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Department of British and American Studies in cooperation with SKASE (The Slovak Association for the Study of English) organized the Word-Formation Theories III & Typology and Universals in Word-Formation IV Conference. The Conference took place at P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia, from 27 June to 30 June 2018. The event was organized by Slávka Tomaščíková, Lívia Körtvélyessy and Pavol Štekauer (P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia) and with the support of the APVV project No: APVV-16–0035 Research into extralinguistic factors of word-formation and word-interpretation. The program and the book of abstracts are available at the conference homepage http://kaa.ff.upjs.sk/en/alumni-club/33/word-formation-theories-iii-typology-and-universals-in-word-formation-iv.
Seit 1995 wurden in Brandenburg vermehrt Silberreiher beobachtet. In der Nuthe-Nieplitz-Niederung kam es vor allem ab September zu größeren Schlafplatzansammlungen mit mehr als 20 Vögeln in abgestorbenen Erlen. Nachweise existieren aber aus allen Monaten, auch aus dem Frühjahr, darunter mehrfach Altvögel im Prachtkleid. Bruten wurden bisher nicht nachgewiesen. Der nächste Brutplatz befindet sich ca. 150 km ENE im Warthebruch (Polen). In der Nuthe-Nieplitz-Niederung wurden ganz flache Gewässer mit großem Nahrungsangebot bevorzugt. Seit 2001 wurden Überwinterungen beobachtet. Im strengen Winter 2005/2006 überwinterten sogar größere Trupps von bis zu 16 Silberreihern. Als Schlafplatz wurden Röhrichte im eisfrei bleibenden Nieplitzdelta am Blankensee gewählt. Zur Nahrungssuche wurden in dieser Zeit auch Wiesen aufgesucht, wo wohl Mäuse als Nahrung genutzt wurden.
1967, im gleichen Jahr, in dem Richard Rorty seine Bestandsaufnahme zum 'linguistic turn' publiziert, hält Michel Foucault einen Vortrag über 'andere Räume'. Das 19. Jahrhundert, so Foucault, sei die Epoche der Geschichte und der Zeit gewesen, seine Themen waren "Entwicklung und Stillstand, Krise und Zyklus, die Akkumulation des Vergangenen". Das 20. Jahrhundert dagegen - für Foucault: die Gegenwart - sei als Epoche des Raumes zu begreifen: "Wir leben im Zeitalter der Gleichzeitigkeit, des Aneinanderreihens, des Nahen und des Fernen, des Nebeneinander und des Zerstreuten". Der Strukturalismus, so Foucault weiter, sei der Versuch, in diesem Sinne den Zusammenhang zwischen den Elementen nicht mehr als Abfolge, sondern als Ensemble von Relationen zu begreifen, als "Konfiguration". Der Raum, so könnte diese viel zitierte Passage gedeutet werden, wäre gegenüber der Sprache eine noch grundlegendere Kategorie; der 'linguistic turn' dann nur noch eine Variante des 'spatial turn'. In der Lesart von Stephan Günzel, dem Herausgeber des 2010 erschienenen interdisziplinären Handbuches "Raum", erscheint die Sprachwende in diesem Sinne als Teil der Vorgeschichte der späteren "Raumkehren". [...] David Kaldewey nimmt anhand des Handbuches eine über einzelne Autoren und Stichwortgeber hinausgehende Einschätzung der Bedeutung und Karriere des Raumbegriffs in verschiedenen Disziplinen und Forschungsfeldern vor.
Kinetics of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients undergoing carotid artery surgery
(2016)
Aim: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are primitive cells found in the bone marrow and peripheral blood (PB). In particular, the potential of EPCs to differentiate into mature endothelial cells remains of high interest for clinical applications such as bio-functionalized patches for autologous seeding after implantation. The objective of this study was to determine EPCs’ kinetics in patients undergoing carotid artery thromboendarterectomy (CTEA) and patch angioplasty.
Methods: Twenty CTEA patients were included (15 male, mean age 76 years). PB samples were taken at 1 day preoperatively, and at 1, 3, and 5 days postoperatively. Flow cytometric analysis was performed for CD34, CD133, KDR, and CD45. Expression of KDR, SDF-1α, and G-CSF was analyzed by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed 0.031%±0.016% (% of PB mononuclear cells) KDR+ cells and 0.052%±0.022% CD45-/CD34+/CD133+ cells, preoperatively. A 33% decrease of CD45–/CD34+/CD133+ cells was observed at day 1 after surgery. However, a relative number (compared to initial preoperative values) of CD45-/CD34+/CD133+ cells was found on day 3 (82%) and on day 5 (94%) postoperatively. More profound upregulated levels of CD45–CD34+/CD133+ cells were observed for diabetic (+47% compared to nondiabetic) and male (+38% compared to female) patients. No significant postoperative time-dependent differences were found in numbers of KDR+ cells and the concentrations of the cytokines KDR and G-CSF. However, the SDF-1α levels decreased significantly on day 1 postoperatively but returned to preoperative levels by day 3.
Conclusion: CTEA results in short-term downregulation of circulating EPCs and SDF-1α levels. Rapid return to baseline levels might indicate participation of EPCs in repair mechanisms following vascular injury.
Patients who undergo endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms (EVAR) require life-long surveillance because complications including, in particular, endoleaks, aneurysm rupture, and graft dislocation are diagnosed in a certain share of the patient population and may occur at any time after the original procedure. Radiation exposure in patients undergoing EVAR and post-EVAR surveillance has been investigated by previous authors. Arriving at realistic exposure data is essential because radiation doses resulting from CT were shown to be not irrelevant. Efforts directed at identification of factors impacting the level of radiation exposure in both the course of the EVAR procedure and post-EVAR endovascular interventions and CTAs are warranted as potentially modifiable factors may offer opportunities to reduce the radiation. In the light of the risks found to be associated with radiation exposure and considering the findings above, those involved in EVAR and post-EVAR surveillance should aim at optimal dose management.
Zur Gliederung von Erophila verna s.l. mit Merkmalsprüfungen für die in Hessen vorkommenden Arten
(2003)
Die historische Entwicklung der Erophila-Systematik wird dargestellt und die unterschiedlichen Zugänge von Schulz, Winge und Filfilan & Elkington werden erörtert. Für die in Deutschland vorkommenden Arten wird ein Schlüssel erarbeitet und ihre Verbreitung in Hessen und seinen Randgebieten dargestellt.
Saxifraga sponhemica besitzt ihr einziges rechtsrheinisches Vorkommen an der Bodensteiner Ley im hessischen Teil des Lahn-Tals. Der Bestand ist durch Klettersport stark zurückgegangen und bedarf des dringenden Schutzes. Die momentan bestehende Einstufung in der Roten Liste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Hessen sollte von R (seltene Art) zu 1 (vom Aussterben bedroht) korrigiert werden.
Type I interferons (IFNs) signal for their diverse biological effects by binding a common receptor on target cells, composed of the two transmembrane IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 proteins. We have previously differentially enhanced the antiproliferative activity of IFN by increasing the weak binding affinity of IFN to IFNAR1. In this study, we further explored the affinity interdependencies between the two receptor subunits and the role of IFNAR1 in differential IFN activity. For this purpose, we generated a panel of mutations targeting the IFNAR2 binding site on the background of the IFNalpha2 YNS mutant, which increases the affinity to IFNAR1 by 60-fold, resulting in IFNAR2-to-IFNAR1 binding affinity ratios ranging from 1000:1 to 1:1000. Both the antiproliferative and antiviral potencies of the interferon mutants clearly correlated to the in situ binding IC(50) values, independently of the relative contributions of the individual receptors, thus relating to the integral lifetime of the complex. However, the antiproliferative potency correlated throughout the entire range of affinities, as well as with prolonged IFNAR1 receptor down-regulation, whereas the antiviral potency reached a maximum at binding affinities equivalent to that of wild-type IFNalpha2. Our data suggest that (i) the specific activity of interferon is related to the ternary complex binding affinity and not to affinity toward individual receptor components and (ii) although the antiviral pathway is strongly dependent on pSTAT1 activity, the cytostatic effect requires additional mechanisms that may involve IFNAR1 down-regulation. This differential interferon response is ultimately mediated through distinct gene expression profiling.
Symbiosis represents a widely distributed principle of mutual relationships among organisms, belonging to different systematic groups. The cell endosymbiosis is considered to be the most important event, which starts the evolution of all eukaryotic organisms. We recognize about five successful endosymbioses. Some of them resulted in obtaining mitochondria the peroxisomes, perhaps derived from different groups of bacterial ancestors. The special interest represents the origin of the chloroplasts. As it was suggested using the molecular methods, the single-celled cyanobacteria were the ancestors of chloroplasts in glaucophytes, red and green algae. All these groups are classified into kingdom Plantae. Green algae and vascular plants form a monophyletic group. Their chloroplasts are surrounded only by double membrane envelopes, no connection with endoplasmic reticulum or with the nuclear envelope were observed. Endosymbiosis with cyanobacterial chloroplast ancestor is considered to be the primary endosymbiosis. It was of an ancient origin with the age of about 2 billion years. Chloroplasts of other algal divisions were obtained via secondary, sometimes even as tertiary endosymbioses. In dinophytes and euglenophytes, the plastids are the remainder of single celled eukaryotic algae, covered with the triple envelope membranes. Two inner membranes are similar to the chloroplast envelopes in plant chloroplasts, the third outer membrane is of unknown origin. Some experts consider the third plastid membrane as a phagosome (food vacuole) membrane. No connections with the nuclear envelope were observed. In cryptophytes and chromophyte algae (Chromophyta, syn. Heterocontophyta, syn. Ochrista) and Haptophyta (syn. Prymnesiophyta) plastids are covered with four membranes, two additional membranes are derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is often connected with the outer membrane of nuclear envelope. This kind of endosymbiosis is called the secondary symbiosis, and is much younger than the primary symbioses. Taking in account the six- kingdoms system of life proposed by CAVALIER-SMITH (1998), the secondary endosymbioses are classified into two different kingdoms: Protozoa (Dinophyta, Euglenophyta) and Chromista. The primary endosymbioses form the kingdom Plantae. The classification of Chlorarachniophyta is not clear and recently they are not mentioned as a separate division. Besides Chlorarachnion reptans, some other filarplasmodium forming protozoans containing plastids (Chrysarachnion, Chrysophyceae, Myxochloris, Xanthophyceae) or without plastids (Corallomyxa, Reticulosphaera, GRELL 1991) were recognized.
The prediction of protein–ligand interactions and their corresponding binding free energy is a challenging task in structure-based drug design and related applications. Docking and scoring is broadly used to propose the binding mode and underlying interactions as well as to provide a measure for ligand affinity or differentiate between active and inactive ligands. Various studies have revealed that most docking software packages reliably predict the binding mode, although scoring remains a challenge. Here, a diverse benchmark data set of 99 matched molecular pairs (3D-MMPs) with experimentally determined X-ray structures and corresponding binding affinities is introduced. This data set was used to study the predictive power of 13 commonly used scoring functions to demonstrate the applicability of the 3D-MMP data set as a valuable tool for benchmarking scoring functions.
Resilience has been defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during and after times of adversity. How to operationalize resilience and to determine the factors and processes that lead to good long-term mental health outcomes in stressor-exposed individuals is a matter of ongoing debate and of critical importance for the advancement of the field. One of the biggest challenges for implementing an outcome-based definition of resilience in longitudinal observational study designs lies in the fact that real-life adversity is usually unpredictable and that its substantial qualitative as well as temporal variability between subjects often precludes defining circumscribed time windows of inter-individually comparable stressor exposure relative to which the maintenance or recovery of mental health can be determined. To address this pertinent issue, we propose to frequently and regularly monitor stressor exposure (E) and mental health problems (P) throughout a study's observation period [Frequent Stressor and Mental Health Monitoring (FRESHMO)-paradigm]. On this basis, a subject's deviation at any single monitoring time point from the study sample's normative E–P relationship (the regression residual) can be used to calculate that subject's current mental health reactivity to stressor exposure (“stressor reactivity,” SR). The SR score takes into account the individual extent of experienced adversity and is comparable between and within subjects. Individual SR time courses across monitoring time points reflect intra-individual temporal variability in SR, where periods of under-reactivity (negative SR score) are associated with accumulation of fewer mental health problems than is normal for the sample. If FRESHMO is accompanied by regular measurement of potential resilience factors, temporal changes in resilience factors can be used to predict SR time courses. An increase in a resilience factor measurement explaining a lagged decrease in SR can then be considered to index a process of adaptation to stressor exposure that promotes a resilient outcome (an allostatic resilience process). This design principle allows resilience research to move beyond merely determining baseline predictors of resilience outcomes, which cannot inform about how individuals successfully adjust and adapt when confronted with adversity. Hence, FRESHMO plus regular resilience factor monitoring incorporates a dynamic-systems perspective into resilience research.
Eine Studie zur fehleranalytischen Kompetenz der Studierenden in der Deutschlehrendenausbildung
(2018)
Die Fehleranalyse gilt seit langem als eine wertvolle Hilfe beim Fremdsprachenunterricht, weil sowohl Lernende als auch Lehrende dadurch wichtige Informationen über den Spracherwerbsprozess bekommen können. Auch die vorliegende Arbeit beabsichtigt mit Hilfe der Fehleranalyse zu Erkenntnissen über die fehleranalytische Kompetenz der künftigen Deutschlehrer zu gelangen. Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie war die Frage, ob es eine direkte Verbindung zwischen dem Sprachniveau und der fehleranalytischen Kompetenz der Studierenden gebe. An der Untersuchung haben 37 Studierenden der Gazi Universität teilgenommen, von denen sieben Rückkehrende aus Deutschland waren und über gute Sprachkenntnisse verfügten. Alle Probanden befanden sich im sechsten Semester und hatten sich im Rahmen der angewandten Linguistik ein semesterlang mit der Fehleranalyse befasst. Den Probanden wurden zwei Texte vorgelegt, deren Fehler sie identifizieren und anhand eines Rasters klassifizieren mussten. Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass bei der Fehleridentifizierung die Fremdsprachenkenntnisse ein entscheidender Faktor waren. Bei der Fehlerklassifizierung dagegen, schienen die Fremdsprachenkenntnisse eher eine untergeordnete Rolle zu spielen.
An der erfolgreichen Inszenierung "Verrücktes Blut" des Kreuzberger Theaters 'Ballhaus Naunynstraße' interessiert in diesem Beitrag vor allem die Bühnensprache und die Diskrepanz zwischen der Intention der Künstler und der Rezeption der Inszenierung durch das Berliner Publikum. Die Frage nach der Rolle der Ironie in der Bühnensprache des Ballhauses führt zur Antwort auf die Frage nach den Gründen für den Erfolg dieser Inszenierung.
Im Bereich des Naturschutzgebietes "Untere Seegeniederung" (Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg/Niedersachsen), nahe der Elbe wurde nach Überschwemmungsjahren auf Ackerflächen die Quirltänel-Sand-binsengesellschaft (Elatino alsinastri-Juncetum tenageiae Libbert 1933) mit der Niederliegenden Teichbinse (Schoenoplectus supinus) gefunden. Dieses Vorkommen wird beschrieben, Verbreitung, Gefährdung und Schutzmaßnahmen werden besprochen. Das Elatino alsinastri-Juncetum tenageiae ist eine spezialisierte Gesellschaft sehr unregelmäßig überfluteter, offener nährstoff- und kalkarmer Sandböden im stärker kontinental getönten Klimabereich. Die allesamt höchst seltenen Charakterarten und die ebenso gefährdete Artenkombination, bedürfen intensiven Schutzes. Voraussetzung für das Vorkommen ist einerseits der ungestörte Überschwemmungsrhytmus der Elbe, andererseits die Beibehaltung der Nutzung.
Reelle Bestandsgrößen und Verteilung gebäudebrütender Vogelarten sind vielfach nicht bekannt. Dauerhaft genutzte Lebensstätten dieser Arten sind jedoch nach dem Bundesnaturschutzgesetz ganzjährig geschützt. Um Anträge auf Befreiung vom Zerstörungsverbot von Niststätten für geplante Abriss- und Sanierungsarbeiten von Gebäuden zügig bearbeiten zu können, wird der Gebäudebrüterbestand in der Stadt Dessau im Auftrag der Stadt seit 2002 erfasst. Die Bearbeitung wurde zunächst innerhalb des unmittelbaren Stadtgebietes begonnen und seither im Rahmen der finanziellen Möglichkeiten auch auf die äußeren Stadtteile ausgedehnt. Als Ergebnis liegen der Stadt gebäudespezifische Angaben über Brutvögel vor.
Inflammation or injury to the somatosensory nervous system may result in chronic pain conditions, which affect millions of people and often cause major health problems. Emerging lines of evidence indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the nociceptive system during chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain and act as specific signaling molecules in pain processing. Among potential ROS sources in the somatosensory system are NADPH oxidases, a group of electron-transporting transmembrane enzymes whose sole function seems to be the generation of ROS. Interestingly, the expression and relevant function of the Nox family members Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in various cells of the nociceptive system have been demonstrated. Studies using knockout mice or specific knockdown of these isoforms indicate that Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 specifically contribute to distinct signaling pathways in chronic inflammatory and/or neuropathic pain states. As selective Nox inhibitors are currently being developed and investigated in various physiological and pathophysiological settings, targeting Nox1, Nox2, and/or Nox4 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of chronic pain. Here, we summarize the distinct roles of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in inflammatory and neuropathic processing and discuss the effectiveness of currently available Nox inhibitors in the treatment of chronic pain conditions.
BACKGROUND: The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) acts as a retrograde messenger and modulates synaptic signaling e. g. in the hippocampus. 2-AG also exerts neuroprotective effects under pathological situations. To better understand the mechanism beyond physiological signaling we used Organotypic Entorhino-Hippocampal Slice Cultures (OHSC) and investigated the temporal regulation of 2-AG in different cell subsets during excitotoxic lesion and dendritic lesion of long range projections in the enthorhinal cortex (EC), dentate gyrus (DG) and the cornu ammonis region 1 (CA1).
RESULTS: 2-AG levels were elevated 24 h after excitotoxic lesion in CA1 and DG (but not EC) and 24 h after perforant pathway transection (PPT) in the DG only. After PPT diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL) protein, the synthesizing enzyme of 2-AG was decreased when Dagl mRNA expression and 2-AG levels were enhanced. In contrast to DAGL, the 2-AG hydrolyzing enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) showed no alterations in total protein and mRNA expression after PPT in OHSC. MAGL immunoreaction underwent a redistribution after PPT and excitotoxic lesion since MAGL IR disappeared in astrocytes of lesioned OHSC. DAGL and MAGL immunoreactions were not detectable in microglia at all investigated time points. Thus, induction of the neuroprotective endocannabinoid 2-AG might be generally accomplished by down-regulation of MAGL in astrocytes after neuronal lesions.
CONCLUSION: Increase in 2-AG levels during secondary neuronal damage reflects a general neuroprotective mechanism since it occurred independently in both different lesion models. This intrinsic up-regulation of 2-AG is synergistically controlled by DAGL and MAGL in neurons and astrocytes and thus represents a protective system for neurons that is involved in dendritic reorganisation.
Background: After focal neuronal injury the endocannabinioid system becomes activated and protects or harms neurons depending on cannabinoid derivates and receptor subtypes. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) play a central role in controlling local responses and influencing neural plasticity and survival. However, little is known about the functional relevance of eCBs in long-range projection damage as observed in stroke or spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods: In rat organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) as a relevant and suitable model for investigating projection fibers in the CNS we performed perforant pathway transection (PPT) and subsequently analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of eCB levels. This approach allows proper distinction of responses in originating neurons (entorhinal cortex), areas of deafferentiation/anterograde axonal degeneration (dentate gyrus) and putative changes in more distant but synaptically connected subfields (cornu ammonis (CA) 1 region).
Results: Using LC-MS/MS, we measured a strong increase in arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels in the denervation zone (dentate gyrus) 24 hours post lesion (hpl), whereas entorhinal cortex and CA1 region exhibited little if any changes. NAPE-PLD, responsible for biosynthesis of eCBs, was increased early, whereas FAAH, a catabolizing enzyme, was up-regulated 48hpl.
Conclusion: Neuronal damage as assessed by transection of long-range projections apparently provides a strong time-dependent and area-confined signal for de novo synthesis of eCB, presumably to restrict neuronal damage. The present data underlines the importance of activation of the eCB system in CNS pathologies and identifies a novel site-specific intrinsic regulation of eCBs after long-range projection damage.
In this paper we propose a compositional semantics for lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (LTAG). Tree-local multicomponent derivations allow separation of the semantic contribution of a lexical item into one component contributing to the predicate argument structure and a second component contributing to scope semantics. Based on this idea a syntax-semantics interface is presented where the compositional semantics depends only on the derivation structure. It is shown that the derivation structure (and indirectly the locality of derivations) allows an appropriate amount of underspecification. This is illustrated by investigating underspecified representations for quantifier scope ambiguities and related phenomena such as adjunct scope and island constraints.
Background: Knee osteoarthritis is associated with higher kinetic friction in the knee joint, hence increased acoustic emissions during motion. Decreases in compressive load and improvements in movement quality might reduce this friction and, thus, sound amplitude. We investigated if an exercise treatment acutely affects knee joint sounds during different activities of daily life.
Methods: Eighteen participants with knee osteoarthritis (aged 51.8 ± 7.3 years; 14 females) were included in this randomized crossover trial. A neuromuscular exercise intervention and a placebo laser needle acupuncture treatment were performed. Before and after both interventions, knee joint sounds were measured during three different activities of daily living (standing up/sitting down, walking, descending stairs) by means of vibroarthrography. The mean amplitude (dB) and the median power frequency (MPF, Hz) were assessed at the medial tibial plateau and the patella. Differences in knee acoustic emissions between placebo and exercise interventions were calculated by analyses of covariance.
Results: Controlled for participant's age, knee demanding activity level and osteoarthritis stage, the conditions significantly differed in their impact on the MPF (mean(± SD) pre-post-differences standing up: placebo: 9.55(± 29.15) Hz/ exercise: 13.01(± 56.06) Hz, F = 4.9, p < 0.05) and the amplitude (standing up: placebo:0.75(± 1.43) dB/ exercise: 0.51(± 4.68) dB, F = 5.0, p < 0.05; sitting down: placebo: 0.07(± 1.21) dB/ exercise: -0.16(± .36) dB, F = 4.7, p < 0.05) at the tibia. There were no differences in the MPF and amplitude during walking and descending stairs (p > 0.05). At the patella, we found significant differences in the MPF during walking (placebo 0.08(± 1.42) Hz/ exercise: 15.76(± 64.25) Hz, F = 4.8, p < .05) and in the amplitude during descending stairs (placebo: 0.02 (± 2.72) dB/ exercise: -0.73(± 2.84) dB, F = 4.9, p < 0.05). There were no differences in standing up/ sitting down for both parameters, nor in descending stairs for the MPF and walking for the amplitude (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The MPF pre-post differences of the exercise intervention were higher compared to the MPF pre-post differences of the placebo treatment. The amplitude pre-post differences were lower in the exercise intervention. In particular, the sound amplitude might be an indicator for therapy effects in persons with knee osteoarthritis.
Trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00022936, date of registry: 26/08/2020).
Knee acoustic emissions provide information about joint health and loading in motion. As the reproducibility of knee acoustic emissions by vibroarthrography is yet unknown, we evaluated the intrasession and interday reliability of knee joint sounds. In 19 volunteers (25.6 ± 2.0 years, 11 female), knee joint sounds were recorded by two acoustic sensors (16,000 Hz; medial tibial plateau, patella). All participants performed four sets standing up/sitting down (five repetitions each). For measuring intrasession reliability, we used a washout phase of 30 min between the first three sets, and for interday reliability we used a washout phase of one week between sets 3 and 4. The mean amplitude (dB) and median power frequency (Hz, MPF) were analyzed for each set. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs (2,1)), standard errors of measurement (SEMs), and coefficients of variability (CVs) were calculated. The intrasession ICCs ranged from 0.85 to 0.95 (tibia) and from 0.73 to 0.87 (patella). The corresponding SEMs for the amplitude were ≤1.44 dB (tibia) and ≤2.38 dB (patella); for the MPF, SEMs were ≤13.78 Hz (tibia) and ≤14.47 Hz (patella). The intrasession CVs were ≤0.06 (tibia) and ≤0.07 (patella) (p < 0.05). The interday ICCs ranged from 0.24 to 0.33 (tibia) and from 0 to 0.82 (patella) for both the MPF and amplitude. The interday SEMs were ≤4.39 dB (tibia) and ≤6.85 dB (patella) for the amplitude and ≤35.39 Hz (tibia) and ≤15.64 Hz (patella) for the MPF. The CVs were ≤0.14 (tibia) and ≤0.08 (patella). Knee joint sounds were highly repeatable within a single session but yielded inconsistent results for the interday reliability.
A glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) of the shoulder, is associated with an increased risk of shoulder injuries in tennis athletes. The aim of the present study was to reveal the impact of 1) age, sex, specific training data (i.e. training volume, years of tennis practice, years of competitive play) and 2) upper extremity injuries on GIRD in youth competitive tennis athletes.
A cross-sectional retrospective study design was adopted. Youth tennis players (n = 27, 12.6 ± 1.80 yrs., 18 male) belonging to an elite tennis squad were included. After documenting the independent variables (anthropometric data, tennis specific data and history of injury), the players were tested for internal (IR) and external (ER) shoulder rotation range of motion (RoM, [°]). From these raw values, the GIRD parameters ER/IR ratio and side differences and TRoM side differences were calculated. Pearson’s correlation analyses were performed to find potential associations of the independent variables with the GIRD outcomes.
A significant positive linear correlation between the years of tennis training and IR side asymmetry occurred (p < .05). A significant negative linear relation between the years of tennis training and the ratio of ER to IR range of motion (RoM) in the dominant side (p < .05) was found. The analysis of covariance showed a significant influence of the history of injuries on IR RoM (p < .05).
Injury and training history but not age or training volume may impact on glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in youth tennis athletes. We showed that GIRD in the dominant side in youth tennis players is progressive with increasing years of tennis practice and independent of years of practice associated with the history of injuries. Early detection of decreased glenohumeral RoM (specifically IR), as well as injury prevention training programs, may be useful to reduce GIRD and its negative consequences.
Serum GFAP for stroke diagnosis in regions with limited access to brain imaging (BE FAST India)
(2021)
Introduction: Despite a high burden of stroke, access to rapid brain imaging is limited in many middle- and low-income countries. Previous studies have described the astroglial protein GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) as a biomarker of intracerebral hemorrhage. The aim of this study was to test the diagnostic accuracy of GFAP for ruling out intracranial hemorrhage in a prospective cohort of Indian stroke patients. Patients and methods: This study was conducted in an Indian tertiary hospital (Christian Medical College, Ludhiana). Patients with symptoms suggestive of acute stroke admitted within 12 h of symptom onset were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at hospital admission. Single Molecule Array technology was used for determining serum GFAP concentrations. Results: A total number of 155 patients were included (70 intracranial hemorrhage, 75 ischemic stroke, 10 stroke mimics). GFAP serum concentrations were elevated in intracranial hemorrhage patients compared to ischemic stroke patients [median (interquartile range) 2.36 µg/L (0.61–7.16) vs. 0.18 µg/L (0.11–0.38), p < 0.001]. Stroke mimics patients had a median GFAP serum level of 0.14 µg/L (0.09–0.26). GFAP values below the cut-off of 0.33 µg/L (area under the curve 0.871) ruled out intracranial hemorrhage with a negative predictive value of 89.7%, (at a sensitivity for detecting intracranial hemorrhage of 90.0%). Discussion: The high negative predictive value of a GFAP test system allows ruling out patients with intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusion: In settings where immediate brain imaging is not available, this would enable to implement secondary prevention (e.g., aspirin) in suspected ischemic stroke patients as soon as possible.
Activation of Notch1 signaling in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induces self-renewal and inhibits neurogenesis. Upon neuronal differentiation, NPCs overcome this inhibition, express proneural genes to induce Notch ligands, and activate Notch1 in neighboring NPCs. The molecular mechanism that coordinates Notch1 inactivation with initiation of neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that Prox1, a transcription repressor and downstream target of proneural genes, counteracts Notch1 signaling via direct suppression of Notch1 gene expression. By expression studies in the developing spinal cord of chick and mouse embryo, we showed that Prox1 is limited to neuronal precursors residing between the Notch1+ NPCs and post-mitotic neurons. Physiological levels of Prox1 in this tissue are sufficient to allow binding at Notch1 promoter and they are critical for proper Notch1 transcriptional regulation in vivo. Gain-of-function studies in the chick neural tube and mouse NPCs suggest that Prox1-mediated suppression of Notch1 relieves its inhibition on neurogenesis and allows NPCs to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Moreover, loss-of-function in the chick neural tube shows that Prox1 is necessary for suppression of Notch1 outside the ventricular zone, inhibition of active Notch signaling, down-regulation of NPC markers, and completion of neuronal differentiation program. Together these data suggest that Prox1 inhibits Notch1 gene expression to control the balance between NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation.
Etwa 800 000 Bundesbürger leiden an rheumatoider Arthritis (RA), der häufigsten chronisch-entzündlichen Erkrankung der Gelenke. Obwohl die Forschung in den vergangenen Jahren erhebliche Fortschritte gemacht hat, sind die Ursachen dieser schmerzhaften, bisher unheilbaren Krankheit noch nicht im Einzelnen geklärt. In vielerlei Richtungen diskutiert wird eine Fehlsteuerung des Immunsystems, bei der körpereigene Gewebsmatrix, wie der Gelenkknorpel, von Zellen des Immunsystems angegriffen wird. Die Forschungen der Mediziner, auch der Frankfurter Gruppe, konzentrieren sich weltweit auf die entzündungsfördernden Faktoren, spezielle Zytokine, und die Hemmstoffe dieser Zytokine. Aus diesen Ansätzen resultieren die neuartigen "Biologics": gentechnisch hergestellte monoklonale Antikörper, die natürlich vorkommenden Wirkstoffen entsprechen. Sie richten sich spezifisch gegen bestimmte vom menschlichen Organismus gebildete Zytokine.
Dichterhäuser produzieren Mythen. Dies ist bei Hofmannsthals barockem Wohnhaus in Rodaun bei Wien nicht anders. Als Vorbesitzer seines Hauses erwähnt Hofmannsthal in einem Brief an Eberhard von Bodenhausen vom 16. März 1901 beiläufig einen Fürsten Trautson: das Haus sei "zur Zeit der Kaiserin Maria Theresia von einem Fürsten Trautsohn, der ein Schwarzkünstler gewesen sein soll, für seine Geliebte gebaut worden". Das gemeinhin als 'Schlösschen Fuchs' oder 'Fuchs-Schlössel' bezeichnete Anwesen wurde von Hofmannsthal von 1901 bis zu seinem Tod 1929 bewohnt und von seiner Familie noch bis 1937 gemietet. Das Landhaus aus dem 17./18. Jahrhundert, dessen Erbauungs- oder Umgestaltungsdatum nicht belegbar ist, wird in der Forschungsliteratur zu Hofmannsthal, in Zeitungsartikeln und in der Lokalgeschichtsschreibung kaum mit Trautsohn, sondern vielmehr mit einer anderen Vorbesitzerin in Verbindung gebracht: mit einer der Kaiserin Maria Theresia nahestehenden Gräfin Fuchs.
In the absence of an active prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1, passively administered, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) identified in some chronically infected persons were shown to prevent HIV-1 infection in animal models. However, passive administration of bnAbs may not be suited to prevent sexual HIV-1 transmission in high-risk cohorts, as a continuous high level of active bnAbs may be difficult to achieve at the primary site of sexual transmission, the human vagina with its acidic pH. Therefore, we used Lactobacillus, a natural commensal in the healthy vaginal microbiome, to express bn nanobodies (VHH) against HIV-1 that we reported previously. After demonstrating that recombinant VHHA6 expressed in E. coli was able to protect humanized mice from mucosal infection by HIV-1Bal, we expressed VHHA6 in a soluble or in a cell-wall-anchored form in Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM14870. This strain is already clinically applied for treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Both forms of VHHA6 neutralized a set of primary epidemiologically relevant HIV-1 strains in vitro. Furthermore, VHHA6 was still active at an acidic pH. Thus, lactobacilli expressing bn VHH potentially represent an attractive vector for the passive immunization of women in cohorts at high risk of HIV-1 transmission.
Taking blood via venipuncture is part of the necessary surveillance before and after liver transplantation. The spectrum of response from children and their parents is variable, ranging from a short and limited aversion to paralyzing phobia. The aim of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to determine the level of anxiety amongst children during venipuncture, to compare the anxiety reported by children and parents, and to identify the factors affecting the children’s and parents’ anxiety in order to develop therapeutic strategies. In total, 147 children (aged 0–17 years, 78 female) and their parents completed questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Results showed that the majority of children reported anxiety and pain during venipuncture. Younger children had more anxiety (self-reported or assessed by parents). Children and parental reports of anxiety were highly correlated. However, the child’s anxiety was often reported as higher by parents than by the children themselves. The child’s general anxiety as well as the parents’ perceived stress from surgical interventions (but not the number of surgical interventions) prompted parental report of child anxiety. For children, the main stressors that correlated with anxiety and pain were factors during the blood collection itself (e.g., feeling the puncture, seeing the syringe). Parental anxiety was mainly related to circumstances before the blood collection (e.g., approaching the clinic, sitting in the waiting room). The main stressors mentioned by parents were the child’s discomfort and their inability to calm the child. Results indicate that the children’s fear of factors during the blood collection, along with the parents’ perceived stress and helplessness as well as their anticipatory anxiety are important starting points for facilitating the drawing of blood from children before and after liver transplantation, thereby supporting a better disease course in the future.
The implications of telework are discussed controversially and research on its positive and negative effects has produced contradictory results. We explore voluntariness of employee telework as a boundary condition which may underpin these contradictory findings. Under normal circumstances, individuals who do more telework should perceive fewer disadvantages. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, employees could no longer voluntarily choose to telecommute, as many organizations were forced to introduce telework by governmental regulations. In two studies, we examine whether the voluntary nature of telework moderates the association between the amount of telework and perceptions of disadvantage. In Study 1, we collected data before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 327). Results show that pre-pandemic participants (who were more likely to voluntarily choose this form of work) reported fewer disadvantages the more telework they did, but this was not the case for employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. To validate these findings, we measured employees’ voluntariness of telework in Study 2 (N = 220). Results support the importance of voluntariness: Individuals who experience a high degree of voluntariness in choosing telework perceive fewer disadvantages the more they telework. However, the amount of telework was not related to reduced perceptions of disadvantages for those who experienced low voluntariness regarding the telecommuting arrangement. Our findings help to understand when telework is related to the perception of disadvantages and they can provide organizations with starting points for practical interventions to reduce the negative effects of telework.
The implications of telework are discussed controversially and research on its positive and negative effects has produced contradictory results. We explore voluntariness of employee telework as a boundary condition which may underpin these contradictory findings. Under normal circumstances, individuals who do more telework should perceive fewer disadvantages. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, employees could no longer voluntarily choose to telecommute, as many organizations were forced to introduce telework by governmental regulations. In two studies, we examine whether the voluntary nature of telework moderates the association between the amount of telework and perceptions of disadvantage. In Study 1, we collected data before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 327). Results show that pre-pandemic participants (who were more likely to voluntarily choose this form of work) reported fewer disadvantages the more telework they did, but this was not the case for employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. To validate these findings, we measured employees’ voluntariness of telework in Study 2 (N = 220). Results support the importance of voluntariness: Individuals who experience a high degree of voluntariness in choosing telework perceive fewer disadvantages the more they telework. However, the amount of telework was not related to reduced perceptions of disadvantages for those who experienced low voluntariness regarding the telecommuting arrangement. Our findings help to understand when telework is related to the perception of disadvantages and they can provide organizations with starting points for practical interventions to reduce the negative effects of telework.
The ability to respond appropriately to employees' work-related well-being requires leaders to pay attention to their employees' well-being in the first place. We propose that leaders' stress mindset, that is, the belief that stress is enhancing versus debilitating, may bias their perception of employees' well-being. We further propose that this judgment then influences leaders' intention to engage in or refrain from health-oriented leadership behavior, to express higher performance expectations, or to promote their employees. We expect this process to be stronger if leaders strongly identify with their team, increasing their perceived similarity with their employees. In three experiments (N1 = 198, N2 = 292, N3 = 250), we tested the effect of participants' stress mindset on their intention to show certain leadership behaviors, mediated by their perception of employee well-being (emotional exhaustion, somatic symptoms, work engagement) and moderated by their team identification. Our findings largely support the association between stress mindset and the perception of well-being. The results for the proposed mediation and the moderating function of identification were mixed. Overall, the results emphasize the critical role of leaders' stress mindset and may, thus, improve health promotion in organizations by helping leaders to adequately recognize employees' well-being and respond appropriately.
Although researchers and practitioners increasingly focus on health promotion in organizations, research has been mainly fragmented and fails to integrate different organizational levels in terms of their effects on employee health. Drawing on organizational climate and social identity research, we present a cascading model of organizational health climate and demonstrate how and when leaders' perceptions of organizational health climate are linked to employee well‐being. We tested our model in two multisource studies (NStudy 1 = 65 leaders and 291 employees; NStudy 2 = 401 leader–employee dyads). Results showed that leaders' perceptions of organizational health climate were positively related to their health mindsets (i.e., their health awareness). These in turn were positively associated with their health‐promoting leadership behavior, which ultimately went along with better employee well‐being. Additionally, in Study 1, the relationship between perceived organizational health climate and leaders' health mindsets was moderated by their organizational identification. High leader identification strengthened the relationship between perceived organizational health climate and leaders' health mindsets. These findings have important implications for theory and practice as they show how the dynamics of an organizational health climate can unfold in organizations and how it is related to employee well‐being via the novel concept of health‐promoting leadership.
Although researchers and practitioners increasingly focus on health promotion in organizations, research has been mainly fragmented and fails to integrate different organizational levels in terms of their effects on employee health. Drawing on organizational climate and social identity research, we present a cascading model of organizational health climate and demonstrate how and when leaders' perceptions of organizational health climate are linked to employee well-being. We tested our model in two multisource studies (NStudy 1 = 65 leaders and 291 employees; NStudy 2 = 401 leader–employee dyads). Results showed that leaders' perceptions of organizational health climate were positively related to their health mindsets (i.e., their health awareness). These in turn were positively associated with their health-promoting leadership behavior, which ultimately went along with better employee well-being. Additionally, in Study 1, the relationship between perceived organizational health climate and leaders' health mindsets was moderated by their organizational identification. High leader identification strengthened the relationship between perceived organizational health climate and leaders' health mindsets. These findings have important implications for theory and practice as they show how the dynamics of an organizational health climate can unfold in organizations and how it is related to employee well-being via the novel concept of health-promoting leadership.
Despite the increasing interest in leaders’ health-promoting behavior, the employees’ role in the effectiveness of such behavior and the mechanisms underlying how such leadership behavior affects their well-being have largely been ignored. Drawing on implicit leadership theories, we advance the health-oriented leadership literature by examining employees’ ideals, that is, their expectations regarding such leader behavior, as a moderating factor. We propose that higher expectations increase the association between actual health-oriented leader behavior and employee-rated leader-member relationships (LMX) and health-oriented behaviors by employees, which, in turn, positively relate to their well-being (here: exhaustion and work engagement). We tested our theoretical model in three studies, using a cross-sectional design (Study 1, N = 307), a two-wave time-lagged design (Study 2, N = 144) and an experimental design (Study 3, N = 173). We found that the effect of actual health-oriented leader behavior on LMX is contingent on employees’ ideal health-oriented leader behavior. Yet, for employees’ self-care behavior, the proposed moderation was only significant in Study 1. High expectations strengthened the relationship between actual health-oriented leader behavior with LMX and self-care behavior, which, in turn, were associated with less exhaustion and more work engagement (only LMX), supporting most of our mediation hypotheses. Our results highlight the pivotal role of employees’ expectations regarding leaders’ health support and help in building practical interventions with regard to leaders’ health promotion.
Recent studies have proven that Dimethylfumarate (DMF) has a marked anti-proliferative impact on diverse cancer entities e.g., on malignant melanoma. To explore its anti-tumorigenic potential, we examined the effects of DMF on human colon carcinoma cell lines and the underlying mechanisms of action. Human colon cancer cell line HT-29 and human colorectal carcinoma cell line T84 were treated with or without DMF. Effects of DMF on proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis were analyzed mainly by Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)- and Lactatdehydrogenase (LDH)-assays, caspase activation, flowcytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting. In addition, combinational treatments with radiation and chemotherapy were performed. DMF inhibits cell proliferation in both cell lines. It was shown that DMF induces a cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, which is accompanied by upregulation of p21 and downregulation of cyclin D1 and Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)4. Furthermore, upregulation of autophagy associated proteins suggests that autophagy is involved. In addition, the activation of apoptotic markers provides evidence that apoptosis is involved. Our results show that DMF supports the action of oxaliplatin in a synergetic manner and failed synergy with radiation. We demonstrated that DMF has distinct anti-tumorigenic, cell dependent effects on colon cancer cells by arresting cell cycle in G0/G1 phase as well as activating both the autophagic and apoptotic pathways and synergizes with chemotherapy.
Background: Peritonitis is responsible for thousands of deaths annually in Germany alone. Even source control (SC) and antibiotic treatment often fail to prevent severe sepsis or septic shock, and this situation has hardly improved in the past two decades. Most experimental immunomodulatory therapeutics for sepsis have been aimed at blocking or dampening a specific pro-inflammatory immunological mediator. However, the patient collective is large and heterogeneous. There are therefore grounds for investigating the possibility of developing personalized therapies by classifying patients into groups according to biomarkers. This study aims to combine an assessment of the efficacy of treatment with a preparation of human immunoglobulins G, A, and M (IgGAM) with individual status of various biomarkers (immunoglobulin level, procalcitonin, interleukin 6, antigen D-related human leucocyte antigen (HLA-DR), transcription factor NF-κB1, adrenomedullin, and pathogen spectrum).
Methods/design: A total of 200 patients with sepsis or septic shock will receive standard-of-care treatment (SoC). Of these, 133 patients (selected by 1:2 randomization) will in addition receive infusions of IgGAM for 5 days. All patients will be followed for approximately 90 days and assessed by the multiple-organ failure (MOF) score, by the EQ QLQ 5D quality-of-life scale, and by measurement of vital signs, biomarkers (as above), and survival.
Discussion: This study is intended to provide further information on the efficacy and safety of treatment with IgGAM and to offer the possibility of correlating these with the biomarkers to be studied. Specifically, it will test (at a descriptive level) the hypothesis that patients receiving IgGAM who have higher inflammation status (IL-6) and poorer immune status (low HLA-DR, low immunoglobulin levels) have a better outcome than patients who do not receive IgGAM. It is expected to provide information that will help to close the knowledge gap concerning the association between the effect of IgGAM and the presence of various biomarkers, thus possibly opening the way to a personalized medicine.
Trial registration: EudraCT, 2016–001788-34; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03334006. Registered on 17 Nov 2017.
Trial sponsor: RWTH Aachen University, represented by the Center for Translational & Clinical Research Aachen (contact Dr. S. Isfort).
Es wird über ein mindestens seit dem Jahre 2009 bestehendes Vorkommen des Neophyten Persicaria nepalensis (MEISN.) H. GROSS (Polygonaceae) im Waldgebiet "Die Haard" (Haltern am See, Kreis Recklinghausen) berichtet. Die Art stammt ursprünglich aus den gemäßigten und tropischen Zonen Asiens. Vorkommen in NRW waren bereits aus dem Sauerland und der Wahner Heide bekannt. Die Art stammt aus Wildacker-Ansaaten und ist in der Haard entlang schattiger Waldwege eingebürgert.
Es wird über Vorkommen des Rauen Straußgrases Agrostis scabra WILLD. (Poaceae) in Essen und in Nordrhein-Westfalen berichtet. Die Art stammt ursprünglich aus Nordamerika und Ostasien. Sie ist im Ruhrgebiet mindestens seit 1992 eingebürgert und besiedelt offene Standorte auf Zechenbrachen und an Talsperren.
Das Laerholz an der Grenze zwischen den Bochumer Stadtteilen Querenburg und Laer ist ein strukturreicher Laubmischwald mit Eichen und Buchen hohen Alters. Es wird von der Asbecke durchflossen. Trotz des hohen Bebauungsdrucks im letzten Jahrhundert durch das aufstrebende Universitätsviertel wurde das Laerholz erhalten, sodass der ehemals zum Haus Laer gehörende Forst heute rege zur Naherholung genutzt wird. Nachdem wir das Gebiet von West nach Ost fast komplett durchlaufen hatten, erreichten wir den evangelischen Friedhof an der Schattbachstr. und die Obstwiese des BUND Bochum. Sie wird nach Methoden des
Since the discovery of the reversible intercalation of lithium-ion materials associated with promising electrochemical properties, lithium-containing materials have attracted attention in the research and development of effective cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Despite various studies on synthesis, and electrochemical properties of lithium-based materials, fairly little fundamental optical and thermodynamic studies are available in the literature. Here, we report on the structure, optical, magnetic, and thermodynamic properties of Li-excess disordered rocksalt, Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 (LNMO) which was comprehensively studied using powder X-ray diffraction, transient absorption spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and low-temperature heat capacity measurements. Charge carrier dynamics and electron–phonon coupling in LNMO were studied using ultra-fast laser spectroscopy. Magnetic susceptibility and specific heat data are consistent with the onset of long-range antiferromagnetic order at the Néel temperatures of 6.5 (1.5) K. The effective magnetic moment of LNMO is found to be 3.60 μB. The temperature dependence of the inverse magnetic susceptibility follows the Curie–Weiss law in the high-temperature region and shows negative values of the Weiss temperature 52 K (3), confirming the strong AFM interactions.
Three new deep-sea species of Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the northwestern Pacific Ocean
(2023)
The Thyasiridae is one of the species-richest families in the abyssal and hadal zones of the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Many thyasirid species dominate benthic communities in terms of abundance and play an important role in the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems. Most of the thyasirid species in the region are new to science and have not been described. Based on the material collected from 1954 to 2016 by seven deep-sea expeditions, three new species of Thyasiridae (Parathyasira coani sp. nov., P. pauli sp. nov., and Thyasira kharkovensis sp. nov.) are described from the abyssal and hadal zones (3210–7540 m depth) of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea, as well as the Kuril-Kamchatka and Japan trenches. The new species are remarkable among their congeners due to the combination of the following characters: an obliquely-rhomboidal shell with a weak and shallow posterior sulcus and a large prodissoconch with sculpture of lamellated folds. Comparisons with related species are provided.
The pA system is typically regarded in heavy ion collisions as a “cold” nuclear matter environment and thought to isolate and identify initial state effects due to the presence of multiple nucleons in the incoming nucleus. Moreover, pA collisions bridge the gap between peripheral AA collisions and the pp baseline to create a more complete understanding of underlying production mechanisms and how they evolve with multiplicity. Recent measurements at both RHIC and the LHC provide an indication, however, that the “cold” nuclear matter picture may be somewhat naïve.
Recent LHC results from the 2013 p–Pb run at √sNN = 5.02 TeV will be discussed.