs) and the visceral (V-ASCs) compartment.
Material and Methods: Subcutaneous and visceral ASCs were obtained from mouse inguinal fat and omentum. The transcriptional profiles of the ASCs were compared on single-cell level. S-ASCs and V-ASCs were then compared in a murine wound healing model to evaluate their regenerative functionality.
Results: On a single-cell level, S-ASCs and V-ASCs displayed distinct transcriptional profiles. Specifically, significant differences were detected in genes associated with neoangiogenesis and tissue remodeling (for example, Ccl2, Hif1α, Fgf7, and Igf). In addition, a different subpopulation ecology could be identified employing a cluster model. Nevertheless, both S-ASCs and V-ASCs induced accelerated healing rates and neoangiogenesis in a mouse wound healing model.
Conclusion: With similar therapeutic potential in vivo, the significantly different gene expression patterns of ASCs from the subcutaneous and visceral compartments suggest different signaling pathways underlying their efficacy. This study clearly demonstrates that review of transcriptional results in vivo is advisable to confirm the tentative effect of cell therapies.
Background: Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and active or previous hepatitis B virus (HBV) are at risk of HBV reactivation (HBV-R) during direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. Recent reports suggest that HBV-R may even occur several months after completion of DAA therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of HBV-R in patients with resolved HBV after successful DAA therapy during long-term follow-up (FU).
Methods: Among 848 patients treated for chronic HCV, all patients with resolved HBV and long-term FU data were eligible for inclusion. Patients were HBV DNA/hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)–negative at the end of therapy (EOT) and were followed for up to 52 weeks thereafter. Patients underwent regular alanine transaminase (ALT) testing, and additional HBV DNA/HBsAg testing was performed at FU week 12, end of FU, and in case of an ALT increase above the upper limit of normal (>ULN).
Results: A total of 108 patients were followed up for a mean (range) of 41.5 (24–52) weeks after EOT. None of the patients experienced reverse HBsAg seroconversion or reappearance of HBV DNA. One patient received a liver transplantation; 1 patient was diagnosed with de novo hepatocellular carcinoma, and 2 patients died. Eighteen patients (16.7%) had increased ALT levels (grade 0/1). Of those, the majority were male (72.2%) and significantly more patients had cirrhosis (66.7% vs 36.2%, P = .015) or received ribavirin as part of their treatment regimen (86.7% vs 46.8%, P = .041). None of these were associated with HBV-R.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that the risk of HBV-R in patients with resolved HBV treated with DAAs for HCV is low during long-term follow-up.
Switching between reading tasks leads to phase-transitions in reading times in L1 and L2 readers
(2019)
Reading research uses different tasks to investigate different levels of the reading process, such as word recognition, syntactic parsing, or semantic integration. It seems to be tacitly assumed that the underlying cognitive process that constitute reading are stable across those tasks. However, nothing is known about what happens when readers switch from one reading task to another. The stability assumptions of the reading process suggest that the cognitive system resolves this switching between two tasks quickly. Here, we present an alternative language-game hypothesis (LGH) of reading that begins by treating reading as a softly-assembled process and that assumes, instead of stability, context-sensitive flexibility of the reading process. LGH predicts that switching between two reading tasks leads to longer lasting phase-transition like patterns in the reading process. Using the nonlinear-dynamical tool of recurrence quantification analysis, we test these predictions by examining series of individual word reading times in self-paced reading tasks where native (L1) and second language readers (L2) transition between random word and ordered text reading tasks. We find consistent evidence for phase-transitions in the reading times when readers switch from ordered text to random-word reading, but we find mixed evidence when readers transition from random-word to ordered-text reading. In the latter case, L2 readers show moderately stronger signs for phase-transitions compared to L1 readers, suggesting that familiarity with a language influences whether and how such transitions occur. The results provide evidence for LGH and suggest that the cognitive processes underlying reading are not fully stable across tasks but exhibit soft-assembly in the interaction between task and reader characteristics.
Child maltreatment remains a major health threat globally that requires the understanding of socioeconomic and cultural contexts to craft effective interventions. However, little is known about research agendas globally and the development of knowledge-producing networks in this field of study. This study aims to explore the bibliometric overview on child maltreatment publications to understand their growth from 1916 to 2018. Data from the Web of Science Core Collection were collected in May 2018. Only research articles and reviews written in the English language were included, with no restrictions by publication date. We analyzed publication years, number of papers, journals, authors, keywords and countries, and presented the countries collaboration and co-occurrence keywords analysis. From 1916 to 2018, 47,090 papers (53.0% in 2010–2018) were published in 9442 journals. Child Abuse & Neglect (2576 papers; 5.5%); Children and Youth Services Review (1130 papers; 2.4%) and Pediatrics (793 papers, 1.7%) published the most papers. The most common research areas were Psychology (16,049 papers, 34.1%), Family Studies (8225 papers, 17.5%), and Social Work (7367 papers, 15.6%). Among 192 countries with research publications, the most prolific countries were the United States (26,367 papers), England (4676 papers), Canada (3282 papers) and Australia (2664 papers). We identified 17 authors who had more than 60 scientific items. The most cited papers (with at least 600 citations) were published in 29 journals, headed by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) (7 papers) and the Lancet (5 papers). This overview of global research in child maltreatment indicated an increasing trend in this topic, with the world’s leading centers located in the Western countries led by the United States. We called for interdisciplinary research approaches to evaluating and intervening on child maltreatment, with a focus on low-middle income countries (LMICs) settings and specific contexts.
A considerable body of the literature considers the potential impact of exotic predators on native prey organisms, while comparatively, few studies have asked whether and how native predators include novel prey types into their diet spectrum. Here, we asked whether the native aquatic heteropteran Diplonychus esakii preys on the highly invasive western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), which has been introduced to southern China and threatens native fish species through competition and predation on their fry. We conducted 48-h prey choice experiments under semi-natural conditions. In a ‘no-choice’ experiment (one predator and one potential prey; n = 200), we found the heteropterans to prey more on large-bodied fish, a pattern that was also described for other belostomatids, while prey sex had no effect on capture rates. Moreover, large-bodied heteropterans caught more fish than small-bodied individuals. However, overall capture rates in our study were low (11.5–30%) compared to studies on other belostomatids, which explains why subsequent binary prey choice experiments using one predator and two prey—either large and small females or male and female (with smaller sample sizes of n = 20 and 30, respectively)—did not confirm the results of our first experiment. Our study exemplifies how a pattern of body size-dependent predation can arise in a novel (not coevolved) predator–prey interaction. We tentatively argue that the observed pattern could be driven by intrinsic features of the predator, namely, altered prey preferences with increasing age coupled with a general preference for large-bodied prey, or changing nutritional needs at different developmental stages.
On track
(2018)
In the second issue of the seventh volume of this journal it almost seems that our prayers expounded in the previous editorial were heard. Fourteen students and researchers from Germany came to explore six of the Cabo Verde Islands and found 18 new records of terrestrial species compared to those listed by Arechavaleta et al. (2005). These new records include the first observations of several species for some of these islands and further new observations for Cabo Verde. We refer to the first article entitled ‘Additions to the checklist of terrestrial biodiversity of Cabo Verde’. We hope this will motivate other research groups to bring more students to this archipelago on field trips.
No bom caminho
(2018)
No segundo número do sétimo volume desta revista quase parece que as nossas preces expostas no editorial anterior foram ouvidas. Vieram da Alemanha 14 estudantes e investigadores consagrados para explorar seis ilhas de Cabo Verde e encontraram 18 novos registos de espécies terrestres relativamente às listadas por Arechavaleta et al. (2005). Estes novos registos incluem as primeiras observações de várias espécies para algumas dessas ilhas e ainda novas observações para Cabo Verde. Referimo-nos ao primeiro artigo intitulado “Adições ao inventário da biodiversidade terrestre de Cabo Verde”. Esperemos que este sirva de motivação a outros grupos de investigação para trazerem mais estudantes a este arquipélago em viagens de estudo.
Cabo Verde is a unique biogeographical region, where by mixing temperate and tropical characteristics an unusually high number of endemic species are reported. Cephalopods are central pieces of trophic networks worldwide, interacting as predator/ prey and competing with fish for ecological niches. We aimed to assess how the topography, prey availability, and predatory pressure of the Desertas Islands shaped the behaviour and ecology of the existing Octopus vulgaris population. Visual census (both underwater and on tidal rock pools) were performed on Santa Luzia Island (20 days) and Raso Islet (eight days). Octopus vulgaris individuals were found only in intertidal areas, during low tide, and mean population morphometry averaged 35.6 ± 10.4 cm (total length) and 175.0 ± 53 g (wet weight). The markedly reduced size of O. vulgaris, only partly explainable by Bergmann’s rule, and exclusion from subtidal areas, appears to have been mainly driven by severe predatory pressure and strong inter-specific competition for limited habitat niches. The induced behavioural and morphometric alterations may be the product of developmental plasticity, or have arisen from deeper genetic alterations, which would portray a potential speciation phenomenon of octopus’ populations residing on Cabo Verde’s Desertas Islands.
Pinna rudis Linnaeus, 1758 (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) has an Atlantic-Mediterranean distribution. Habitat degradation is considered the main cause of population declines in the recent past, raising the conservation status of the species to the category of vulnerable in some places. Population dynamics studies of P. rudis are still necessary to fully understand its conservation requirements. Moreover, new methods of individual data collection should be developed as individuals are highly sensitive to extraction and manipulation. In the present study, we propose a non-invasive method to collect P. rudis morphometric data in situ. For this, we sampled 900 m2 of the sea bed at Matiota Beach on São Vicente Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago, and collected 18 individuals to compute the relationship between shell length and width. The regression equation between the parameters allowed us to estimate the total size of 59 P. rudis individuals obtained from the beach. The non-invasive method adopted allowed determination of the total size of the individuals without removing them from the substratum and, thereby, allowing the comparative study of the species in different zones.
Based on six weeks spent in the field on six Cabo Verdean Islands in September/ October 2016 and 2017, we present 18 additions to the checklist of terrestrial biodiversity of the archipelago (ten arthropods, one bird, two fungi, and five flowering plants). Four of them are first records for Cabo Verde, the others for particular islands. Most interesting are the apple of Sodom fruit fly Dacus longistylus, perhaps actively introduced for biocontrol of the toxic apple of Sodom tree and the additions to the distribution of several bee species of the genera Amegilla, Megachile, and Xylocopa. Our observations indicate that the biodiversity of Cabo Verde is still incompletely known and more fieldwork is needed.
The West African region possesses one of the largest knowledge gaps in the distribution and taxonomy of all species, especially inconspicuous ones. This work presents one of the few bat studies ever carried out in the Cabo Verde Islands. Knowledge on the distribution of the seven species recorded in this remote archipelago is still very scarce and with very low resolution (many at island level), so new records are expectable and invaluable for the establishment of conservation policies. A review on the scattered and digitally unavailable (due to the old date of publication) knowledge of the Cabo Verde bat fauna with the first bat records for two islands and new occurrence data for two species on three islands is presented. It is expected that this work can constitute a reference for future bat works in the region, while providing acoustic data that can easily be updated upon future taxonomic revisions.
Untapped potential
(2018)
This first number of the seventh volume of Zoologia Caboverdiana is focussed on two groups of organisms that remain largely understudied in Cabo Verde. We are namely referring to mammals, both terrestrial and aquatic, and to terrestrial invertebrates. Two original articles and a short note, by authors from five different nationalities, including Cabo-Verdean, consolidate the vitality of this peer-reviewed journal.
Muito potencial
(2018)
No primeiro número do sétimo volume desta revista dedicamos a nossa atenção a dois grupos de organismos pouco estudados em Cabo Verde. Referimo-nos nomeadamente aos mamíferos, tanto terrestres como marinhos, e aos invertebrados terrestres. Este número consolida ainda a vitalidade desta revista com revisão por pares, com dois artigos originais e uma nota breve de autores de cinco nacionalidades diferentes, incluindo a cabo-verdiana.
Of the circa 25 species of butterfly species occurring in the Cabo Verde Archipelago, only one species is endemic: Chilades evorae (Lycaenidae). The species was reared by the authors and colour photographs of the early stages of this species are presented for the first time. The host-plants on the islands of Santo Antão, São Vicente, and Santa Luzia are illustrated with photographs. The butterfly is reported from Raso for the first time, together with a potential host-plant. A tachinid fly species Cadurciella sp. parasitising C. evorae is also reported.
Gervais’ beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus (Gervais, 1855) is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. Although most records are from the North Atlantic, it is probably continuously distributed in deep warm waters around the equator (Mead 1989, Norman & Mead 2001). Its occurrence in West Africa is poorly known, as records are rare. It is classified as Data Deficient (Taylor et al. 2008).
It is with great joy and imbued with the contagious Christmas spirit lived in Macaronesia that I present the second issue of the sixth volume of this journal. This issue consolidates the new path tracked the beginning of 2016, which focused on the renewal of the editorial board and the broadening of the scope of the journal to new scientific areas.
É com grande alegria, e imbuída do contagiante espírito Natalício que se vive na Macaronésia, que apresento o segundo número do sexto volume desta revista. Este número consolida o novo rumo traçado no início de 2016, que apostou na renovação do corpo editorial e na ampliação do âmbito da revista para novas áreas científicas.
DNA sequences disclose a new species of Africonus cone snail from São Vicente (Gastropoda: Conidae)
(2017)
The sequencing of complete mitochondrial genomes of cone species belonging to the (sub)genus Africonus, which is endemic to Cabo Verde, has allowed the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among these species, as well as delimitation and validation of their taxonomic status. While several species were found to be synonyms, some populations had enough DNA sequence divergence to merit the species status. This is the case of some populations inhabiting São Vicente, which are hereby described as a new species. The new species shares similarity in shell morphology to Africonus miruchae (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980), endemic to Sal, due to convergence, and with Africonus denizi Afonso & Tenorio, 2011, endemic to São Vicente, due to close phylogenetic relationship. Additionally, the three species have significant differences in radular morphology.
The population size and distribution of Phaethon aethereus on Raso Islet was studied from August to December 2016. In total, 42 biometric measures were collected from 38 adults and four juveniles. No recapture was identified although some individuals were ringed in 2014. The means of biometrics variables obtained for the different body segments and eggs were within the ranges of P. aethereus mesonauta from tropical North Atlantic. The two largest agglomerations of P. aethereus identified on Raso were overlapping colonies of brown boobies Sula leucogaster which allowed the maximum direct count of only 90 individuals. The inaccessibility of some breeding areas conditioned the identification and monitoring of just 117 nests. Thus, we estimate the population by the number of nests in more than 100 pairs. However, without an annual census, it is difficult to estimate the population size of this species. So, annual studies are recommended to better understand the population dynamics of P. aethereus on Raso.