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The writer Lion Feuchtwanger makes an appeal against World War I with two dramatic adaptations of ancient texts: 'Die Perser des Aischylos' ('Aeschylus' Persians'), and – based on two works by Aristophanes – 'Friede' (‘Peace’). Feuchtwanger uses metaphors in various parts of these plays to express emotions concerning the war (across the spectrum of human emotions). These metaphors function as instruments for reinforcing the intended criticism of war in both works.
The article starts by giving a brief survey of the current state of German-Czech and Czech-German lexicography in the field of learners' dictionaries. It then continues with a metalexicographic examination of two translational dictionaries published since 2000. Attention focuses on the ways in which each team of authors addresses some basic metalexicographic problems in the introductory texts. The article then explores the methods of description used for fixed lexical phrases, which are critically analyzed (using as an example the dictionary entry for the lemma Kopf (head).
The First World War brought devastating consequences for German linguistics. Formerly one of the most prestigious foreign languages taught at schools and universities outside Germany, after the war German disappeared from almost all curricula abroad. Furthermore, it proved impossible to establish a structuralist school (such as the Prague school) in Germany. The article suggests that this was neither due to the long tradition of the Jungian grammarians nor due to the Nazis' official condemnation of structuralism as being incompatible with the ideology of the state. It is shown that such a development should instead be attributed to the so-called "Krieg der Geister" ("war of the intellect"), which remained present even after the military peace (1918) amid a feeling of national insecurity. The article concludes that such a nationalistic social and political environment proved to be fertile ground for Whorfianism, and the influence of the so-called 'Sprachinhaltsforschung' prevailed towards structuralism.
The article deals with the representation of the life principles of Count Albert Joseph Hoditz as discussed in his literary work. The analysis places this work in its literary-historical and philosophical context and seeks to make an innovative contribution to literary-historical research of this topic.
The article describes the role of German as a working language and official language of the European Union. It also focuses on issues associated with the notion of an 'overarching' language of general use: especially in the field of law, each language reflects the specific legal and administrative traditions of the society in which it developed, meaning that different languages frequently lack precise one-to-one equivalents for particular legal concepts. Finally, the author assesses the 'economic value' of several European languages as proposed by Ulrich Ammons, demonstrating that German plays a leading role in this regard.
In 2015, the last work of Günter Grass appeared: Vonne Endlichkait (On Finiteness). This offers the opportunity to recall the highly personal style of this great German author. The whole book can be described as an artistic triad, consisting of short prose pieces, poems and drawings, most of them dealing with old age and death. The following linguistic and literary aspects are dealt with: genres and text types, the semiotic relations between prose, poetry and drawings, allusions to poets and philosophers, the representation of spoken and dialect German, syntactic constructions, semantics, and especially metaphorical processes. Finally, the article discusses some stylistic features which are typical of Grass's writing.
When becoming integrated into the German vocabulary, foreign words reflect paradigmatic changes regarding orthography, grammar as well as semantics. In this context, German orthography is also highly determined by orthographic codification, which continues to influence the development of spelling to the present day. This study compares digital linguistically annotated corpora containing texts written by professional as well as non-professional writers; these corpora contain several billion foreign words (of Greek, Latin and French origin, and in the second part of the study of English/American and Italian origin), studied over a period of 20 years following the German orthographic reform of 1996. The results may potentially help the official regulations to adapt to the spelling practices observed – either by describing the rules more precisely or by proposing possible spelling variants or eliminating those which are not in common use. The study may also help to support correct lexicographic codification in dictionaries.
The biography and cultural activities of Count Albert Josef Hodic has become a central theme of a whole series of publications on the history and cultural history, in which this nobleman is approached from the biographical as well as cultural and historical perspective. Although in the specialized literature Albert Joseph Hoditz is associated with the attributes oscillating between creativity, versatility, pacifist and cosmopolitan attitude, the pursuit of literary history to illuminate his numerous representations in European literature is rather marginal. The article aims to contribute to the approximation of the image of Count Hoditz in German literature.
The tragedy 'König Ottokars Glück und Ende' by the Austrian poet Franz Grillparzer is often viewed as an exclusively male drama. Nevertheless, it does contain female characters, including the two wives of the Přemyslid King Otakar I – Margaret of Austria and Kunigunda of Galicia. The first of these in particular is a somewhat ambiguous character, whose interpretation raises a number of questions. The aim of this study is to outline the problems associated with interpreting the character of Margaret and to find a character in Czech historical literature who is similar to Grillparzer's Margaret.
This paper attempts to apply the concepts of proximity and distance to a literary text – Arthur Schnitzler's "Fräulein Else". The analysis builds on five different proximity-distance relations: spatial, temporal, social, emotional and cognitive. The purpose is to show how linguistic devices are used to describe individual relations and what roles these relations play in the given text.
The article analyses three texts which address the same subject (the definition of the word Wort) and aims to demonstrate that it is not only the topic that plays a crucial role in creating the macrostructure and microstructure of a text, but also the communicative situation. The article explores what differences there are in the selection of linguistic means when the same content is being expressed in texts intended for communication at various levels of specialization, and which communication strategies the authors of the texts choose in connection with the text's genre, their intentions and (above all) the communicative situation.
This analysis of the literary comic 'der Spieler' seeks to identify similarities and differences between the text and its pre-text, exploring whether the comic manifests the intentions of Dostoyevsky's literary model 'The Gambler' and asking whether the stylistic tone of the novel is retained in the comic version. The analysis shows that the authors of the comic manage to retain both Dostoyevsky's intentions and his poetic/narrative techniques, while also creating their own verbal and graphic interpretations.
This study attempts to determine what methodological approach is suitable for studying speeches about Germanness that were written in Germany in the 1980s. The corpus of the speeches was chosen to cover multiple areas and disciplines. It includes literary, political and historiographical speeches authored by G. Grass ('Geschenkte Freiheit'), M. Walser ('Über Deutschland reden'), R. von Weizsäcker ('Der 8. Mai 1945'), E. Nolte ('Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will') and H. Lübbe ('Der Nationalsozialismus im Bewußtsein der deutschen Gegenwart'). The study illustrates the limitations of the ideological and purely disciplinary methodological approach. Instead it seeks a starting point for an analysis which proceeds in an intertextual and interdisciplinary manner.
Hlučín (formerly Hultschin) is now part of the Czech Republic, though the influence of the German language can be observed in the region's folk culture. Important names include August Scholtis, born in Bolatice, as well as other figures such as Hermann Janosch, Alfons Hayduk, Karl-Ernst Schellhammer, Richard Kühnau, Georg Hyckel, Ferdinand Minsberg and Elfrieda Moser-Rath. The oral folk tradition in the region has mostly been passed down via folk songs, fairy-tales, legends and other narratives. These genres reflect various themes, related primarily to local personalities, castles and manor houses or events in specific villages.
The article deals with Thomas Mann' s attitude to Stefan George and his work. The first part reproduces and comments on Mann's statements about George. It transpires that Thomas Mann's attitude to George was highly contradictory. This fact is mainly due to the self-searching of the North German author against the background of historical events. The article also contains an analysis of two short stories by Thomas Mann ('At the Prophet's' and 'Death in Venice') that have some relation to George (or his disciples) and thus clarify the issues in question.
Monologic dialogues and dialogue structures in Wedekind's 'Frühlings Erwachen' A drama presents a plot which is constituted through dialogues between the characters. This article therefore attempts to explore several instances of dialogue from Wedekind's 'Frühlings Erwachen' by conversationalanalytical means; such an approach facilitates a clear description of the characters' failures in their interactions. This in turn reveals the specific features of literary dialogues from this period, which are constituted in writing and thus precisely planned; an author not only imitates acts and actors via a play's dialogues, but fundamentally creates and moulds the characters through dialogue.
Bohemian and Moravian archives and libraries represent a rich resource of medieval texts on the plague. Advice, recommendations and recipes for avoiding the plague (prophylaxis), as well as instructions on how to treat it (therapy), can be found in many manuscripts from the 14th–16th centuries. An example of a varied approach to this topic can be found in the plague tractates contained in the Křivoklát manuscript I. b. 25 and the Olomouc manuscript M. I. 650. This article describes the origin and presentation of the information in the manuscripts, as well as the graphic arrangement of the text.
The article focuses on suffixoids based on titles of nobility and ecclesiastical titles. As an example, the study analyzes a total of 14 suffixoids with regard to the relation between the base word and the suffixoid. For this purpose, the author created a corpus of 200 tokens from online sources covering a 10-year period. The study presents suffixoids as active word-formation elements used as a result of linguistic expressivity and creativity. Moreover, it suggests an increasing tendency towards their use. This linguistic study can be seen as a new impetus to further investigations, especially in the field of translation studies – e.g. in the comparison of German and Czech with regard to this topic, which remains an uncharted field with no accurate studies yet available.
Background & Aims: Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a congenital intestinal malabsorption disorder caused by defective apical vesicular transport. Existing cellular models do not fully recapitulate this heterogeneous pathology. The aim of this study was to characterize 3-dimensional intestinal organoids that continuously generate polarized absorptive cells as an accessible and relevant model to investigate MVID.
Methods: Intestinal organoids from Munc18-2/Stxbp2-null mice that are deficient for apical vesicular transport were subjected to enterocyte-specific differentiation protocols. Lentiviral rescue experiments were performed using human MUNC18-2 variants. Apical trafficking and microvillus formation were characterized by confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Spinning disc time-lapse microscopy was used to document the lifecycle of microvillus inclusions.
Results: Loss of Munc18-2/Stxbp2 recapitulated the pathologic features observed in patients with MUNC18-2 deficiency. The defects were fully restored by transgenic wild-type human MUNC18-2 protein, but not the patient variant (P477L). Importantly, we discovered that the MVID phenotype was correlated with the degree of enterocyte differentiation: secretory vesicles accumulated already in crypt progenitors, while differentiated enterocytes showed an apical tubulovesicular network and enlarged lysosomes. Upon prolonged enterocyte differentiation, cytoplasmic F-actin–positive foci were observed that further progressed into classic microvillus inclusions. Time-lapse microscopy showed their dynamic formation by intracellular maturation or invagination of the apical or basolateral plasma membrane.
Conclusions: We show that prolonged enterocyte-specific differentiation is required to recapitulate the entire spectrum of MVID. Primary organoids can provide a powerful model for this heterogeneous pathology. Formation of microvillus inclusions from multiple membrane sources showed an unexpected dynamic of the enterocyte brush border.
Emotional Competence (EC) is regarded as a fundamental skill for sports coaches. However, the applications of EC in football coaching are not well understood. This study analyzed the specific emotional processes football coaches experience. We interviewed 18 football coaches and analyzed the interview transcripts by using a systematic analysis process based on Grounded Theory principles. We derived a model from this analysis that comprises a four-phase process: emotional triggers, emotional experiences, emotion regulation strategies, and emotional consequences. In this model, we identified four categories which act as triggers of emotions in football coaches. These emotions can be positive or negative and are manifested at three levels. However, the coaches vary in their capability to perceive emotions. Our model also shows that coaches’ emotion regulation strategies influence the effect of emotional experiences. Experienced emotions promote consequences with psychological and social implications for coaches and may influence their perception of future situations. In short, the process seems to be circular. This finding suggests that the ability to deal with emotions is an important aspect for football coaches.
Increasing recognition of general practice is reflected in the growing number of university institutes devoted to the subject and Health Services Research (HSR) is flourishing as a result. In May 2015 the Institute of General Practice and Evidence-based Health Services Research, Medical University of Graz, initiated a survey of Styrian GPs. The aim of the survey was to determine the willingness to take part in HSR projects, to collect sociodemographic data from GPs who were interested and to identify factors affecting participation in research projects. Of the 1015 GPs who received the questionnaire, 142 (14%) responded and 135 (13%) were included in the analysis. Overall 106 (10%) GPs indicated their willingness to take part in research projects. Factors inhibiting participation were lack of time, administrative workload, and lack of assistance. Overall, 10% of Styrian GPs were willing to participate in research projects. Knowledge about the circumstances under which family doctors are prepared to participate in HSR projects will help in the planning of future projects.
Low-frequency spike-field coherence is a fingerprint of periodicity coding in the auditory cortex
(2018)
The extraction of temporal information from sensory input streams is of paramount importance in the auditory system. In this study, amplitude-modulated sounds were used as stimuli to drive auditory cortex (AC) neurons of the bat species Carollia perspicillata, to assess the interactions between cortical spikes and local-field potentials (LFPs) for the processing of temporal acoustic cues. We observed that neurons in the AC capable of eliciting synchronized spiking to periodic acoustic envelopes were significantly more coherent to theta- and alpha-band LFPs than their non-synchronized counterparts. These differences occurred independently of the modulation rate tested and could not be explained by power or phase modulations of the field potentials. We argue that the coupling between neuronal spiking and the phase of low-frequency LFPs might be important for orchestrating the coding of temporal acoustic structures in the AC.
This article focuses on the 'Wegweiser zur Polnischen und Deutschen Sprache' [Guide to the Polish Language] by Michał Kuś, published in 1646. The Guide is made up of two parts – an extensive dictionary, and a guide to grammar and learning Polish that is more than a dozen pages long. The article's introduction gives information about the author of the Guide and describes the structure of the work. The author also focuses on issues related to the macrostructure of the text (the ordering and selection of the entries). Theoretical considerations are supported by numerous examples throughout the article. Special attention has been paid to making these examples typical of the Guide in order to ensure an objective analysis.
Background: Phobic patients avoid dental treatment impairing their oral health and making it challenging to offer them prosthetic rehabilitation. This study evaluated patients’ experience of implant-supported prosthetic treatment after implantation performed under general anaesthesia due to dental phobia and severe pharyngeal reflexes (SPR). The effect of gender, age and location of implantation on patient satisfaction was tested.
Methods: Two hundred five patients underwent implantation under general anesthesia both in maxilla and mandible, respectively. After a trans-gingival healing period of 6–8 weeks, fixed implant bridges were inserted. Patients completed oral health impact profile questionnaire (OHIP-14). An additional set of six special questions was also developed and considered. Analysis of the OHIP-14 total score was made using logistics regression. Wald chi-square test was used to analyse the effect of age, gender and location of implantation. Effect sizes were estimated as odds-ratios and associated 95% Wald confidence intervals.
Results: Eighty two of 205 patients were included after prosthetic treatment. After start, 38 patients were excluded (4 died and 34 couldn’t be reached). OHIP-14-analyses were made by 43 patients (30–90 years). 67% of patients were totally satisfied with the whole implant rehabilitation (scoring 0). Mean of total score was 2.5. Only age affected significantly (p = 0.014) patients satisfaction. The obtained data indicate that younger patients (30–64 years) especially women are less satisfied (4.95) than older patients (0.3) for age group (65–90 years).Special questions’ data showed that 94.5% were satisfied with their treatment. 77.3% continued regular check-up after treatment and 96.9% would undergo the same treatment again. 95.5% would recommend implants to a friend of colleague.
Conclusion: Gender and location of implantation have no significant influence on patient satisfaction. Younger patients especially women are less satisfied than older patients. Phobic patients are totally satisfied with implant rehabilitation under general anaesthesia which means that this treatment can be considered as a treatment of choice giving these patients the same opportunity like others to improve their oral health and well-being.
Between 28 June and 17 September 2018, 27 cases of human West Nile virus infections were recorded in Austria; four cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease, 11 cases of West Nile fever, six infections detected by blood donation screening and six imported cases. In addition, 18 cases of human Usutu virus infections (all blood donors) were recorded. This is the highest number of annual infections recorded in Austria since the introduction of both viruses.
Upregulations of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the rodent brain have been associated with neuronal aging. To address underlying mechanisms we generated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells constitutively expressing nNOS at a level similar to mouse brain (nNOS+ versus MOCK). Initial experiments revealed S-nitrosylations (SNO) of key players of protein homeostasis: heat shock cognate HSC70/HSPA8 within its nucleotide-binding site, and UBE2D ubiquitin conjugating enzymes at the catalytic site cysteine. HSPA8 is involved in protein folding, organelle import/export and chaperone-mediated LAMP2a-dependent autophagy (CMA). A set of deep redox and full proteome analyses, plus analysis of autophagy, CMA and ubiquitination with rapamycin and starvation as stimuli confirmed the initial observations and revealed a substantial increase of SNO modifications in nNOS+ cells, in particular targeting protein networks involved in protein catabolism, ubiquitination, carbohydrate metabolism and cell cycle control. Importantly, NO-independent reversible oxidations similarly occurred in both cell lines. Functionally, nNOS caused an accumulation of proteins, including CMA substrates and loss of LAMP2a. UBE2D activity and proteasome activity were impaired, resulting in dysregulations of cell cycle checkpoint proteins. The observed changes of protein degradation pathways caused an expansion of the cytoplasm, large lysosomes, slowing of the cell cycle and suppression of proliferation suggesting a switch of the phenotype towards aging, supported by downregulations of neuronal progenitor markers but increase of senescence-associated proteins. Hence, upregulation of nNOS in neuronal cells imposes aging by SNOing of key players of ubiquitination, chaperones and of substrate proteins leading to interference with crucial steps of protein homeostasis.
Research on the music-language interface has extensively investigated similarities and differences of poetic and musical meter, but largely disregarded melody. Using a measure of melodic structure in music––autocorrelations of sound sequences consisting of discrete pitch and duration values––, we show that individual poems feature distinct and text-driven pitch and duration contours, just like songs and other pieces of music. We conceptualize these recurrent melodic contours as an additional, hitherto unnoticed dimension of parallelistic patterning. Poetic speech melodies are higher order units beyond the level of individual syntactic phrases, and also beyond the levels of individual sentences and verse lines. Importantly, auto-correlation scores for pitch and duration recurrences across stanzas are predictive of how melodious naive listeners perceive the respective poems to be, and how likely these poems were to be set to music by professional composers. Experimentally removing classical parallelistic features characteristic of prototypical poems (rhyme, meter, and others) led to decreased autocorrelation scores of pitches, independent of spoken renditions, along with reduced ratings for perceived melodiousness. This suggests that the higher order parallelistic feature of poetic melody strongly interacts with the other parallelistic patterns of poems. Our discovery of a genuine poetic speech melody has great potential for deepening the understanding of the music-language interface.
Der von der GGR (Gesellschaft der Germanisten Rumäniens), von der Universität Oradea und von der Christlichen Universität Partium veranstaltete 11. Internationale Kongress der Germanisten Rumäniens fand zwischen 04.-07. Juni 2018 in Oradea statt. Neben den drei allgemeinen Forschungsgebieten (Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft, Didaktik) erschienen weitere drei Forschungsgebiete mit spezieller Ausrichtung. Unter dem Schwerpunkt "Interkulturalität in Aktion" hat man Themen wie: 4.1. Interreferenţialităţi cultural-literare româno-germane. Geteilte, gemeinsame Welt: Nebeneinander und Miteinander in Rumänien; 4.2. Deutschungarische Kulturtransferprozesse im mitteleuropäischen Raum, behandelt. Das Forschungsgebiet "Übersetzungswissenschaft und Konferenzdolmetschen" wurde in die Sektion 5 zugeordnet. Schließlich haben sich NachwuchswissenschaftlerInnen in der Sektion 6 - "Forum junger ForscherInnen" versammelt.
Der Lehrstuhl für Fremdsprachen der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Pardubice veranstaltete schon zum siebtem Mal seine traditionelle "bienale" internationale Konferenz "Interkulturelle und transkulturelle Dimension im linguistischen, kulturellen und historischen Kontext" zum aktuellen Thema Multikulturalismus in allen möglichen Erscheinungen, Dimensionen, Engpässen sowie Konsequenzen. In Bezug auf die Tradition der vorherigen erfolgreichen Begegnungen hat man ein großes Interesse von Akademikern an der aktiven Teilnahme auch im Jahre 2017 erwartet, und zwar nicht nur aus der Tschechischen Republik, sondern auch vor allem aus dem Ausland.
Tahakküm, her ne kadar gözlemlenebilen bir olgu olsa da, teorik olarak yerini tam olarak belirlemek oldukça güçtür. Fakat Michel Foucault söz konusu tahakkümün sosyal mekânlara nüfuz ettiğini ileri sürmüş, böylelikle de geçici konfigürasyonlar ve söylem yapıları ile tahakkümün kendisini görünür kılabildiğini belirtmiştir (Srubar 2009: 201). Bu bağlamda söz konusu geçiciliğin önüne geçilebilmesi ve belleğin zamana direnmesi için mekânın önemli bir unsur olduğunun söylenilmesi yanlış olmaz. 20. yüzyılın en önemli düşünürlerinden biri olan Edmund Husserl'in öne sürmüş olduğu fikirler felsefe, sosyoloji ve psikoloji alanında analizlerin yapılmasına katkı sağlamıştır. Bu noktada çalışmanın amacı, Husserl'in temellerini atmış olduğu ve bir öz ontolojisi olan fenomenoloji yöntem olarak kullanılarak, 11 Eylül Müzesi'nin analizinin yapılmasıdır. Böylelikle de hafıza mekânı olarak kabul edilen müzenin Husserl referans alınarak göstergebilim üzerinden değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır
Önümüzdeki çalışma, Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası adlı çalışmada yer alan bilgiler ışığında Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşundan 2016 yılına kadar Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve/ veya Türkiye’de yayımlanmış Alman edebi eserlerini raporlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla öncelikle, Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası kaynak kitabında da belirtildiği gibi çeşitli basılı ve elektronik kaynaklar (http://www.toplukatalog.gov.tr; https://kasif.mkutup.gov.tr ve http://koha.ekutuphane.gov.tr) taranarak bir veri tabanı oluşturulmuştur. Önümüzdeki çalışmada bu bilgilerden yola çıkılarak aşağıdaki soruların yanıtları aranmıştır: 1. Yıllara göre Almancadan Türkçeye çevrilen eserler belirlendiğinde karşımıza nasıl bir tablo çıkacaktır? 2. Her edebi türden toplam kaç kitap yayımlanmıştır? 3. En çok hangi yazarların eserleri Türkçeye çevrilmiştir? 4. Almancadan Türkçeye çevrilen eserler en çok hangi yayınevi tarafından basılmıştır? 5. En çok hangi çevirmenler Almancadan Türkçeye eserler kazandırmıştır? Bu soruların yanıtlarına istinaden niceliksel değerlere dayanan grafikler hazırlanmıştır. Daha sonra ise hazırlanan bu grafikler niteliksel olarak değerlendirilerek eserler Türkçeye çevrilirken hangi ölçütlerin esas alındığı, çeviri tercihlerinin- dönemine veya çevirmenine göre- nasıl yapıldığı tartışılmaktadır.
Çeviri faaliyeti, 18. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'nin batılılaşması ve modernleşmesinde önemli bir yere sahipti. Bu amaca yönelik olarak çeviri eylemi, Osmanlı döneminde aydınlanma çağındaki fikirlerin yayılması ile birlikte siyasal ve bilimsel fikirlerin yerleşmesinde de çok etkili olmuştur. Bu durum Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluş yıllarında da devam etmiştir. Bu çeviri faaliyetini gerçekleştiren "gizli kahramanlar", yani çevirmenler, Türk diline ve edebiyatına yaptıkları katkılara nazaran pek tanınmazlar ve bilinmezler. Peki, bu çevirmenler kimlerdi? Kimlerin eserleri hangi dilden ve ne zaman çevrilip, hangi yayınevleri tarafından yayımlanmıştır? Türkçe Çevirmenler Sözlüğü'nde Türk edebiyatına katkıda bulunan ve Türk edebiyatının çeviri yoluyla zenginleşmesinde katkı sağlayan çevirmenlerin listelerini oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır. Ege Üniversitesi ile Johannes Gutenberg Üniversitesi Germersheim-Mainz (Almanya) mütercim tercümanlık bölümlerinin ortak yürüttükleri GIP (Germanistische Institutspartnerschaft) projesi bağlamında Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası kitap çalışması fikri de ortaya çıkmıştır. Uzun bir yöntem arayışından sonra başta Ege Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi ve Milli Kütüphane kayıtlarını barındıran ve T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kütüphaneler ve Yayımlar Genel Müdürlüğü ve TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM'in Ulusal Toplu Katalog veri tabanından yararlanılarak yabancı dilden Türkçeye aktarılan eserler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından 2016 yılına kadar Türkçeye aktarılan dil ve edebiyatların nesir, nazım ve tiyatro gibi edebi türlerine göre çevirileri incelenmiştir. Toplam 18.741 eser ve 6.006 çevirmen kaydına ulaşılmıştır.
Çeviri, birer eyleyen olarak çevirmenlerin yönlendirdiği bir eylemdir. Bu gerçek, bilgi teknolojilerinin bu uygulama sahasında varlıklarını yoğun biçimde hissettirdikleri günümüz çeviri dünyası içinde de geçerliliğini korumaktadır. İnsanın merkezde bulunduğu her uygulama sahasında olduğu gibi çeviri alanında da nesnel ölçütlerin bulunup uygulanabilmesi, beklenen ve arayışında olunan bir konu olagelmiştir.
Bugün özerk bir araştırma alanı olarak çeviribilim, salt araştırma alanında (pure research) çeviri olgusuna dâhil bütün boyutları betimlemeye ve buradan üst ilkelere ulaşmaya çalışırken, uygulamalı araştırma alanında (applied research) ise çeviri edimi ile ilgili nesnel ölçütler üretmeyi denemektedir. Bu yönüyle çeviribilimciler, çeviri eleştirisi, çeviri politikası, çeviri araçları alanlarında olduğu gibi akademik çeviri eğitiminde de nesnel ölçütleri aramaktadır.
Konu somut olarak çeviri uygulamalarının yaptırıldığı derslere indirgenirse, çeviri derslerinde metin seçiminin, bugün öznel gerekçelere dayandığı söylenebilir. Bu durum, bu çalışmada seçilen konunun sorunsallaştırılmasını önemli hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, çeviri derslerinde metin seçiminin ölçütlerini saptamaya çalışmaktır.
Das Ziel dieses Beitrags besteht darin, am Beispiel der türkischen Germanistikstudenten an der Ege Universität die Merkmale und Entwicklung der pragmatisch-diskursiven Fähigkeit als eine Teilkompetenz der fremdsprachlichen Gesprächskompetenz zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Abschnitte: Der erste Teil befasst sich mit der ausführlichen Beschreibung der Gesprächskompetenz als fremdsprachliche Kompetenz im Deutschen als Fremdsprache, der Bewertung der fremdsprachlichen Gesprächskompetenz als sprachproduktive Leistung und der Vorstellung von Subkategorien der pragmatisch-diskursiven Fähigkeit anhand der Beispiele aus dem Arbeitskorpus. Im zweiten Teil wird das Untersuchungsdesign und die Analyseergebnisse ausführlich dargestellt.
Are stereotypes possible pillars supporting the learning of a foreign language or are they possible sources of intercultural misunderstandings? In most coursebooks, intercultural materials are embedded in teaching units. The understanding of others is closely related to the understanding of someone's own culture as well as the target culture. Only when someone is aware of the own culture, then the target culture can be understood. In foreign language learning, it plays an important role, so that the knowledge of language structures alone is not enough to use the language successfully. At the same time, it requires cultural knowledge of the target language culture. This study focuses on the effects of culture-based fossilized prejudices on foreign language learning and to show the quantity of these stereotypes in given coursebooks. A coursebook analysis reveals to what extent stereotypes can be found in the respective GFL and TFL coursebooks. A compile of given stereotypes create an overall picture of foreign cultures. To what extent this overall picture reflects the reality has been handled at the end of this study
Her ne kadar Almanya politikası çeşitli fikirlerde de olsa; Almanya, tarihinde her zaman göç alan bir devlet olmuştur ve göçmenlere Almanca öğretimi konusunda oldukça köklü bir geçmişe, engin tecrübelere sahiptir. 60'lı yılların başlangıcında göçmenlere dil öğretimini gerekli görmeyen bu ülke 'dilsizliğin' getirdiği sosyal, siyasal ve ekonomik sorunlar sonrasında başarılı bir entegrasyon süreci için göçmenlere Alman dilinin öğretilmesinin gerekliliğini anlamış ve bu konuda çeşitli modeller denemiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı; Almancanın ikinci dil olarak öğretimi alanındaki kuram ve modellerin, Türkçenin ikinci dil olarak öğretimine uyarlanabilirliğini göstermek ve Almanya'nın bu alandaki tecrübelerinden ikinci dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi alanında yararlanmaktır. Bu nedenle öncelikle 'yabancı dil' ve 'ikinci dil' kavramlarını birbirinden ayıran faktörler üzerinde durulacak ve böylece 'ikinci dil olarak Türkçe' kuramı incelenecektir. Sonrasında yine ikinci dil olarak Almanca öğretimi alanından çeşitli göçmen öğrenci tipleri ve bunlara Almanca öğretimi modelleri ortaya konacak, 'ikinci dil olarak Türkçe' kuramında karşılaşılacak öğrenci kavramının çeşitliliği değerlendirilecektir. Bu noktada okul çağında olan, okullara yatay geçiş yapması gereken ancak henüz Latin alfabesini bilmeyen, kurum olarak 'okul' kavramıyla hiç tanışmamış ve güncel Türkçenin dışında eğitim Türkçesi öğrenmesi gereken gençler üzerinde durulacaktır; çünkü toplumun birliği, bütünlüğü ve geleceği açısından özellikle bu gençlerin kazanılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Aynı şekilde yetişkinlere Almanca öğretme modelleri tanıtılacak ve bu deneyimlerden 'ikinci dil olarak Türkçe' kuramı ve entegrasyon sürecinde nasıl yararlanılabileceği tartışılacaktır.
Bu araştırmada, 2016 yılında U. Ü. bilimsel araştırma projelerini destekleme birimi (BAP) desteğiyle başlatılan bir proje kapsamında yapılan yabancı dil öğretiminde dijital oyunlar ve oyunlaştırılmış uygulamalar geliştirme çalışmaları ele alınmıştır. Proje sürecinde yapılan alanyazın taraması ve öğretmenlerle yapılan anket çalışması sonucunda yabancı dil öğrenimi ve öğretimi süreçlerinde 3B dijital oyunların yeterince kullanılmadığı ve öğretmenlerin dijital oyun kullanma ve geliştirme konusunda yeterli kuramsal ve uygulamalı bilgiye sahip olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuç dikkate alınarak yapılan bu çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde öğretmenlere ve materyal geliştiricilere yol göstermek amacıyla dijital oyun geliştirme süreci aşama aşama somut örneklerle ortaya konmuş, bu süreçte kullanılabilecek, materyal geliştirme araçları ayrıntılı olarak tanıtılmıştır. Söz konusu proje süreçlerinde elde edilen ve bu çalışmada ortaya konan bilgilerin yabancı dil öğretiminde dijital oyunların yaygınlaşmasına ve yabancı dil öğretmenlerinin kendi dersleri için dijital oyun materyallerini geliştirmelerine katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir.
Die Analyse und Bewertung der Sprachlernspiele in dem Lehrwerk 'MOMENT MAL 1' und 'MOMENT MAL 2'
(2018)
Das soziale und interaktive Lernen steht im Vordergrund des gesamten Lernprozesses. Auch der Erwerb einer Fremdsprache, egal in welchem Alter, verlangt soziale und interaktive Lernprozesse. Sprachlernspiele übernehmen in diesem Lernprozess eine wichtige Rolle. Diese Sprachlernspiele werden in dem kommunikativen, sowie interkulturellen Ansatz und in alternativen Methoden als Unterrichtsmaterial in den Lehrwerken benutzt. Obwohl Sprachlernspiele schon Mitte der 70er Jahre des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts in kommunikativ orientierten Methoden ihren Höchstpunkt erreicht haben, ist das Interesse an ihrem Einsatz im Fremdsprachenunterricht bis heutzutage geblieben. Ziel dieser Studie ist, die Sprachlernspiele in den, im deutschen Sprachunterricht verwendeten Lehrwerk "Moment Mal 1" und "Moment Mal 2" zu analysieren, sie nach ihren Eigenschaften und Sprachfertigkeiten zu klassifizieren und die Bedeutung des Spielfaktors im Fremdsprachenlernen hervorzuheben. Diesbezüglich ist eine generelle Definition des Spiels behandelt und seine Eigenschaften, die zur Klassifikation der Sprachlernspiele einen Beitrag geleistet haben, hervorgehoben worden. Außerdem ist der Stellenwert der Sprachlernspiele im Fremdsprachenunterricht erforscht worden. In dieser Studie wurde die Lehrwerkanalyse als Methode verwendet. Die Sprachlernspiele in dem, im Deutschunterricht benutzten Lehrwerk "Moment Mal 1" und "Moment Mal 2" wurden nach dieser Methode analysiert. Von der allgemeinen Spieldefinition und den Zielen des Fremdsprachenunterrichts ausgehend wurden die Sprachlernspiele in diesem Lehrwerk sowohl nach ihren Eigenschaften, als auch bezüglich der Weiterförderung der Sprachfertigkeiten klassifiziert. Außerdem wurden die Sprachlernspiele aus diesem Lehrwerk in den Anadolu-Gymnasien, wo Deutsch als erste Fremdsprache gelehrt wird, ausgeübt.
Eine Studie zur fehleranalytischen Kompetenz der Studierenden in der Deutschlehrendenausbildung
(2018)
Die Fehleranalyse gilt seit langem als eine wertvolle Hilfe beim Fremdsprachenunterricht, weil sowohl Lernende als auch Lehrende dadurch wichtige Informationen über den Spracherwerbsprozess bekommen können. Auch die vorliegende Arbeit beabsichtigt mit Hilfe der Fehleranalyse zu Erkenntnissen über die fehleranalytische Kompetenz der künftigen Deutschlehrer zu gelangen. Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie war die Frage, ob es eine direkte Verbindung zwischen dem Sprachniveau und der fehleranalytischen Kompetenz der Studierenden gebe. An der Untersuchung haben 37 Studierenden der Gazi Universität teilgenommen, von denen sieben Rückkehrende aus Deutschland waren und über gute Sprachkenntnisse verfügten. Alle Probanden befanden sich im sechsten Semester und hatten sich im Rahmen der angewandten Linguistik ein semesterlang mit der Fehleranalyse befasst. Den Probanden wurden zwei Texte vorgelegt, deren Fehler sie identifizieren und anhand eines Rasters klassifizieren mussten. Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass bei der Fehleridentifizierung die Fremdsprachenkenntnisse ein entscheidender Faktor waren. Bei der Fehlerklassifizierung dagegen, schienen die Fremdsprachenkenntnisse eher eine untergeordnete Rolle zu spielen.
Im Bereich des Deutschen als Fremdsprache bietet etwa das Goethe-Institut Prüfungen auf allen Niveaus (A1-C2) an und entwickelt entsprechende Vorbereitungsmaterialien. Dazu gehören neben Modellprüfungen auch Wortlisten A1, A2 und B1 (vgl. z. B. Goethe-Institut 2016). Zur Arbeit mit den Wortlisten im DaF-Unterricht liegen nach Auskunft des Informationszentrums für Fremdsprachenforschung der Philipps-Universität Marburg vom 01.12.2017 weder wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen noch Praxisberichte vor. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll versucht werden, zum Beheben dieses Desiderats beizutragen. Der Untersuchungsfokus liegt dabei auf den Erfahrungen der DaF-Studierenden mit dem Einsatz der Wortliste im Unterricht sowie ihren persönlichen Speicherstrategien beim Vokabellernen.
Die Anzahl der Werke zum Thema Antikriegsliteratur, vor allem im Zusammenhang mit dem Ersten Weltkrieg, ist im literarischen Bereich reichlich vorhanden. Die deutsche Literatur bietet durch ihre umfangreiche Anzahl Möglichkeiten diese Werke zu untersuchen. Die Darstellung des Krieges in dem Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" ist deshalb bemerkenswert, weil es viele Beispiele zum Thema Kriegstrauma enthält. Wie wird Kriegstrauma im Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" in der Gegenwartsliteratur geschildert bzw. thematisiert? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, soll das Motiv, "Kriegstrauma" und dessen Darstellungen, die im Roman vorkommen, gelöst werden. Der Ausdruck auf der ersten Seite der Einführung des Romans "Die Schrecken des Ersten Weltkrieges sind die Schrecken aller Kriege", deutet auf das Hauptthema im Roman. Dieser Roman wird auch heute 100 Jahre nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg als ein Zeitzeugen-Dokument angesehen. Der Roman schildert die Erfahrungen eines einfachen Frontsoldaten im Ersten Weltkrieg, den Erich Maria Remarque im Jahre 1927 als er an der Westfront Dienst war geschrieben hat. Im Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" wird die Geschichte des deutschen Soldaten Paul Bäumer und seiner Kameraden im Ersten Weltkrieg erzählt. Traumata / Kriegstraumata / Kriegserlebnisse der Soldaten an der Front sind ein zentrales Thema des Romans.
'Leutnant Gustl' als eine repräsentative Figur für die
Identitätsdefizite in der Gesellschaft
(2018)
In vorliegender Arbeit haben wir den Versuch unternommen, die Novelle mit dem Titel "Leutnant Gustl" von Arthur Schnitzler im Lichte der wissenschaftlichen Literatur mit dem deskriptiven Verfahren zu analysieren. Es geht darin um einen Konflikt zwischen der inneren Welt des kleinbürgerlichen Protagonisten der k.u.k. Monarchie der Jahrhundertwende, und der Gesellschaft, in der er lebt. Hier wird vorwiegend die Identitätskrise der Figur Leutnant Gustl, die mit seiner Umgebung zu tun hat, und die sich mit der Überwindung derselben auseinandergesetzt. Bei der Analyse wird nicht zuletzt auf die Fragen eingegangen, worin die Identitätsprobleme liegen, wie der Protagonist aus diesen Problemen herauszukommen versucht.
Rolf Schneider gehörte zu jenen DDR-Schriftstellern, deren Romane um 1970 überwiegend in der Bundesrepublik herauskamen. Auch war er Teil der Gruppe von Autoren, die von 1978 bis 1981 langfristige Visa erhielten und zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland hin- und herpendelten. Es ist anzunehmen, dass der Umstand, gleichsam zwischen den Stühlen zu sitzen, Schneiders Autorschaft in hohem Maß bedingte. Damit ist zugleich die Frage aufgeworfen, in welcher Weise dies der Fall war. Im Beitrag soll dem anhand der 1965 erschienenen Erzählung Metamorphosen nachgegangen werden. Sie bietet sich hier deshalb als Textgrundlage an, da sie eine intertextuelle Relation zu Die Verwandlung von Franz Kafka aufweist, dessen Werk von den Kulturfunktionären der DDR bis in die 70er Jahre hinein abgelehnt und aus dem offiziellen "Erbe"-Kanon ausgeschlossen wurde. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist davon auszugehen, dass die in Metamorphosen enthaltenen Anspielungen auf den Kafka-Text Schneider zur Inszenierung seiner regimekritischen Autorschaft dienten. Wie dies im Einzelnen aussah, ist Gegenstand der Untersuchung, die sich den intertextuellen Bezügen von verschiedenen Seiten annähern wird, um so die Aspekte zu beleuchten, die für die literarische Selbstdarstellung Schneiders maßgeblich sind.
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einer Frage, die aufmerksame Leser von Wolfgang Hilbigs Texten vor Fragen stellt, der Frage nach den Störungen in der Libido seiner Protagonisten, die zugleich Alter-Ego-Figuren im Werk sind. Dass sich diese Störungen über viele verschiedenen Texte und in einer konstant wiederkehrenden Dauer zeigen, wird durch Beispiele nachgewiesen. Es wird eine Erklärung dieses Phänomens am Schluss des Beitrags zur Diskussion gestellt. Dabei geht der Diskurs von den Protagonisten Hilbigs bis in den Diskurs um die Problematik des Autors über.
All linguistics should be media linguistics, but it is not. This thesis is presented by using linguistic landscapes as an example. LL research does not belong to the traditional core of either mainstream linguistics or media linguistics. This is why not everything within power has been done yet to make full use of their thematic, conceptual and methodological possibilities. Visible signs in public space, however, are an everyday phenomenon. You have to pull out all the stops to research them extensively. The distinction between linguistics and media linguistics turns out to be counterproductive. But this does not only apply to the case of linguistic landscapes. It also stands for any comprehensive investigation of language and language use. (Exceptions may be very narrow questions for specific purposes.) The above thoughts are supported by a database of the project „Metropolenzeichen“ with more than 25.000 systematically collected, geocoded and tagged photographs.
Mitochondrial derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are known for their signaling qualities in both physiology and pathology. To elucidate mitochondrial complex I-dependent ROS-signaling after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation THP-1 macrophages with a knockdown of the transmembrane protein TMEM126B were generated. TMEM knockdown cells (sh126B) showed a reduced assembly of complex I and attenuated mtROS production. In these cells we identified protein oxidization by mtROS upon LPS-treatment using the BIAM switch assay coupled to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. One of the identified targets of mtROS was succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA). Oxidation of SDHA decreased its enzymatic activity and pharmacological inhibition of SDH in turn stabilized hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and caused the subsequent, sustained expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Oxidation of SDHA in sh126B cells was attenuated, while pharmacological inhibition of SDH by atpenin A5 restored IL-1β expression in sh126B cells upon LPS-treatment. Conclusively, oxidation of SDH by mtROS links an altered metabolism, i.e. succinate accumulation to HIF-1-driven, inflammatory changes in macrophages.
Recent research indicates that attentional stimulus selection could be a rhythmic process. In monkey, neurons in V4 and IT exhibit rhythmic spiking activity in the theta range in response to a stimulus. When two stimuli are presented together, the rhythmic neuronal responses to each occur in anti-phase, a result indicative of competitive interactions. In addition, it was recently demonstrated that these alternating oscillations in monkey V4 modulate the speed of saccadic responses to a target flashed on one of the two competing stimuli. Here, we replicate a similar behavioral task in humans (7 participants, each performed 4000 trials) and report a pattern of results consistent with the monkey findings: saccadic response times fluctuate in the theta range (6 Hz), with opposite phase for targets flashed on distinct competing stimuli.
An information-theoretic approach to numerically determine the Markov order of discrete stochastic processes defined over a finite state space is introduced. To measure statistical dependencies between different time points of symbolic time series, two information-theoretic measures are proposed. The first measure is time-lagged mutual information between the random variables Xn and Xn+k, representing the values of the process at time points n and n + k, respectively. The measure will be termed autoinformation, in analogy to the autocorrelation function for metric time series, but using Shannon entropy rather than linear correlation. This measure is complemented by the conditional mutual information between Xn and Xn+k, removing the influence of the intermediate values Xn+k−1, …, Xn+1. The second measure is termed partial autoinformation, in analogy to the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) in metric time series analysis. Mathematical relations with known quantities such as the entropy rate and active information storage are established. Both measures are applied to a number of examples, ranging from theoretical Markov and non-Markov processes with known stochastic properties, to models from statistical physics, and finally, to a discrete transform of an EEG data set. The combination of autoinformation and partial autoinformation yields important insights into the temporal structure of the data in all test cases. For first- and higher-order Markov processes, partial autoinformation correctly identifies the order parameter, but also suggests extended, non-Markovian effects in the examples that lack the Markov property. For three hidden Markov models (HMMs), the underlying Markov order is found. The combination of both quantities may be used as an early step in the analysis of experimental, non-metric time series and can be employed to discover higher-order Markov dependencies, non-Markovianity and periodicities in symbolic time series.
Macrophages are highly versatile cells, which acquire, depending on their microenvironment, pro- (M1-like), or antiinflammatory (M2-like) phenotypes. Here, we studied the role of the G-protein coupled receptor G2A (GPR132), in chemotactic migration and polarization of macrophages, using the zymosan-model of acute inflammation. G2A-deficient mice showed a reduced zymosan-induced thermal hyperalgesia, which was reversed after macrophage depletion. Fittingly, the number of M1-like macrophages was reduced in the inflamed tissue in G2A-deficient mice. However, G2A activation was not sufficient to promote M1-polarization in bone marrow-derived macrophages. While the number of monocyte-derived macrophages in the inflamed paw was not altered, G2A-deficient mice had less macrophages in the direct vicinity of the origin of inflammation, an area marked by the presence of zymosan, neutrophil accumulation and proinflammatory cytokines. Fittingly neutrophil efferocytosis was decreased in G2A-deficient mice and several lipids, which are released by neutrophils and promote G2A-mediated chemotaxis, were increased in the inflamed tissue. Taken together, G2A is necessary to position macrophages in the proinflammatory microenvironment surrounding the center of inflammation. In absence of G2A the macrophages are localized in an antiinflammatory microenvironment and macrophage polarization is shifted toward M2-like macrophages.
Mandelic acid is an important aromatic fine chemical and is currently mainly produced via chemical synthesis. Recently, mandelic acid production was achieved by microbial fermentations using engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing heterologous hydroxymandelate synthases (hmaS). The best-performing strains carried a deletion of the gene encoding the first enzyme of the tyrosine biosynthetic pathway and therefore were auxotrophic for tyrosine. This was necessary to avoid formation of the competing intermediate hydroxyphenylpyruvate, the preferred substrate for HmaS, which would have resulted in the predominant production of hydroxymandelic acid. However, feeding tyrosine to the medium would increase fermentation costs. In order to engineer a tyrosine prototrophic mandelic acid-producing S. cerevisiae strain, we tested three strategies: (1) rational engineering of the HmaS active site for reduced binding of hydroxyphenylpyruvate, (2) compartmentalization of the mandelic acid biosynthesis pathway by relocating HmaS together with the two upstream enzymes chorismate mutase Aro7 and prephenate dehydratase Pha2 into mitochondria or peroxisomes, and (3) utilizing a feedback-resistant version of the bifunctional E. coli enzyme PheA (PheAfbr) in an aro7 deletion strain. PheA has both chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydratase activity. Whereas the enzyme engineering approaches were only successful in respect to reducing the preference of HmaS for hydroxyphenylpyruvate but not in increasing mandelic acid titers, we could show that strategies (2) and (3) significantly reduced hydroxymandelic acid production in favor of increased mandelic acid production, without causing tyrosine auxotrophy. Using the bifunctional enzyme PheAfbr turned out to be the most promising strategy, and mandelic acid production could be increased 12-fold, yielding titers up to 120 mg/L. Moreover, our results indicate that utilizing PheAfbr also shows promise for other industrial applications with S. cerevisiae that depend on a strong flux into the phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway.
Background: Protective effects of vitamin D have been reported in autoimmune and malignant thyroid diseases, though little is known about the underlying mechanism. Sirtuin 1 histon deacethylase (SIRT1) links the vitamin D pathway with regulation of transcription factor FOXO3a, a key player in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Aim of the present study was to investigate common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) in FOXO3a gene in respect to thyroid diseases, as well as to evaluate the hypothesis of Sirtuin1-FOXO3a interaction being a mediator of anti-proliferative vitamin D effects.
Methods: The SNP's FOXO3a rs4946936/rs4945816/rs9400239 were genotyped in 257 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), 139 patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and 463 healthy controls (HC). Moreover, T-helper cells of HC and papillary thyroid cancer cell line BCPAP were incubated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and/or SIRT1 inhibitor Ex-527 in order to elucidate SIRT1- dependent vitamin D effects on cell proliferation and FOXO3a gene expression in vitro.
Results: Patients with DTC tended to carry more often allele C in FOXO3a rs4946936 in comparison to HC (pcorrected = pc = 0.08). FOXO3a rs9400239T and rs4945816C was more frequent in HT in comparison to HC (pc = 0.02 and pc = 0.01, respectively). In both DTC and HT, we could not find a correlation of FOXO3a SNP's with vitamin D status. However, on in vitro level, 1,25(OH)2D3 showed an anti-proliferative effect in both T-helper cells and BCPAP, that was blocked by SIRT1 inhibition (T-helper cells: p = 0.0059, BCPAP: p = 0.04) and accompanied by elevated FOXO3a gene expression in T-helper cells (p = 0.05).
Conclusions: FOXO3a rs9400239T and rs4945816C may constitute risk factors for HT, independent of the vitamin D status.This indicates the implication of FOXO3a in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The dependency of anti-proliferative vitamin D effects on SIRT1 activity further suggests a key role of vitamin D-SIRT1-FOXO3a axis for protective vitamin D effects.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major psychiatric illness affecting around 1% of the global population. BD is characterized by recurrent manic and depressive episodes, and has an estimated heritability of around 70%. Research has identified the first BD susceptibility genes. However, the underlying pathways and regulatory networks remain largely unknown. Research suggests that the cumulative impact of common alleles with small effects explains only around 25–38% of the phenotypic variance for BD. A plausible hypothesis therefore is that rare, high penetrance variants may contribute to BD risk. The present study investigated the role of rare, nonsynonymous, and potentially functional variants via whole exome sequencing in 15 BD cases from two large, multiply affected families from Cuba. The high prevalence of BD in these pedigrees renders them promising in terms of the identification of genetic risk variants with large effect sizes. In addition, SNP array data were used to calculate polygenic risk scores for affected and unaffected family members. After correction for multiple testing, no significant increase in polygenic risk scores for common, BD-associated genetic variants was found in BD cases compared to healthy relatives. Exome sequencing identified a total of 17 rare and potentially damaging variants in 17 genes. The identified variants were shared by all investigated BD cases in the respective pedigree. The most promising variant was located in the gene SERPING1 (p.L349F), which has been reported previously as a genome-wide significant risk gene for schizophrenia. The present data suggest novel candidate genes for BD susceptibility, and may facilitate the discovery of disease-relevant pathways and regulatory networks.
Scholars have debated the taxonomic identity of isolated primate teeth from the Asian Pleistocene for over a century, which is complicated by morphological and metric convergence between orangutan (Pongo) and hominin (Homo) molariform teeth. Like Homo erectus, Pongo once showed considerable dental variation and a wide distribution throughout mainland and insular Asia. In order to clarify the utility of isolated dental remains to document the presence of hominins during Asian prehistory, we examined enamel thickness, enamel-dentine junction shape, and crown development in 33 molars from G. H. R. von Koenigswald's Chinese Apothecary collection (11 Sinanthropus officinalis [= Homo erectus], 21 “Hemanthropus peii,” and 1 “Hemanthropus peii” or Pongo) and 7 molars from Sangiran dome (either Homo erectus or Pongo). All fossil teeth were imaged with non-destructive conventional and/or synchrotron micro-computed tomography. These were compared to H. erectus teeth from Zhoukoudian, Sangiran and Trinil, and a large comparative sample of fossil Pongo, recent Pongo, and recent human teeth. We find that Homo and Pongo molars overlap substantially in relative enamel thickness; molar enamel-dentine junction shape is more distinctive, with Pongo showing relatively shorter dentine horns and wider crowns than Homo. Long-period line periodicity values are significantly greater in Pongo than in H. erectus, leading to longer crown formation times in the former. Most of the sample originally assigned to S. officinalis and H. erectus shows greater affinity to Pongo than to the hominin comparative sample. Moreover, enamel thickness, enamel-dentine junction shape, and a long-period line periodicity value in the “Hemanthropus peii” sample are indistinguishable from fossil Pongo. These results underscore the need for additional recovery and study of associated dentitions prior to erecting new taxa from isolated teeth.
Angegeben wird jeweils das Sammeldatum des für die Chromosomenzählung verwendeten Materials (Lebendpflanze, Samen) zuzüglich eines eventuell gesammelten Beleges sowie –
getrennt durch einen Schrägstrich – Sammeldatum und Aufbewahrungsort eines Beleges der gezählten Pflanze. Wird nur ein Datum angegeben, ist allein die Wildaufsammlung dokumentiert. Die Abkürzungen der Herbarien richten sich nach Holmgren & al. (1990, sowie Onlinenachträge, für die neuerdings B. Thiers verantwortlich zeichnet). Taxonomie und Nomenklatur richten sich nach der aktuellen deutschen Standardliste (BUTTLER & HAND 2008). Die Abbildungen zeigen Metaphasen, die an Quetschpräparaten von Wurzelspitzen gewonnen wurden (zur Methodik siehe VOGT & APARICIO 2000). Ralf Hand dankt Michael Meyer und seinem Gärtnerteam sowie Monika Lüchow und Monika Cubr (alle Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem) für Kultur, Dokumentation und Hilfe bei der Zählung von Material.
Soweit bisher noch nicht geschehen, werden für Sippen der Potentillacollina- Gruppe mit Zackenhaaren, die mutmaßlich aus Kreuzungen zwischen P. argentea l. und P. incana G. Gaertn., B. mey. & Scherb. hervorgegangen sind, und für mit der P.-collina- Gruppe in Verbindung gebrachte Sippen Lecto- oder Neotypen ausgewählt.
In dem Beitrag sind weitere Nachträge und Korrekturen zur 2008 veröffentlichten „Liste der Gefäßpflanzen Deutschlands“ zusammengestellt und kommentiert. 3 Taxa, darunter 1 eingebürgerter Neophyt, müssen der Liste hinzugefügt, 2 Taxa müssen gestrichen werden. die Nomenklatur von ×Triticosecale rimpaui wird besprochen.
Schriftenschau
(2009)
Die Nelke Dianthus carthusianorum wurde nach dem Kartäuserorden benannt. Nach den derzeit geltenden deutschen Rechtschreibregeln ist nur die Schreibweise „Kartäusernelke“ ohne h korrekt. Der tatsächliche Gebrauch (Literatur, Internet) ist jedoch nicht einheitlich. Für die Form ohne h sprechen die etymologische Herkunft und die Übereinstimmung mit anderen europäischen Sprachen, für die Form mit h eine mehr als 500jährige Tradition im deutschen Sprachraum.
Es gibt in der botanischen Taxonomie (bisher) nur einen Autor wissenschaftlicher Pflanzennamen namens Medikus oder Medicus ohne gleichnamige Nomenklatoren neben ihm. Die in BRUMMITT & POWELL (1992) angeführten Standardautoren „L.W.MEDICUS“ und „W.MEDICUS“ sind als nomenklatorisch irrelevant zu ignorieren. Die Autorbezeichnung „MEDIK.“ gilt ausnahmslos für alle infrage kommenden Taxa. Autorbezeichnungen wie „MED.“, „MEDIC.“ oder „MEDICUS“ sind entsprechend zu standardisieren.
In Karten wird die Verbreitung von 49 Alchemilla-Arten im Französischen und Schweizer Jura dargestellt. A. psilopodia wird als Art neu beschrieben. Mehrere Erstnachweise werden erbracht: Neu sind A. oscensis für Mitteleuropa, A. hybrida für die Schweiz, A. jaquetiana für Frankreich, A. firma, A. propinqua, A. speciosa, A. squarrosula für den Jura. Die aus Südwesteuropa einstrahlenden Arten (A. hybrida, A. oscensis, A. vetteri) werden ausführlich beschrieben und in Abbildungen, Bestimmungs- und Merkmalstabellen mit ähnlichen Arten verglichen (A. colorata, A. exigua, A. filicaulis, A. glaucescens, A. monticola, A. plicata, A. propinqua, A. psilopodia, A. strigosula, A. subglobosa).
Es wird eine Übersicht über die in Deutschland vorkommenden Bolboschoenus- Arten gegeben, die Bestimmungsschlüssel und Verbreitungsübersichten mit Listen geprüfter Belege enthält. Herbarrevisionen und Exkursionen sind Grundlagen der Arbeit. In Deutschland sind vier Bolboschoenus- Arten indigen: B. maritimus s. str. ist eine halophile Art der Küsten und Binnensalzstellen; B. laticarpus ist weit verbreitet in Süßwasserhabitaten, besonders in Flussauen; B. planiculmis ist eine seltene Art von Sekundärhabitaten, insbesondere Nassstellen in Feldern, von der aktuelle Funde nur aus Bayern und Sachsen-Anhalt bekannt sind; B. yagara ist ebenfalls eine seltene Art, deren Vorkommen in Fischteichen der sächsischen Lausitz, in Thüringen, Bayern und Baden- Württemberg liegen. Häufigkeiten, mögliche Ausbreitungstendenzen und Schutzbedürftigkeit werden diskutiert.
Angegeben wird jeweils das Sammeldatum des für die Chromosomenzählung verwendeten Materials (Lebendpflanze, Samen) zuzüglich eines eventuell gesammelten Beleges sowie – getrennt durch einen Schrägstrich – Sammeldatum und Aufbewahrungsort eines Beleges der gezählten Pflanze. Wird nur ein Datum angegeben, ist allein die Wildaufsammlung dokumentiert. Die Abkürzungen der Herbarien richten sich nach HOLMGREN & al. (1990, sowie Online-Nachträge). Taxonomie und Nomenklatur richten sich nach der aktuellen deutschen Standardliste (BUTTLER & HAND 2008). Wie bereits in vorhergehenden Folge werden wiederum einige Zählungen aus dem grenznahen Ausland mit aufgenommen.
Die Intention der hiermit fortgesetzten Reihe sowie die Kriterien zur Aufnahme der besprochenen Literatur und der nomenklatorischen Neuigkeiten sind in der Einführung zur ersten Folge in Kochia 1 erläutert. Der Abschnitt „Taxonomie“, der der „Molekularen Phylogenetik“ normalerweise vorangestellt ist, entfällt dieses Mal mangels mitteilenswerter Publikationen. Dies spiegelt in gewisser Weise die Entwicklung an nationalen und internationalen Hochschulen wider.
Im Rheinland fallen zwei frühblühende Capsella-Sippen auf. Die zuerst blühende Sippe, Capsella I genannt, würde man als Teil einer weit gefassten C. bursa-pastoris ansehen. Etwas später blüht C. rubella, eine bisher vermutlich weitgehend übersehene Art des Rheinlandes. Taxonomie und Merkmalsbewertung bei Capsella werden diskutiert.
Uluslararası Savaş ve Kültür Sempozyumu, Amasya Üniversitesi ve Kıbrıs Balkanlar Avrasya Türk Edebiyatları Kurumu (KIBATEK) iş birliği ile 17-19 Kasım tarihleri arasında Amasya Üniversitesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Savaş, kültürü şekillendiren, yönlendiren ve değiştiren ve kültürle olan bu ilişkisinden dolayı kendi diyalektiğini doğuran bir olgudur.
Uluslararası Batı Kültürü ve Edebiyatları Araştırmaları Sempozyumunun beşincisi 4-6 Ekim 2017 tarihleri arasında Sivas'ta gerçekleştirildi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı, Fransız Dili ve Edebiyatı, İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı ve Mütercim-Tercümanlık Bölümleri tarafından düzenlenen ve ana teması "bellek" olan bu bilgi şölenine gerek yurt içinden gerek yurt dışından çok sayıda öğretim elemanı bildiri ve poster gibi akademik çalışmalarla katıldı.
Die Kulturabteilung der Deutschen Botschaft Ankara, das DAAD-Informationszentrum Ankara und die Hacettepe Universität boten im Frühlingssemester 2017 für interessierte Masterstudierende und Doktoranden ein Workshop-Seminar zu kulturellen Konzepten von in den Werken von Zafer Şenocak an. Konzepte von Migration, Transkulturalität, Sprachvarietäten standen besonders im Fokus der Veranstaltung.
Bericht über die Tagung "Beziehungskrisen: Deutsch-türkische
Verhältnisse in Literatur und Film"
(2017)
Zwischen dem 14. und 16. November 2017 wurde an der Ege Universität-Izmir eine Internationale Tagung veranstaltet, welche im Rahmen zweier Germanistischer Institutspartnerschaften (GIP) vom Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD) gefördert wurde. Die Kooperation zwischen der Universität Paderborn und der Ege Universität sowie die Partnerschaft zwischen der Universität Hamburg und der Istanbul Universität trugen dazu bei, dass diese Tagung mit dem Schwerpunkt "Beziehungskrisen: Deutsch-türkische Verhältnisse in Literatur und Film" zustande kam.
Unter der Leitung der Ege Universität und der Beteiligung der Universität Paderborn, Istanbul und Hamburg fand vom 14. bis zum 16. November 2017 die erste internationale/kooperative Vierer-Tagung im Rahmen der Germanistischen Institutspartnerschaft an der Ege Universität in Izmir statt. Wissenschaftler und Interessierte reisten aus verschiedenen Städten wie Istanbul, Ankara, Eskişehir, Berlin, Paderborn, Hildesheim und Hamburg für die vom Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD) geförderte GIP Tagung an und leisteten mit gebiets- und themenbezogenen Vorträgen einen besonderen Beitrag dazu, eine international sehr vielschichtige Plattform entstehen zu lassen, die mehr als nur den literaturwissenschaftlichen Austausch ermöglichte
Das Exzerpt stellt ein Mittel dar, Fachwissen auf dem Wege der Textreproduktion in individuelles Wissen eines Lernenden umzuwandeln. Dies macht das Exzerpieren zu einer der Kernkompetenzen angehender DeutschlehrerInnen und wirkt sich sowohl auf den Erfolg im Studium als auch im späteren Berufsleben aus. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, mit textlinguistischen Analysemethoden und -verfahren festzustellen, inwieweit die Studierenden im Lehramtsstudiengang Deutsch als Fremdsprache in der Türkei die Fähigkeit des Exzerpierens als Teilfähigkeit des akademischen Schreibens am Ende ihres Studiums beherrschen. An der Untersuchung nahmen insgesamt 23 Studierende aus dem 4. Studienjahr der Abteilung für Deutsche Sprache und ihre Didaktik der Marmara-Universität in Istanbul teil. Insgesamt wurden 20 von den Studierenden verfasste Exzerpte ausgewertet. Die Auswertung der Studentenexzerpte erfolgte nach drei Hauptbewertungskriterien: Gliederung und Bezug zum Primärtext, inhaltliche Gestaltung des Exzerpts und Strategien beim Schreiben von Exzerpten. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass die Exzerpierkenntnisse der meisten an der Untersuchung beteiligten Studierenden am Ende ihres Studiums nicht ausreichend entwickelt sind und sie deshalb vermutlich Schwierigkeiten mit dem Exzerpieren von Texten im weiteren Studium, z.B. Masterstudium haben werden, insbesondere bei der Anfertigung von Seminararbeiten, für die eine Reihe von Aufsätzen zu exzerpieren sind.
Köşker 2015 yılında yayımlanan "Yabancı Dil Öğretiminde Kültür Aktarımı: Fransız Dili Örneği" başlıklı makalesinde geçmişten günümüze süregelen hedeflerin aksine dil öğrenmenin temel amacının artık öğrenilen dili konuşan kişilerle yazılı veya sözlü iletişim kurabilmek olduğunu belirtmiş, ancak Zeuner (1997) gibi o da konuşma ve anlama üzerine kurulu yazılı ve sözlü iletişim yetisini kullanabilmek için sadece dilbilgisi kurallarını bilmenin yetmediğini, bunun yanı sıra etkileşime girilen kişilerin yaşadıkları topluma ilişkin kültürel değerler hakkında da bilgi sahibi olmak ve dili konuşanların sözel olmayan mesajlarını da anlamak gerektiğini vurgulamıştır. Köşker ve Zeuner'in bu görüşlerinden hareketle bu çalışmada Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığının 2016-2017 öğretim yılından itibaren 5 (beş) yıl süreyle ders kitabı olarak kabul ettiği ve okullarda 2016-2017 eğitim-öğretim yılında yaygın olarak kullanılan Türkiye'de hazırlanmış ve basılmış olan Schritt für Schritt Deutsch Ortaöğretim A1.1 Düzeyi Almanca Ders Kitabı (Çelen Öztürk, 2016) içerdiği kültürel öğeler bakımından Tomková'nın (1992) ve Arıkan ve Saraç'ın (2010) geliştirmiş oldukları ölçütler doğrultusunda mercek altına alınmış ve veriler betimsel analiz yöntemi ile çözümlenerek, yorumlanmıştır. Veriler, Schritt für Schritt Deutsch Ortaöğretim A1.1 Düzeyi Almanca Ders Kitabında hedef dilin konuşulduğu ülkenin günlük yaşamına ve kültürüne ilişkin Türkçede 'Ülke Bilgisi' olarak karşılık bulan Landeskunde kavramı bağlamında coğrafi, tarihsel, sayısal, istatistiksel vs. gibi bilgilere yer verildiğini, bunun ötesinde öğrencilerin hedef dil kültürel öğeleri görmelerini ve duymalarını ve bu yolla zihinlerinde hayal edebilmelerini sağlayan ve kendi kültürü ile hedef dilin kültürünü karşılaştırabileceği ve empati kurabileceği düzenlemelere gidildiğini, ancak gerek 'Kültürlerarasılık' kavramı bağlamında yapılması öngörülen etkinliklerin gerekse ‘Ülke Bilgisi’ olarak karşılık bulan Landeskunde kavramı bağlamında sunulan coğrafi, tarihsel, sayısal, istatistiksel vs. gibi bilgilerin sayıca oldukça sınırlı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Araştırma kitapta yabancı olanı doğru anlayabilmek için mutlaka bilinmesi gereken hedef dilin konuşulduğu ülkeye has kültürel değerlere çok az değinildiğini ve erek dili konuşanların sözel olmayan mesajlarını da anlayabilme becerisini de geliştirecek türde düzenlemelere gidilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.
In the present research a pronunciation training, which was implemented within the scope of the seminar "Reading skills II", is being discussed. Turkish students in their first year, studying German Language Teaching at Uludağ University participated in this research. After a theoretical grounding, the conception of the pronunciation training and how it was implemented in the seminar will be introduced. The aim of this study is to examine, how the detected phonetic problems of the students can be eliminated through a targeted pronunciation training and how it can be perceived by the students. Orientated on the Qualitative Evaluation by Kuckartz et al. (2007) the analysis has been carried out. Therefore a questionnaire and a group-interview have been applied. Considering the evaluated results, possible perspectives for the specific field of research and teaching practice have been presented.
Werbung stellt in einer von Globalisierung und Transkulturalität geprägten Welt ein Phänomen dar, das nicht nur omnipräsent ist und uns mit Glücksversprechen und Idealbildern in Plastik(-schein-)welten verführt, sondern zunehmend als populäre Form der Kunst gepriesen wird, deren Wirkung durch ausgefeilte Formen der Rhetorik sowie eine suggestive bzw. manipulative Bildersprache gekennzeichnet ist. Fach- und insbesondere Fremdsprachen bilden einen wesentlichen Bestandteil im sprachlichen und stilistischen Repertoire der Werbesprache. Der Beitrag gliedert sich denn auch in zwei Abschnitte: Im ersten Teil der Untersuchung wird das sprachliche und stilistische Repertoire (Fachsprachen, Jugendsprache, Dialekt, Fremdsprachen (Anglizismen) der Werbesprache dargestellt. Der zweite Teil der Untersuchung beinhaltet eine exemplarische Analyse von türkischen und deutschen bzw. deutschsprachigen Werbeanzeigen im Hinblick auf die Verwendung von Anglizismen.
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einem Gedicht Heiner Müllers, das dieser in unmittelbarer Reaktion auf den Zusammenbruch des osteuropäischen Sozialismus verfasste. Da dieses Gedicht in mehreren Etappen geschrieben und publiziert wurde, gibt es Einblicke in die von Umbruch und Verwerfungen gekennzeichnete Entstehungssituation, die der Beitrag erläutern will.
Es kann gleichermaßen als eine vorläufige Lebensbilanz des Autors gelesen werden, wo sich selbstkritische Äußerungen zu den Irrtümern mit denen einer geschichtlichen Epoche kreuzen. Da die eingenommene Haltung zu diesem komplexen Veränderungsprozess und die Bewertung dieser Wende durch den Autor auch wiederum einer Selbstkritik unterworfen wurde, versucht der Beitrag, einen Einblick in die geschichtsphilosophische und ästhetische Werkstatt des Autors Heiner Müller zu geben
Alfred Döblin ist einer der erfolgreichen Schriftsteller, der die Eigenschaften der Literatur und Medizinwelt in seinen Werken vereint. Problematische Beziehungen des Menschen mit sich selbst und mit seiner Umgebung, seine Zerrissenheit in der Groβstadt, seelische Krankheiten prägen seine literarischen Werke und seine literarische Kreativität steht unter dem Einfluss seiner medizinischen Kenntnisse und insbesondere unter den seelischen Motiven. Aus diesem Grunde besteht immer die Möglichkeit, in seinen Werken diesen medizinischen Einflüssen häufig zu begegnen.
Döblin stellt in der Erzählung "Die Ermordung einer Butterblume" die Erlebnisse des Herrn Michael Fischer bei einem Waldspaziergang dar. Die Komplexität der Figur wird durch den Erzähler und seine Erzählweise konkretisiert. Denn die Konstruktion des Textes ist ebenso wichtig wie der Inhalt. Deswegen führt die Konstruktion des Textes dazu, den gesamten Text durch den Erzähler und die wechselnden Erzählperspektiven aufzuklären. Außer der wichtigen Funktion des Erzählers wird die Erzählung auch mit der außerordentlichen Figur in Betracht gezogen. Die Figur ist in einer Auseinandersetzung mit sich selbst und hat seelische Probleme. Seine seelischen Probleme werden durch den Erzähler und seine Erzählweise untersucht und aufgeklärt. Die Einflüsse dieser seelischen Probleme werden durch die Verfolgung des Erzählers gefunden und die Spuren/Motive werden durch die Einstellung des Erzählers gegenüber der erzählten Welt gelöst.
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage des Geschlechts der Macht im Kolonialismus anhand der thematischen Konstellation von "Weiblichkeit, Männlichkeit und Asymmetrie" in Alfred Döblins Amazonastrilogie. Anders als frühere Beiträge über die Trilogie, die sich mit den Themen "Kolonialismus", "Interkulturalität", "koloniale Gewalt Struktur" und mit anderen sich auf ästhetische und publizistische Schriften des Autors ergebenden thematischen Schwerpunkten befassen, wird die Dialektik von Macht und Gender im Selbstermächtigungsprozess der Amazonen zunächst als destruktiv für innerindianische Geschlechtsverhältnisse und dann kontraproduktiv für die von eigenen Ehemännern angenommene antikoloniale Strategie betrachtet. Eigene Ehemänner geraten ins Kreuzfeuer der Kritik und Gewalt, wobei antikoloniale Front sozusagen dadurch unterminiert wird. Nachgewiesen wird im Beitrag, wie Amazonen, ihren politischen Zynismus betreibend, eher zu Alliierten der Kolonisatoren werden und unbewusst zur Verankerung des Kolonialismus beitragen. Des Weiteren wird untersucht, wie die selbstreflexionsfähigen und vernunftbegabten Amazonen aus früheren politischen Fehlentscheidungen lernen, ihre gegen eigene Ehemänner gerichteten politischen Gesten und Überzeugungen nun von Grund auf umzudenken, um in eigener Kulturordnung Eintracht zu stiften, wodurch eine zukunftsorientierte gemeinsame antikoloniale Front ermöglicht werden könnte.
We analyse statistical and information-theoretical properties of EEG microstate sequences, as seen through the lens of five different clustering algorithms. Microstate sequences are computed for n = 20 resting state EEG recordings during wakeful rest. The input for all clustering algorithms is the set of EEG topographic maps obtained at local maxima of the spatial variance. This data set is processed by two classical microstate clustering algorithms (1) atomize and agglomerate hierarchical clustering (AAHC) and (2) a modified K-means algorithm, as well as by (3) K-medoids, (4) principal component analysis (PCA) and (5) fast independent component analysis (Fast-ICA). Using this technique, EEG topographies can be substituted with microstate labels by competitive fitting based on spatial correlation, resulting in a symbolic, non-metric time series, the microstate sequence. Microstate topographies and symbolic time series are further analyzed statistically, including static and dynamic properties. Static properties, which do not contain information about temporal dependencies of the microstate sequence include the maximum similarity of microstate maps within and between the tested clustering algorithms, the global explained variance and the Shannon entropy of the microstate sequences. Dynamic properties are sensitive to temporal correlations between the symbols and include the mixing time of the microstate transition matrix, the entropy rate of the microstate sequences and the location of the first local maximum of the autoinformation function. We also test the Markov property of microstate sequences, the time stationarity of the transition matrix and detect periodicities by means of time-lagged mutual information. Finally, possible long-range correlations of microstate sequences are assessed via Hurst exponent estimation. We find that while static properties partially reflect properties of the clustering algorithms, information-theoretical quantities are largely invariant with respect to the clustering method used. As each clustering algorithm has its own profile of computational speed, ease of implementation, determinism vs. stochasticity and theoretical underpinnings, our results convey a positive message concerning the free choice of method and the comparability of results obtained from different algorithms. The invariance of these quantities implies that the tested properties are algorithm-independent, inherent features of resting state EEG derived microstate sequences.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is frequently reported to phosphorylate Ser1177 of the endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), and therefore, is linked with a relaxing effect. However, previous studies failed to consistently demonstrate a major role for AMPK on eNOS-dependent relaxation. As AMPK also phosphorylates eNOS on the inhibitory Thr495 site, this study aimed to determine the role of AMPKα1 and α2 subunits in the regulation of NO-mediated vascular relaxation. Vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine was assessed in aortic and carotid artery segments from mice with global (AMPKα−/−) or endothelial-specific deletion (AMPKαΔEC) of the AMPKα subunits. In control and AMPKα1-depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cells, eNOS phosphorylation on Ser1177 and Thr495 was assessed after AMPK activation with thiopental or ionomycin. Global deletion of the AMPKα1 or α2 subunit in mice did not affect vascular reactivity. The endothelial-specific deletion of the AMPKα1 subunit attenuated phenylephrine-mediated contraction in an eNOS- and endothelium-dependent manner. In in vitro studies, activation of AMPK did not alter the phosphorylation of eNOS on Ser1177, but increased its phosphorylation on Thr495. Depletion of AMPKα1 in cultured human endothelial cells decreased Thr495 phosphorylation without affecting Ser1177 phosphorylation. The results of this study indicate that AMPKα1 targets the inhibitory phosphorylation Thr495 site in the calmodulin-binding domain of eNOS to attenuate basal NO production and phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction.
Platelets participate in the development of liver fibrosis in animal models, but little is known about the benefit of antiplatelet agents in preventing liver fibrosis in humans. We therefore explored the relationship between the use of antiplatelet agents and liver fibrosis in a prospective cohort study of patients at high risk of liver fibrosis and cardiovascular events. Consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary angiography at the University Hospital Frankfurt were prospectively included in the present study. Associations between use of antiplatelet agents (acetyl salicylic acid, P2Y12 receptor antagonists) and liver fibrosis were assessed in regression models, and the relationship between platelet‐derived growth factor beta (PDGF‐β) serum concentration, platelets, liver fibrosis, and use of antiplatelet agents was characterized. Out of 505 included patients, 337 (67%) received antiplatelet agents and 134 (27%) had liver fibrosis defined as a FibroScan transient elastography (TE) value ≥7.9 kPa. Use of antiplatelet agents was inversely associated with the presence of liver fibrosis in univariate and multivariate analyses (multivariate odds ratio [OR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51‐0.89; P = 0.006). Use of antiplatelet agents was also inversely associated with FibroTest values (beta, –0.38; SD beta, 0.15; P = 0.02). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between platelet counts and PDGF‐β serum concentration (rho, 0.33; P < 0.0001), but PDGF‐β serum levels were not affected by antiplatelet agents. Conclusion: There is a protective association between the use of antiplatelet agents and occurrence of liver fibrosis. A randomized controlled trial is needed to explore causality and the potential of antiplatelet agents as antifibrotic therapy in patients at risk for liver fibrosis progression.
Adult neurogenesis is regulated by stem cell niche-derived extrinsic factors and cell-intrinsic regulators, yet the mechanisms by which niche signals impinge on the activity of intrinsic neurogenic transcription factors remain poorly defined. Here, we report that MEIS2, an essential regulator of adult SVZ neurogenesis, is subject to posttranslational regulation in the SVZ olfactory bulb neurogenic system. Nuclear accumulation of MEIS2 in adult SVZ-derived progenitor cells follows downregulation of EGFR signaling and is modulated by methylation of MEIS2 on a conserved arginine, which lies in close proximity to nested binding sites for the nuclear export receptor CRM1 and the MEIS dimerization partner PBX1. Methylation impairs interaction with CRM1 without affecting PBX1 dimerization and thereby allows MEIS2 nuclear accumulation, a prerequisite for neuronal differentiation. Our results describe a form of posttranscriptional modulation of adult SVZ neurogenesis whereby an extrinsic signal fine-tunes neurogenesis through posttranslational modification of a transcriptional regulator of cell fate.
Vismodegib, an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, is an approved drug for monotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Data on combined modality treatment by vismodegib and radiation therapy, however, are rare. In the present study, we examined the radiation sensitizing effects of vismodegib by analyzing viability, cell cycle distribution, cell death, DNA damage repair and clonogenic survival in three-dimensional cultures of a BCC and a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line. We found that vismodegib decreases expression of the Hedgehog target genes glioma-associated oncogene homologue (GLI1) and the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) Survivin in a cell line- and irradiation-dependent manner, most pronounced in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. Furthermore, vismodegib significantly reduced proliferation in both cell lines, while additional irradiation only slightly further impacted on viability. Analyses of cell cycle distribution and cell death induction indicated a G1 arrest in BCC and a G2 arrest in HNSCC cells and an increased fraction of cells in SubG1 phase following combined treatment. Moreover, a significant rise in the number of phosphorylated histone-2AX/p53-binding protein 1 (γH2AX/53BP1) foci in vismodegib- and radiation-treated cells was associated with a significant radiosensitization of both cell lines. In summary, these findings indicate that inhibition of the Hedgehog signaling pathway may increase cellular radiation response in BCC and HNSCC cells.
Using photo elicitation to introduce a network perspective on attachment during middle childhood
(2018)
In this article, we develop a child-centered network approach to attachment during middle childhood. Following monotropic ideas, current attachment research focuses on parental attachment figures despite the expansion of the children’s social environment during middle childhood, failing to generate a comprehensive and structured overview of all individuals who ensure the children’s feeling of safety. Relying on quantitative methods, these studies are also dominated by an adult perspective, limiting the children’s contributions. While there have been theoretical drafts of attachment networks during childhood, this article constitutes the first practical implementation. Using photo elicitation interviews and participant observations, we developed an innovative assessment strategy that allows children to exhaustively identify and characterize all their attachment figures on sociostructural and functional dimensions, thus positioning the children at the center of their comprehensive attachment networks that collectively contribute to their feeling of security. We combine qualitative and quantitative data to assess the children’s own understanding of their feeling of security and to locate the individual attachment figure on context-specific social dimensions, thus making the research setting, a clan in Cameroon, an inherent part of the methodological development. The data are translated into multidimensional network diagrams to visualize the children’s perception of their attachment environment and the emerging patterns of their selection. We present an exemplary network, supplementing it with observational data to discuss the ecological validity of our approach.
Comparative proteomics reveals a diagnostic signature for pulmonary head‐and‐neck cancer metastasis
(2018)
Patients with head‐and‐neck cancer can develop both lung metastasis and primary lung cancer during the course of their disease. Despite the clinical importance of discrimination, reliable diagnostic biomarkers are still lacking. Here, we have characterised a cohort of squamous cell lung (SQCLC) and head‐and‐neck (HNSCC) carcinomas by quantitative proteomics. In a training cohort, we quantified 4,957 proteins in 44 SQCLC and 30 HNSCC tumours. A total of 518 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between SQCLC and HNSCC, and some of these were identified as genetic dependencies in either of the two tumour types. Using supervised machine learning, we inferred a proteomic signature for the classification of squamous cell carcinomas as either SQCLC or HNSCC, with diagnostic accuracies of 90.5% and 86.8% in cross‐ and independent validations, respectively. Furthermore, application of this signature to a cohort of pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas of unknown origin leads to a significant prognostic separation. This study not only provides a diagnostic proteomic signature for classification of secondary lung tumours in HNSCC patients, but also represents a proteomic resource for HNSCC and SQCLC.
The multi-valence nature of vanadium means that its geochemical behaviour will be ƒO2-dependent, so that its concentration or V/Sc (or V/Ga), can serve as proxies for oxidation state in mantle peridotites. Compared to Fe3+/Fe2+-based equilibria, such trace elements may be less sensitive to metasomatic processes. To investigate these systematics, we have measured V, Sc, Ga and Fe3+ contents in clinopyroxene from well-characterised spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Massif Central, France. These samples were metasomatised by a variety of agents with different oxidation states.V contents can be modified by metasomatic interactions, and other geochemically similar elements including Sc and Ga can also be added, removed or remain constant. A link between V/Sc and Fe3+-Fe2+ equilibria is apparent. Partial removal of V is caused by different metasomatic agents; the common factor is that all agents were significantly more oxidised than the initial ambient mantle peridotite. This extraction can be understood by a decreasing partition coefficient for V for ΔlogƒO2 > ~FMQ-2. Considering that mineral/melt partitioning of V decreases similarly for all peridotite minerals, the bulk-rock V/Sc will also change during relatively oxidising metasomatic interactions and mirror the results obtained for clinopyroxene.
Latent myofascial trigger points (MTrP) have been linked to several impairments of muscle function. The present study was conducted in order to examine whether a single bout of self-myofascial release using a foam roller is effective in reducing MTrP sensitivity. Fifty healthy, pain-free subjects (26.8±6 years, 21 men) with latent MTrP in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle were included in the randomized, controlled trial. One week after a familiarization session, they were randomly allocated to three groups: (1) static compression of the most sensitive MTrP using a foam roll, (2) slow dynamic foam rolling of the lateral calf and (3) placebo laser acupuncture of the most sensitive MTrP. Treatment duration in each group was 90 seconds. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the most sensitive MTrP was assessed using a handheld algometer prior to and after the intervention. A repeated measures analysis of variance (3x2) did not reveal significant between‑group interactions (p>.05) but showed a significant time effect (F=7.715, p<.05). While placebo and dynamic selfmyofascial release did not change MTrP sensitivity (p>.05), static compression of MTrP increased the PPT (2.6±0.8 to 3.0±1.1, d=.35; p<.05). Static self-myofascial release using a foam roller might represent an alternative to reduce pressure pain of latent MTrP. Additional research should aim to extend these findings to patients and athletes with myofascial pain syndromes.
Fungi indirectly affect plant root architecture by modulating soil volatile organic compounds
(2018)
The plant-growth modulating effect of microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been demonstrated repeatedly. This has most often been performed by exposing plants to VOC released by microbes grown on nutrient rich media. Here, we used soil instead to grow fungi of the Fusarium genus and investigate how VOCs emitted by this system influenced the development of Arabidopsis plants. The volatile profiles of Fusarium strains grown in soil and malt extract were also compared. Our results demonstrate that distinct volatile signatures can be attributed to different Fusarium genetic clades but also highlight a major influence of the growth medium on volatile emission. Furthermore, all soil-grown Fusarium isolates increased primary root length in Arabidopsis by decreasing VOC concentrations in soil. This result represents a major paradigm shift in plant-microbe interactions since growth modulating effects have been attributed so far to the emission and not the consumption of volatile signals.
Tapping the full potential? Jumping performance of volleyball athletes in game-like situations
(2018)
Background: One key issue in elite interactive team sports is the simultaneous execution of motor actions (e.g., dribbling a ball) and perceptual-cognitive tasks (e.g., visually scanning the environment for action choices). In volleyball, one typical situation is to prepare and execute maximal block jumps after multiple-options decision-making and concurrent visual tracking of the ongoing game dynamics to find an optimal blocking location. Based on resource-related dual- and multi-tasking theories simultaneous execution of visual-cognitive and motor tasks may interfere with each other. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether volleyball-specific perceptual-cognitive demands (i.e., divided attention, decision making) affect blocking performance (i.e., jumping performance and length of the first step after the ready-block-position) compared to relatively isolated jumping performance.
Methods: Twenty-two elite volleyball players (1st – 3rd German league) performed block jumps in front of a net construction in a single-task condition (ST) and in two perceptual (-cognitive) dual-task conditions including a dual-task low (DT_L; presenting a picture of an opponent attack on a screen) and a dual-task high condition (DT_H; presenting videos of an offensive volleyball set play with a two-alternative choice).
Results: The results of repeated-measures ANOVAs showed a significant effect of conditions on jumping performance [F(2,42) = 33.64, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.62] and on the length of the first step after the ready-block-position [F(2,42) = 7.90, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.27). Post hoc comparisons showed that jumping performance in DT_H (p < 0.001) and DT_L (p < 0.001) was significantly lower than in ST. Also, length of the first step after the ready-block-position in DT_H (p = 0.005) and DT_L (p = 0.028) was significantly shorter than in ST.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that blocking performance (i.e., jumping height, length of the first step) decreases in elite volleyball players when a perceptual (-cognitive) load is added. Based on the theory of Wickens (2002), this suggests a resource overlap between visual-processing demands for motor performance and for tracking the dynamics of the game. Interference with the consequence of dual-task related performance costs can therefore also be found in elite athletes in their specific motor expert domain.
Die Germanistikabteilung der Philologischen Fakultät in Kronstadt/Braşov veranstaltete in Zusammenarbeit mit der Gesellschaft der Germanisten Rumäniens [GGR] (Zweigstelle Kronstadt) und mit dem Generalkonsulat der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Hermannstadt zwischen dem 30. März und 01. April 2017 ihre XX. Internationale Tagung zum Thema Luthers Reformation und deren Wirkung auf Sprache, Literatur und Kultur.
Die Kulturabteilung der Deutschen Botschaft Ankara, das DAAD-Informationszentrum Ankara und die Hacettepe Universität boten im Wintersemester 2016 für interessierte Masterstudierende und Doktoranden ein Workshop-Seminar zu transkulturellen Konzepten von Zeit und Raum in den Werken Ilija Trojanows an. Konzepte von Fremdheit, Migration, Transkulturalität sowie Raum und Zeit standen besonders im Fokus der Veranstaltung. In seinen Werken wirft Trojanow den Blick auf die Ausbildung interkultureller Identitäten und die damit einhergehenden Dimensionen von Fremdheit, Ablehnung und Identitäts- bzw. Zugehörigkeitsdiffusionen. Die Entfremdung von der eigenen Kultur und den damit verbundenen Perspektivwechsel thematisiert Trojanow unter anderem in seinem Werk Der Weltensammler.
In diesem Seminar stand jedoch nicht nur der Roman Der Weltensammler im Vordergrund, sondern unterschiedlichste Literatur Trojanows. Angeleitet wurden die Nachwuchswissenschaftler über zwei Präsenzseminare zum Thema Kulturanalyse und Anwendung von Methoden in der Literaturwissenschaft. Der Mehrwert des Workshop-Seminars bestand darin, dass die Studierenden Fragen aus den Werken anhand von Hypothesen direkt an den Autor stellen konnten. Um diese auch anderen Wissenschaftlern nicht vorzuenthalten, entschied man den Workshop aufzunehmen und im Anschluss zu transkribieren. Dieses Transkript bietet eine Stellungnahme über die Literatur und Philosophie Ilija Trojanows an und trägt gleichzeitig zum Textverständnis seiner Werke bei.
Folgende Werke Trojanows wurden für den Workshop ausgewählt:
Meine Olympiade: Ein Amateur, vier Jahre, 80 Disziplinen
Der Weltensammler
Der überflüssige Mensch
Macht und Widerstand
Zu den heiligen Quellen des Islam: Als Pilger nach Mekka und Medina
Die Versuchungen der Fremde: Unterwegs in Arabien, Indien und Afrika
Döner in Walhalla oder welche Spuren hinterlässt der Gast, der keiner mehr ist.
Die Studierenden, die sich eingehend mit der Literatur in Vorlauf-Präsenzseminaren beschäftigt hatten, entwarfen (kontroverse) Hypthesen, die sie Herrn Trojanow im Workshop vortrugen. Folgende Transkription wiederspiegelt einen Abriss über die Literatur Trojanows und zeigt gleichzeitig Antworten, die zum Teil auch aus einem sehr philosophischen Terminus entspringen.
Üniversiteler bilginin üretildiği yerlerdir. Bu bilgiler paylaşıldıkça anlam kazanırlar. Küresel dünyada üniversitelerden beklenen, bu bilgi paylaşımının yoğun olmasıdır. Yabancı dil bilmek bu aşamada oldukça önemlidir. Akademisyenlerin bu bilgi ağına katılım etkinliği, yabancı dili sözlü ve yazılı etkin kullanabilmesine bağlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğretim üyelerinin yabancı dil seviyelerinin demografik değişkenlere göre ölçülmesi ve yabancı dil kullanım amaçlarının betimlenmesidir. Çalışmaya 2015 yılında Trakya Üniversitesi'nde çalışan 269 öğretim üyesi katkı sağlamıştır. Öğretim üyelerinin yabancı dil seviyeleri 'Diller için Avrupa Ortak Öneriler Çerçevesi - Ortak Öneri Düzeyleri Genel Basamaklar Kümesi - A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 ve C2' aracılığı ile ölçülmüştür. Yabancı dil kullanım amaçları ise güvenilirlik oranı % 95 olan bir ölçme aracı ile ölçülmüştür. Betimsel bir yaklaşımla yürütülen çalışmada veriler yüzdelik olarak hesaplanmıştır. Verilerin analizi çalışmaya katılan öğretim üyelerinin yaklaşık üçte birinin B1 (%30,1) ve B2 (%30,1) seviyelerinde olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca yabancı dili kullanma amaçları (akademik, eğitim-öğretim ve kişisel) arasında alımlamaya ve üretime yönelik becerilerde farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es herauszufinden, welche Angstgefühle die DaF-Lernenden, die die deutsche Sprache innerhalb und außerhalb des deutschsprachigen Raums lernen, in Gesprächssituationen erleben. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden zwei verschiedene Probandengruppen ausgewählt und Online-Befragungen erstellt, um genauer zu untersuchen, ob es zwischen diesen Gruppen signifikante Unterschiede gibt. Die Ergebnisse, die aus der Datenauswertung erfolgen, sind für beide Lernergruppen verschieden. Nach den untersuchten Sprechtendenzen verhält sich die Gruppe aus der Türkei als eine meist affektiv eingestellte Gruppe, die beim Sprechen zurückhaltend handelt. Dagegen zeigt die Gruppe aus Deutschland tendenziell weniger Zurückhaltung gegenüber dem Sprechen in Bezug auf die emotionalen bzw. kognitionalen Einstellungen. In Bezug auf unterrichtsbezogene Sprechangst ist zu bemerken, dass die meisten Lernenden von beiden Gruppen häufig die gleiche Meinung vertreten.
Die Sprechfertigkeit ist ein Phänomen, das in fremdsprachlichen Lehr- und Lernprozessen sowohl al Mittel (Vermittlungssprache des Lehrenden) als auch als Zielfertigkeit (die es zu erreichen gilt) an Bedeutung gewinnt. Die Sprechfertigkeit, die zu den sprachlichen Fertigkeiten gehört, ist eine schwer zu entwickelnde Fähigkeit, deren Förderung im Unterricht psychologische und kognitive Mühe erfordert. In dieser Arbeit wird betont, dass es möglich ist, die Sprechfertigkeit im universitären Kontext im Rahmen der Deutschlehrerausbildung "so natürlich wie möglich, so künstlich wie nötig!" zu entwickeln; dies berücksichtigend wurde mit Beispielen erwähnt, dass das Rollenspiel und die Dramatisierungstechniken auf die Förderung der Sprechfertigkeit positiv einwirken. Diese Techniken tragen besonders dazu bei, dass der angehende Deutschlehrer einerseits seine eigene Sprechfertigkeit erweitert und andererseits methodisch-didaktische Vorbildimpulse bekommt, die er in seiner beruflichen Laufbahn als Lehrtechnik effektiv anwenden kann.
Im Jahre 1864 haben die Türken angefangen, die deutsche Sprache in den Schulen zu erteilen, nach der Ausrufung der Republik Türkei in 1923 wurde Deutsch als Fremdsprache außerhalb von Ankara, Istanbul und Izmir auch in den Provinzstädten Kastamonu und Sivas als Fachunterricht eingeführt. In der Universität Istanbul wurde im Jahre 1933 durch Mitglieder des Lehrkörpers Einwanderer aus Deutschland die Abteilung für Deutsche Sprache und Literatur an der Philosophischen Fakultät eröffnet. Die vielfältigen Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und der Türkei sind von großer Bedeutung und haben Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des Deutschen als Fremdsprache in den Lehrplänen. Seit dem Studienjahr 2001-2002 nimmt das Deutsche als zweites Pflichtfach in den Gymnasien seinen Platz ein. Der Fernunterricht geht seit 1728 kontinuierlich weiter und die Bürger in den Entwicklungsländern profitieren von den Vorteilen des Fernunterrichts. in der Geschichte geht der Fernunterricht in der Türkei zurück bis 1927. In diesem Artikel werden die Möglichkeiten für das Lernen des Deutschen als Fremdsprache durch Fernunterricht erklärt.
Bu çalışmada, tarih boyunca yapılmış çeviriler arasından, tarihin seyrine yön verenler içinde bulunan Septuaginta adlı Tevrat çevirisi ve Reşid taşının çevirisi irdelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, çevirinin her zaman sadece işlev odaklı bir uygulamadan ibaret olmadığını; bilakis sosyoloji, siyaset, ekonomi, din gibi alanlarla etkileşim içerisinde bulunan ve insanlık tarihini belirleyebilecek ölçüde önemli bir etkinlik olabileceğini belirginleştirmektir. Çalışmada, ilgili çevirilerin tarihi olgular üzerindeki etkileri ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında irdelenen her bir çeviri etkinliği, ortaya çıkış nedenleri ve - özellikle de tarih akışının seyrini değiştirecek - etkileri bakımından ele alınıp yorumlanmaktadır.
Ardıl çeviride not alma eğitimi konusuna ilişkin Türkçe kaynakların oldukça sınırlı olmasıyla birlikte, not alma, özellikle ardıl çeviri eğitiminde üzerinde durulması gereken önemli bir konudur. Çevirmen adayları büyük oranda, duyduğu her şeyi not alma ile anladığını not alma arasındaki ayrımı algılayacak duyarlılığa henüz sahip olmamaktadırlar. Sözlü çeviride not almanın ilkelerine ilişkin, yabancı kaynaklarda birbirinden farklı çok sayıda görüş olmasına rağmen, çıkarsama yoluyla bazı temel ilkeler belirlemek, özellikle sözlü çeviri eğitimi açısından fayda sağlayacaktır. Çalışmanın amacı, sözlü çeviride not almanın önemini irdelemenin ve söz konusu temel ilkeleri somutlaştırmanın yanı sıra, sözlü çeviri eğitiminde not alma duyarlılığını geliştirici bir açılım sunmakta belirginleşmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında önerilen alıştırma, öğrencilerde not alma duyarlılığının ve bilincinin gelişmesine katkı sağlayacak nitelikte olup, duyduğunu anlama, ifade gücü, belleği güçlendirme, bilgi donanımı ve genel kültür konularına da didaktik anlamda önemli ölçüde katkılar sağlayacak nitelikte bir alıştırmadır.