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In the mouse, most mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) express one allele of one gene from the repertoire of ~1100 odorant receptor (OR) genes, which encode G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Axons of OSNs that express a given OR coalesce into homogeneous glomeruli, which reside at conserved positions in the olfactory bulb. ORs are intimately involved in ensuring the expression of one OR per OSN and the coalescence of OSN axons into glomeruli. But the mechanisms whereby ORs accomplish these diverse functions remain poorly understood. An experimental approach that has been informative is to substitute an OR genetically with another GPCR that is normally not expressed in OSNs, in order to determine in which aspects this GPCR can serve as surrogate OR in mouse OSNs. Thus far only the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR, Ardb2) has been shown to be able to serve as surrogate OR in OSNs; the β2AR could substitute for the M71 OR in all aspects examined. Can other non-olfactory GPCRs function equally well as surrogate ORs in OSNs? Here, we have generated and characterized two novel gene-targeted mouse strains in which the mouse melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) or the mouse dopamine receptor D1 (Drd1a) is coexpressed with tauGFP in OSNs that express the OR locus M71. These alleles and strains are abbreviated as Mc4r→M71-GFP and Drd1a→M71-GFP. We detected strong Mc4r or Drd1a immunoreactivity in axons and dendritic knobs and cilia of OSNs that express Mc4r or Drd1a from the M71 locus. These OSNs responded physiologically to cognate agonists for Mc4r (Ro27-3225) or Drd1a (SKF81297), and not to the M71 ligand acetophenone. Axons of OSNs expressing Mc4r→M71-GFP coalesced into glomeruli. Axons of OSNs expressing Drd1a→M71-GFP converged onto restricted areas of the olfactory bulb but did not coalesce into glomeruli. Thus, OR functions in OSNs can be substituted by Mc4r or Drd1a, but not as well as by β2AR. We attribute the weak performance of Drd1a as surrogate OR to poor OSN maturation.
Electrocardiograms (ECG) record the heart activity and are the most common and reliable method to detect cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AFib). Lately, many commercially available devices such as smartwatches are offering ECG monitoring. Therefore, there is increasing demand for designing deep learning models with the perspective to be physically implemented on these small portable devices with limited energy supply. In this paper, a workflow for the design of small, energy-efficient recurrent convolutional neural network (RCNN) architecture for AFib detection is proposed. However, the approach can be well generalized to every type of long time series. In contrast to previous studies, that demand thousands of additional network neurons and millions of extra model parameters, the logical steps for the generation of a CNN with only 114 trainable parameters are described. The model consists of a small segmented CNN in combination with an optimal energy classifier. The architectural decisions are made by using the energy consumption as a metric in an equally important way as the accuracy. The optimization steps are focused on the software which can be embedded afterwards on a physical chip. Finally, a comparison with some previous relevant studies suggests that the widely used huge CNNs for similar tasks are mostly redundant and unessentially computationally expensive.
Thermoanaerobacter kivui is an acetogenic model organism that reduces CO2 with electrons derived from H2 or CO, or from organic substrates in the Wood–Ljugdahl pathway (WLP). For the calculation of ATP yields, it is necessary to know the electron carriers involved in coupling of the oxidative and reductive parts of metabolism. Analyses of key catabolic oxidoreductases in cell-free extract (CFE) or with purified enzymes revealed the physiological electron carriers involved. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GA3P-DH) assayed in CFE was NAD+-specific, NADP+ was used with less than 4% and ferredoxin (Fd) was not used. The methylene-THF dehydrogenase was NADP+-specific, NAD+ or Fd were not used. A Nfn-type transhydrogenase that catalyzes reduced Fd-dependent reduction of NADP+ with NADH as electron donor was also identified in CFE. The electron carriers used by the potential electron-bifurcating hydrogenase (HydABC) could not be unambiguously determined in CFE for technical reasons. Therefore, the enzyme was produced homologously in T. kivui and purified by affinity chromatography. HydABC contained 33.9 ± 4.5 mol Fe/mol of protein and FMN; it reduced NADP+ but not NAD+. The methylene-THF reductase (MetFV) was also produced homologously in T. kivui and purified by affinity chromatography. MetFV contained 7.2 ± 0.4 mol Fe/mol of protein and FMN; the complex did neither use NADPH nor NADH as reductant but only reduced Fd. In sum, these analysis allowed us to propose a scheme for entire electron flow and bioenergetics in T. kivui.
Energy-converting hydrogenases (Ech) are ancient, membrane-bound enzymes that use reduced ferredoxin (Fd) as an electron donor to reduce protons to molecular H2. Experiments with whole cells, membranes and vesicle-fractions suggest that proton reduction is coupled to proton translocation across the cytoplasmatic membrane, but this has never been demonstrated with a purified enzyme. To this end, we produced a His-tagged Ech complex in the thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui. The enzyme could be purified by affinity chromatography from solubilized membranes with full retention of its eight subunits, as well as full retention of physiological activities, i.e., H2-dependent Fd reduction and Fd2--dependent H2 production. We found the purified enzyme contained 34.2 ± 12.2 mol of iron/mol of protein, in accordance with seven predicted [4Fe-4S]-clusters and one [Ni-Fe]-center. The pH and temperature optima were at 7 to 8 and 66 °C, respectively. Notably, we found that the enzymatic activity was inhibited by N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an agent known to bind ion-translocating glutamates or aspartates buried in the cytoplasmic membrane and thereby inhibiting ion transport. To demonstrate the function of the Ech complex in ion transport, we further established a procedure to incorporate the enzyme complex into liposomes in an active state. We show the enzyme did not require Na+ for activity and did not translocate 22Na+ into the proteoliposomal lumen. In contrast, Ech activity led to the generation of a pH gradient and membrane potential across the proteoliposomal membrane, demonstrating that the Ech complex of T. kivui is a H+-translocating, H+-reducing enzyme.
Currently one of the biggest challenges for society is to combat global warming. A solution to this global threat is the implementation of a CO2-based bioeconomy and a H2-based bioenergy economy. Anaerobic lithotrophic bacteria such as the acetogenic bacteria are key players in the global carbon and H2 cycle and thus prime candidates as driving forces in a H2- and CO2-bioeconomy. Naturally, they convert two molecules of CO2 via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP) to one molecule of acetyl-CoA which can be converted to different C2-products (acetate or ethanol) or elongated to C4 (butyrate) or C5-products (caproate). Since there is no net ATP generation from acetate formation, an electron-transport phosphorylation (ETP) module is hooked up to the WLP. ETP provides the cell with additional ATP, but the ATP gain is very low, only a fraction of an ATP per mol of acetate. Since acetogens live at the thermodynamic edge of life, metabolic engineering to obtain high-value products is currently limited by the low energy status of the cells that allows for the production of only a few compounds with rather low specificity. To set the stage for acetogens as production platforms for a wide range of bioproducts from CO2, the energetic barriers have to be overcome. This review summarizes the pathway, the energetics of the pathway and describes ways to overcome energetic barriers in acetogenic C1 conversion.
The pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the thermophilic acetogen, Thermoanaerobacter kivui
(2021)
Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) is a key enzyme in bacterial anaerobic metabolism. Since a low-potential ferredoxin (Fd2−) is used as electron carrier, PFOR allows for hydrogen evolution during heterotrophic growth as well as pyruvate synthesis during lithoautotrophic growth. The thermophilic acetogenic model bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui can use both modes of lifestyle, but the nature of the PFOR in this organism was previously unestablished. Here, we have isolated PFOR to apparent homogeneity from cells grown on glucose. Peptide mass fingerprinting revealed that it is encoded by pfor1. PFOR uses pyruvate as an electron donor and methylene blue (1.8 U·mg−1) and ferredoxin (Fd; 27.2 U·mg−1) as electron acceptors, and the reaction is dependent on thiamine pyrophosphate, pyruvate, coenzyme A, and Fd. The pH and temperature optima were 7.5 and 66 °C, respectively. We detected 13.6 mol of iron·mol of protein−1, consistent with the presence of three predicted [4Fe–4S] clusters. The ability to provide reduced Fd makes PFOR an interesting auxiliary enzyme for enzyme assays. To simplify and speed up the purification procedure, we established a protocol for homologous protein production in T. kivui. Therefore, pfor1 was cloned and expressed in T. kivui and the encoded protein containing a genetically engineered His-tag was purified in only two steps to apparent homogeneity. The homologously produced PFOR1 had the same properties as the enzyme from T. kivui. The enzyme can be used as auxiliary enzyme in enzymatic assays that require reduced Fd as electron donor, such as electron-bifurcating enzymes, to keep a constant level of reduced Fd.
Treatment predictors are important tools for the management of therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C virus (HBV, HCV) infection. In chronic hepatitis B, several pretreatment parameters have been identified for prediction of virologic response to interferon alfa-based antiviral therapies or treatment with polymerase inhibitors. In interferon alfa and pegylated interferon alfa-treated patients, low baseline HBV DNA concentrations, HBV genotype A (B), and high baseline ALT levels are significantly associated with treatment response. In patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues, low baseline HBV DNA but not viral genotype is positively associated with virologic response. During treatment the best predictor of response is HBV DNA kinetics. Early viral suppression is associated with favourable virologic response and reduced risk for subsequent resistance mutations. For the current standard treatment with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C, infection with HCV genotypes 2 and 3, baseline viral load below 400,000–800,000 IU/ml, Asian and Caucasian ethnicity, younger age, low GGT levels, absence of advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, and absence of steatosis in the liver have been identified as independent pretreatment predictors of a sustained virologic response. After initiation of treatment, initial viral decline with undetectable HCV-RNA at week 4 of therapy (RVR) is the best predictor of sustained virologic response independent of HCV genotype.
Cet article offre une lecture queer de deux nouvelles de Carl Spitteler. La lecture queer ne signifie pas la recherche d'identités homosexuelles dans les textes ; une telle lecture serait en contradiction avec l'histoire de "Conrad der Leutnant" et "Die Mädchenfeinde". Les nouvelles suivent un jeune homme ("Conrad") et deux garçons encore adolescents ("Mädchenfeinde") et montrent comment ils apprennent à s'adapter à un rôle masculin préconçu qui implique la formation de couples hétérosexuels. Cependant, la thèse des deux textes est que les personnages féminins auxquels les personnages masculins s'ouvrent émotionnellement ne séduisent pas leurs partenaires avec des "charmes féminins". Les hommes (militaires) ou les garçons (pensionnat), élevés dans des contextes véritablement homosociaux, développent pour les personnages féminins un désir qui reflète leur socialisation masculine. Les personnages masculins tombent amoureux d'"images masculines", ce qui signifie que les séductrices doivent symboliquement abandonner leur rôle de femme afin de paraître désirables aux yeux de Conrad, Gerold et Hansli.
We synthesized two green-light activatable 5’-caps for oligonucleotides based on the BODIPY and coumarin scaffold. Both bear an alkyne functionality allowing their use in numerous biological applications. They were successfully incorporated in oligonucleotides via solid-phase synthesis. Copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) using a bisazide photo-tether gave cyclic oligonucleotides that could be relinearized by activation with green light and were shown to exhibit high stability against exonucleases. Chemical ligation as another example for bioconjugation yielded oligonucleotides with an internal strand break site. Irradiation at 530 nm or 565 nm resulted in complete photolysis of both caging groups.
Gene therapy on the move
(2013)
The first gene therapy clinical trials were initiated more than two decades ago. In the early days, gene therapy shared the fate of many experimental medicine approaches and was impeded by the occurrence of severe side effects in a few treated patients. The understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to treatment- and/or vector-associated setbacks has resulted in the development of highly sophisticated gene transfer tools with improved safety and therapeutic efficacy. Employing these advanced tools, a series of Phase I/II trials were started in the past few years with excellent clinical results and no side effects reported so far. Moreover, highly efficient gene targeting strategies and site-directed gene editing technologies have been developed and applied clinically. With more than 1900 clinical trials to date, gene therapy has moved from a vision to clinical reality. This review focuses on the application of gene therapy for the correction of inherited diseases, the limitations and drawbacks encountered in some of the early clinical trials and the revival of gene therapy as a powerful treatment option for the correction of monogenic disorders.
The three-dimensional quantification of small-scale processes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is one of the challenges of current atmospheric research and requires the development of new measurement strategies. This work presents the first results from the newly developed Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) obtained during the ESSenCe (ESa Sounder Campaign) and TACTS/ESMVal (TACTS: Transport and composition in the upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere, ESMVal: Earth System Model Validation) aircraft campaigns. The focus of this work is on the so-called dynamics-mode data characterized by a medium-spectral and a very-high-spatial resolution. The retrieval strategy for the derivation of two- and three-dimensional constituent fields in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is presented. Uncertainties of the main retrieval targets (temperature, O3, HNO3, and CFC-12) and their spatial resolution are discussed. During ESSenCe, high-resolution two-dimensional cross-sections have been obtained. Comparisons to collocated remote-sensing and in situ data indicate a good agreement between the data sets. During TACTS/ESMVal, a tomographic flight pattern to sense an intrusion of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere was performed. It was possible to reconstruct this filament at an unprecedented spatial resolution of better than 500 m vertically and 20 × 20 km horizontally.
The three-dimensional quantification of small scale processes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is one of the challenges of current atmospheric research and requires the development of new measurement strategies. This work presents first results from the newly developed Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) obtained during the ESSenCe and TACTS/ESMVal aircraft campaigns. The focus of this work is on the so-called dynamics mode data characterized by a medium spectral and a very high spatial resolution. The retrieval strategy for the derivation of two- and three-dimensional constituent fields in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is presented. Uncertainties of the main retrieval targets (temperature, O3, HNO3 and CFC-12) and their spatial resolution are discussed. During ESSenCe, high resolution two-dimensional cross-sections have been obtained. Comparisons to collocated remote-sensing and in-situ data indicate a good agreement between the data sets. During TACTS/ESMVal a tomographic flight pattern to sense an intrusion of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere has been performed. This filament could be reconstructed with an unprecedented spatial resolution of better than 500 m vertically and 20 km × 20 km horizontally.
Die Frankfurter Universitätsklinik hat mit der Eröffnung des interdisziplinären Brustkrebszentrums 1997 im Rhein-Main-Gebiet neue Maßstäbe bei der Behandlung von Brustkrebs gesetzt. Ziel ist es, die diagnostischen und therapeutischen Abläufe in der Brustkrebsbehandlung zu optimieren sowie die ökonomischen und fachlichen Ressourcen besser zu nutzen. Doch eine gute Therapie ist nur ein Werkzeug bei der Bekämpfung der seit Jahren zunehmenden Brustkrebserkrankungen. Nach Kaufmanns Ansicht ist es wichtig, "zweigleisig zu fahren: Früherkennungsmaßnahmen tragen dazu bei, Tumoren früh zu erkennen. Darüber hinaus gilt es, durch mehr Information mehr Körper- und Gesundheitsbewusstsein zu entwickeln. Denn wer gut informiert ist, hat die besseren Chancen."
Editionen separieren Texte von den Kontexten, in denen sie bei ihrem Entstehungsprozess mit der Hand und technischen Schreibwerkzeugen unterschiedlichster Art geschrieben, als Erstdruck publiziert und von den Zeitgenossen ursprünglich rezipiert worden sind. Zugleich generieren sie, je nach ihren editorischen Prämissen, für die späteren Leser durch die von ihnen vollzogene Selektion, die Anordnung nach Textsorten oder die Anwendung anderer Strukturierungsregeln sowie durch die dabei vorgenommene Hierarchisierung, Kommentierung oder auch Nicht-Kommentierung ihrerseits neue Kontexte und konstruieren so ein bestimmtes, die Rezeption lenkendes Profil von Autor und Werk. Das ist, wie bei anderen prominenten Autoren, auch in der Wirkungsgeschichte Walter Benjamins der Fall. Ich möchte diesem Spannungsverhältnis von Dekontextualisierung und Rekontextualisierung im Folgenden am Beispiel der sogenannten 'kleineren' literaturkritischen Arbeiten - schon das Epitheton ist ein Beispiel für den erwähnten Selektions- und Hierarchisierungsprozess - nachgehen, also anhand der 'Kritiken und Rezensionen', die Benjamin seit der zweiten Hälfte der 1920er Jahre in der 'Frankfurter Zeitung', der 'Literarischen Welt' und an anderer Stelle veröffentlicht hat und deren Korpus im Wesentlichen in dem 1972 publizierten dritten Band der 'Gesammelten Schriften' publiziert worden ist. Ich werde mich dabei, in Blick auf den für diesen Beitrag zur Verfügung stehenden Raum, auf die Skizze zentraler Grundprobleme, auf pointierte Thesen und exemplarische Beispiele beschränken – in der Hoffnung, gerade durch solche Verknappung und Pointierung Impulse für eine weiterführende Diskussion der angesprochenen Probleme zu liefern. Einleitend werde ich zunächst einige grundsätzliche Fragen der Benjamin-Edition skizzieren. Im Anschluss daran werde ich die aktuelle Editionslage von Benjamins Arbeiten zur Literaturkritik im Hinblick auf die Leitfrage meines Beitrags, also auf das Spannungsverhältnis von Text(en) und Kontext(en), kritisch analysieren. Schließlich soll anhand einiger ausgewählter Rezensionen exemplarisch gezeigt werden, welche Bedeutung die in der bisherigen Editionspraxis meist ausgeblendeten Kontexte (z.B. Publikations-, Medien-, Wissenschaftskontexte, biografisch-soziale Kontexte, historische und politische Kontexte etc.) für ein Verständnis des Literaturkritikers Benjamin gewinnen können, sofern man ihnen editorisch die gebührende Beachtung schenkt. Dabei werden Umrisse eines neuen und anderen Benjamin-Bildes sichtbar, das sich von dem bisher verbreiteten nicht nur in Nuancen unterscheidet.
In seiner Rezension zur Kritischen Ausgabe der 'Einbahnstraße' schreibt Lorenz Jäger in der 'Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung' vom 11.3.2010: "Zwischen Moskau und Paris liegt der geographische Raum dieses Buches, auch nach Süden hin ist er offen." Tatsächlich spielt der Süden Europas im Leben und Werk Benjamins eine wichtige Rolle. In Italien und Spanien hat er nicht nur längere Phasen seines Lebens verbracht, sondern bekanntlich auch zentrale, seine intellektuelle Entwicklung prägende Zäsuren erlebt. Seine autobiographischen Texte, Reisebilder und die Besprechungen einschlägiger Werke zur Kultur und Landschaft Südeuropas geben davon ein eindrucksvolles Zeugnis. Hinsichtlich der Rezeption der romanischen Literatur im engeren Sinn wird man aber von einer eher schmalen Tür nach Süden sprechen müssen, jedenfalls gemessen an den breiten Toren, die nach Westen in Richtung Frankreich bzw. nach Osten zur russischen Literatur führen. Gewiss, Benjamin kannte die italienischen Klassiker Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio, Aretino oder Marsilio Ficino, aber sehr tiefe Spuren haben sie in seinem Werk nicht hinterlassen. Etwas anders sieht es bei den großen Autoren des spanischen 'Siglo de Oro' aus. Mit Cervantes als Erzähler, vor allem aber mit dem "Handorakel" von Baltasar Gracián und den Trauerspielen Calderons hat er sich seit den 1920er Jahren wiederholt und intensiv auseinandergesetzt. Aber auch hier fehlt, sieht man von der kurzen Rezension des spanischen Surrealisten Ramón Gómez de la Serna ab, jede nähere Beschäftigung mit bedeutenden Autoren des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Umso auffälliger ist vor diesem Hintergrund das Interesse, das Benjamin dem italienischen Dichter, Philologen, Essayisten und großen Aphoristiker Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837) entgegengebracht hat. Es findet seinen deutlichsten Niederschlag in der Rezension einer deutschen Übersetzung von Leopardis 'Pensieri', die im Frühjahr 1928 geschrieben wurde und in der 'Literarischen Welt' vom 18.3.1928 erschienen ist. Größere Aufmerksamkeit hat diese Besprechung nicht gefunden. Bekannter ist der sich daran anschließende, zwei Monate später an gleicher Stelle publizierte Disput mit dem Übersetzer Richard Peters, der dem Kritiker Gelegenheit gab, zu grundsätzlichen Fragen der Übersetzungstheorie Stellung zu nehmen (WuN XIII, 144–147). Dagegen wurde die Verbindung zwischen Benjamin und Leopardi bislang in der Forschung von keiner Seite thematisiert.
Gen- und Stammzelltherapie stehen für das, wovon die Medizin schon immer geträumt hat: geschädigtes Gewebe durch gesundes ersetzen und die Wirkung defekter Gene durch intakte Kopien korrigieren. Wie ist der Stand der weltweiten Forschung? Welche Hindernisse sind zu überwinden, damit mehr Patienten von der regenerativen Medizin profi tieren werden?
During early G1 phase, Rb is exclusively mono-phosphorylated by cyclin D:Cdk4/6, generating 14 different isoforms with specific binding patterns to E2Fs and other cellular protein targets. While mono-phosphorylated Rb is dispensable for early G1 phase progression, interfering with cyclin D:Cdk4/6 kinase activity prevents G1 phase progression, questioning the role of cyclin D:Cdk4/6 in Rb inactivation. To dissect the molecular functions of cyclin D:Cdk4/6 during cell cycle entry, we generated a single cell reporter for Cdk2 activation, RB inactivation and cell cycle entry by CRISPR/Cas9 tagging endogenous p27 with mCherry. Through single cell tracing of Cdk4i cells, we identified a time-sensitive early G1 phase specific Cdk4/6-dependent phosphorylation gradient that regulates cell cycle entry timing and resides between serum-sensing and cyclin E:Cdk2 activation. To reveal the substrate identity of the Cdk4/6 phosphorylation gradient, we performed whole proteomic and phospho-proteomic mass spectrometry, and identified 147 proteins and 82 phospho-peptides that significantly changed due to Cdk4 inhibition in early G1 phase. In summary, we identified novel (non-Rb) cyclin D:Cdk4/6 substrates that connects early G1 phase functions with cyclin E:Cdk2 activation and Rb inactivation by hyper-phosphorylation.
Background: Computed tomography (CT) low-dose (LD) imaging is used to lower radiation exposure, especially in vascular imaging; in current literature, this is mostly on latest generation high-end CT systems.
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of reduced tube current on objective and subjective image quality of a 15-year-old 16-slice CT system for pulmonary angiography (CTPA).
Material and Methods: CTPA scans from 60 prospectively randomized patients (28 men, 32 women) were examined in this study on a 15-year-old 16-slice CT scanner system. Standard CT (SD) settings were 100 kV and 150 mAs, LD settings were 100 kV and 50 mAs. Attenuation of the pulmonary trunk, various anatomic landmarks, and image noise were quantitatively measured; contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) were calculated. Three independent blinded radiologists subjectively rated each image series using a 5-point grading scale.
Results: CT dose index (CTDI) in the LD series was 66.46% lower compared to the SD settings (2.49 ± 0.55 mGy versus 7.42 ± 1.17 mGy). Attenuation of the pulmonary trunk showed similar results for both series (SD 409.55 ± 91.04 HU; LD 380.43 HU ± 93.11 HU; P = 0.768). Subjective image analysis showed no significant differences between SD and LD settings regarding the suitability for detection of central and peripheral PE (central SD/LD, 4.88; intra-class correlation coefficients [ICC], 0.894/4.83; ICC, 0.745; peripheral SD/LD, 4.70; ICC, 0.943/4.57; ICC, 0.919; all P > 0.4).
Conclusion: The LD protocol, on a 15-year-old CT scanner system without current high-end hardware or post-processing tools, led to a dose reduction of approximately 67% with similar subjective image quality and delineation of central and peripheral pulmonary arteries.
The re-emergence of tuberculosis in its present-day manifestations - single, multiple and extensive drug-resistant forms and as HIV-TB coinfections - has resulted in renewed research on fundamental questions such as the nature of the organism itself, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, definition of the immunological response in animal models and humans, and development of new intervention strategies such as vaccines and drugs. Foremost among these developments has been the precise chemical definition of the complex and distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis, elucidation of the relevant pathways and underlying genetics responsible for the synthesis of the hallmark moieties of the tubercle bacillus such as the mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the phthiocerol- and trehalose-containing effector lipids, the phosphatidylinositol-containing mannosides, lipomannosides and lipoarabinomannosides, major immunomodulators, and others. In this review, the laboratory personnel who have been the focal point of some to these developments review recent progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the basic physiology and functions of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis.
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expression is extensively studied in bulk cDNA, but heterogeneity and functional patterning of GPCR expression in individual vascular cells is poorly understood. Here, we perform a microfluidic-based single-cell GPCR expression analysis in primary smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC). GPCR expression is highly heterogeneous in all cell types, which is confirmed in reporter mice, on the protein level and in human cells. Inflammatory activation in murine models of sepsis or atherosclerosis results in characteristic changes in the GPCR repertoire, and we identify functionally relevant subgroups of cells that are characterized by specific GPCR patterns. We further show that dedifferentiating SMC upregulate GPCRs such as Gpr39, Gprc5b, Gprc5c or Gpr124, and that selective targeting of Gprc5b modulates their differentiation state. Taken together, single-cell profiling identifies receptors expressed on pathologically relevant subpopulations and provides a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies in vascular diseases.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a superfamily of integral membrane proteins, catalyse the translocation of substrates across the cellular membrane by ATP hydrolysis. Here we demonstrate by nucleotide turnover and binding studies based on 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy that the ABC exporter and lipid A flippase MsbA can couple ATP hydrolysis to an adenylate kinase activity, where ADP is converted into AMP and ATP. Single-point mutations reveal that both ATPase and adenylate kinase mechanisms are associated with the same conserved motifs of the nucleotide-binding domain. Based on these results, we propose a model for the coupled ATPase-adenylate kinase mechanism, involving the canonical and an additional nucleotide-binding site. We extend these findings to other prokaryotic ABC exporters, namely LmrA and TmrAB, suggesting that the coupled activities are a general feature of ABC exporters.
The title compound, C22H18N2O2, was derived from 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-dione. The central pyrazole ring forms dihedral angles of 16.83 (5), 48.97 (4) and 51.68 (4)°, respectively, with the methoxyphenyl, phenyl and hydroxyphenyl rings. The crystal packing is stabilized by O-H...N hydrogen bonding. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.002 Å; R factor = 0.037; wR factor = 0.096; data-to-parameter ratio = 17.0.
Der Drömling ist mit einer Fläche von ca. 320 km2 das größte Feucht- und Niedermoorgebiet im deutschen Altpleistozän, das noch große geschlossene Niedermoorkomplexe aufweist. Das Gebiet ist Lebensraum zahlreicher seltener und vom Aussterben bedrohter Tier- und Pflanzenarten. Mit dem im Zuge der Kultivierung entstandenen umfangreichen Graben- und Stauanlagensystem und den historisch bedeutsamen Rimpau’schen Moordammkulturen ist die Drömlingsniederung zugleich eine einmalige Kulturlandschaft.
We investigate complexes of two paramagnetic metal ions Gd3+ and Mn2+ to serve as polarizing agents for solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of 1H, 13C, and 15N at magnetic fields of 5, 9.4, and 14.1 T. Both ions are half-integer high-spin systems with a zero-field splitting and therefore exhibit a broadening of the mS = −1/2 ↔ +1/2 central transition which scales inversely with the external field strength. We investigate experimentally the influence of the chelator molecule, strong hyperfine coupling to the metal nucleus, and deuteration of the bulk matrix on DNP properties. At small Gd-DOTA concentrations the narrow central transition allows us to polarize nuclei with small gyromagnetic ratio such as 13C and even 15N via the solid effect. We demonstrate that enhancements observed are limited by the available microwave power and that large enhancement factors of >100 (for 1H) and on the order of 1000 (for 13C) can be achieved in the saturation limit even at 80 K. At larger Gd(III) concentrations (≥10 mM) where dipolar couplings between two neighboring Gd3+ complexes become substantial a transition towards cross effect as dominating DNP mechanism is observed. Furthermore, the slow spin-diffusion between 13C and 15N, respectively, allows for temporally resolved observation of enhanced polarization spreading from nuclei close to the paramagnetic ion towards nuclei further removed. Subsequently, we present preliminary DNP experiments on ubiquitin by site-directed spin-labeling with Gd3+ chelator tags. The results hold promise towards applications of such paramagnetically labeled proteins for DNP applications in biophysical chemistry and/or structural biology.
It’s intuitively plausible to suppose that there are many things that we can be rationally certain of, at least in many contexts. The present paper argues that, given this principle of Abundancy, there is a Preface Paradox for (rational) credence. Section 1 gives a statement of the paradox, discusses its relation to its familiar counterpart for (rational) belief, and points out the congeniality between Abundancy and broadly contextualist trends in epistemology. This leads to the question whether considerations of context-sensitivity might lend themselves to solving the Preface for credence. Sections 2 and 3 scrutinize two approaches in this spirit—one mimicking Hawthorne’s (2002) Semantic Contextualist approach to an epistemic version of the Preface, the other one analogous to Clarke’s (2015) Sensitivist approach to the doxastic version—arguing that neither approach succeeds as it stands.
Protective ant-plant mutualisms that are exploited by non-defending parasitic ants represent prominent model systems for ecology and evolutionary biology. The mutualist Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus is an obligate plant-ant and fully depends on acacias for nesting space and food. The parasite Pseudomyrmex gracilis facultatively nests on acacias and uses host-derived food rewards but also external food sources. Integrative analyses of genetic microsatellite data, cuticular hydrocarbons and behavioral assays showed that an individual acacia might be inhabited by the workers of several P. gracilis queens, whereas one P. ferrugineus colony monopolizes one or more host trees. Despite these differences in social organization, neither of the species exhibited aggressive behavior among conspecific workers sharing a tree regardless of their relatedness. This lack of aggression corresponds to the high similarity of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles among ants living on the same tree. Host sharing by unrelated colonies, or the presence of several queens in a single colony are discussed as strategies by which parasite colonies could achieve the observed social organization. We argue that in ecological terms, the non-aggressive behavior of non-sibling P. gracilis workers — regardless of the route to achieve this social structure — enables this species to efficiently occupy and exploit a host plant. By contrast, single large and long-lived colonies of the mutualist P. ferrugineus monopolize individual host plants and defend them aggressively against invaders from other trees. Our findings highlight the necessity for using several methods in combination to fully understand how differing life history strategies affect social organization in ants.
Previous investigation of seismic anisotropy indicates the presence of a simple mantle flow regime beneath the Turkish-Anatolian Plateau and Arabian Plate. Numerical modeling suggests that this simple flow is a component of a large-scale global mantle flow associated with the African superplume, which plays a key role in the geodynamic framework of the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone. However, the extent and impact of the flow pattern farther east beneath the Iranian Plateau and Zagros remains unclear. While the relatively smoothly varying lithospheric thickness beneath the Anatolian Plateau and Arabian Plate allows progress of the simple mantle flow, the variable lithospheric thickness across the Iranian Plateau is expected to impose additional boundary conditions on the mantle flow field. In this study, for the first time, we use an unprecedented data set of seismic waveforms from a network of 245 seismic stations to examine the mantle flow pattern and lithospheric deformation over the entire region of the Iranian Plateau and Zagros by investigation of seismic anisotropy. We also examine the correlation between the pattern of seismic anisotropy, plate motion using GPS velocities and surface strain fields. Our study reveals a complex pattern of seismic anisotropy that implies a similarly complex mantle flow field. The pattern of seismic anisotropy suggests that the regional simple mantle flow beneath the Arabian Platform and eastern Turkey deflects as a circular flow around the thick Zagros lithosphere. This circular flow merges into a toroidal component beneath the NW Zagros that is likely an indicator of a lateral discontinuity in the lithosphere. Our examination also suggests that the main lithospheric deformation in the Zagros occurs as an axial shortening across the belt, whereas in the eastern Alborz and Kopeh-Dagh a belt-parallel horizontal lithospheric deformation plays a major role.
In order to elucidate what species among so many kind of marine organisms are likely to be consmed Iargely by the balaenopterid whales, the existing evidence on the food habits of baleen whales is reviewed. To meet with this primary purpose the report was mainly focussed on to describe qualitative aspects of food species having been known to date from the notable whaling grounds over the world rather than documenting quantitative subjects. One of interesting facts noticed throughout the contribution was that there exists fairly intense diversity in the assembly of food species composition by regions such as; northern hemisphere vs. southern hemisphere, Pacific region vs. Atlantic region, inshore waters vs. offshore waters, embayed waters vs. open waters, where the former usually shows more diversed complexity than the latter. The fact however suggests that although the composition of food species locally varies over the various whaling grounds, the food organisms as taxonomical groups are very similar one another even in locally isolated whaIing grounds when the food organisms and their assemblies are considered by the family or genus basis. In this connection many evidences given in the text may suggest that the balaenopterid whales as a whole may substantially live on quite simply compositioned forage assembly in comparison with tremendous variety of organisms existing in the marine ecosystems. One of important aspects of the baleen whales food must be found in their characteristics of forming dense swarms, schools, and/or aggregations in the shallower enough layers to be fed by the whales. The present and past status of larger baleen whales as the mighty monarch through their evolutional pathways may entirely depend upon the spatial distribution pattern of possible food organisms, i.e. the animal aggregations.
Objective: We sought to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of intranasal midazolam (in‐MDZ) as first‐line inhospital therapy in patients with status epilepticus (SE) during continuous EEG recording.
Methods: Data on medical history, etiology and semiology of SE, anticonvulsive medication usage, efficacy and safety of in‐MDZ were retrospectively reviewed between 2015 and 2018. Time to end of SE regarding the administration of in‐MDZ and ß‐band effects were analyzed on EEG and with frequency analysis.
Results: In total, 42 patients (mean age: 52.7 ± 22.7 years; 23 females) were treated with a median dose of 5 mg of in‐MDZ (range: 2.5–15 mg, mean: 6.4 mg, SD: 2.6) for SE. The majority of the patients suffered from nonconvulsive SE (n = 24; 55.8%). In total, 24 (57.1%) patients were responders, as SE stopped following the administration of in‐MDZ without any other drugs being given. On average, SE ceased on EEG at 05:05 (minutes:seconds) after the application of in‐MDZ (median: 04:56; range: 00:29–14:53; SD:03:13). Frequency analysis showed an increased ß‐band on EEG after the application of in‐MDZ at 04:07 on average (median: 03:50; range: 02:20–05:40; SD: 01:09). Adverse events were recorded in six patients (14.3%), with nasal irritations present in five (11.9%) and prolonged sedation occurring in one (2.6%) patient.
Conclusions: This pharmaco‐EEG–based study showed that in‐MDZ is effective and well‐tolerated for the acute treatment of SE. EEG and clinical effects of in‐MDZ administration occurred within 04:07 and 5:05 on average. Intranasal midazolam appears to be an easily applicable and rapidly effective alternative to buccal or intramuscular application as first‐line treatment if an intravenous route is not available.
Her yeni edebî metnin kendinden öncekilerden ya ilham aldığı ya da yeniden üretilerek ortaya çıktığı gerçeği bugün edebiyat çevreleri tarafından kabul edilen bir görüştür. Sinema sanatı edebiyat ile her zaman yakın ilişki içerisinde olmuştur. Senaryolar ise edebî metinlerden beslenerek onlardan ilham almıştır ya da özgün senaryo ile edebî metin benzeşmiştir. Edebiyattan beslenen sinema böylece kendi türünü de oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle melodram türü sinema filmleri 1960 - 1975 yılları arasında Yeşilçam sinemasına hâkim olmuştur. Hamdi Değirmencioğlu'nun 1973 yılında 10. Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivalinde kendisine ödül kazandıran "Hayat mı Bu?" adlı melodram türündeki senaryosu Grimm Kardeşlerin Halk efsanesi olan "Die zwei gleichen Söhne" ile benzerlikler taşımaktadır. Grimm Kardeşlerin 1816–1818 yılları arasında yayınlanmış olan "Deutsche Sagen" (Alman Efsaneleri) eserinde toplam 585 halk efsanesi yer almaktadır. Halk efsanesine konu olan Genç Kral Pepin / III. Pepin (714-768) tarihsel gerçek bir kişidir ve hikâyesi Alman efsaneleri arasında 441. sırada yer almaktadır. Onun hayatından yola çıkarak anne kompleksinin negatif özellikli arketipi olan üvey anne figürüne farklı bir yorum katan bu Alman halk efsanesi, Değirmencioğlu'nun senaryosunu yazdığı 1972 yapımlı Yeşilçam Sinema filmindeki üvey anne figürü ile benzeşmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Grimm Kardeşlerin "Die zwei gleichen Söhne" adlı efsanesi ile Hamdi Değirmencioğlu'nun "Hayat mı Bu?" adlı film senaryosu metinlerarasılık kuramı ile incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Günter Grass'ın 'Yengeç Yürüyüşü" Romanında 'Konrad' Karakterini Dijital Kuşak Olarak Çözümleme
(2021)
"Yengeç Yürüyüşü" romanında, 1945 yılında Nasyonal Sosyalist dönemde torpillenen "Wilhelm Gustloff" gemisinin batırılış öyküsüyle birlikte Pokriefke ailesinin üç kuşak üyelerinin de aile öyküsüne yer verilmiştir."Y kuşağı" teknolojiye olan yatkınlığı ile bilinirken, günümüzde "Z kuşağı", iletişim araçları olarak internet ve akıllı telefonları daha etkin bir şekilde kullanmaktadır. Bu durumda her iki dijital kuşak da iletişim teknolojilerini iyi derecede kullanan teknoloji gurusu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dijital temelli teknolojik gelişmelerin yaşamı değiştirmeye başladığı iki binli yıllar bu bağlamda dönüm noktası olarak ele alınabilir. Romanın olay örgüsünde 1995'lere gelindiğinde genç Konrad'ın dijital iletişim aracı olarak bilgisayar kullanması sonucunda internetten beslenen antisemitizmle yollarının kesişmesinin de öyküsü anlatılır. Romanda, ben-anlatıcı Paul'un başarısız gazetecilik kariyeri, ironik bir şekilde, yetenekli bir bilgisayar kullanıcısı olan oğlu Konrad'ın Neo-Nazilerin www.blutzeuge.de sayfasını düzenli olarak ziyaret etmesi gerçeği ile bir paradox oluşturur. Baba Paul'un başarısızlığının aksine Konrad, büyükanne Tulla'nın yardımıyla bir bilgisayar edinerek ihtiyacı olan bilgiyi elde etmekte başarılı olacaktır. Ancak, istediği bilgiye kavuşan Konrad, internet aracılığıyla bir yandan başarılı araştırmalara imza atarken öte yandan da internet üzerinden tanıştığı bir genci öldürme eylemine karışır. Bu olayla Nasyonal Sosyalist döneminin ideolojik propaganda çalışmalarının Neonazizm aracılığıyla yürütülmeye devam edildiğine bir göndermede bulunulduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada üçüncü kuşak aile üyesi olan Konrad'ın dijital ortamı kullanarak kendisinden önceki kuşakların hatalarını yinelediği kesitler, metin odaklı bir yaklaşımla irdelenerek örnek ve alıntılarla çözümlenmeye çalışılacaktır.
Die Anzahl der Werke zum Thema Antikriegsliteratur, vor allem im Zusammenhang mit dem Ersten Weltkrieg, ist im literarischen Bereich reichlich vorhanden. Die deutsche Literatur bietet durch ihre umfangreiche Anzahl Möglichkeiten diese Werke zu untersuchen. Die Darstellung des Krieges in dem Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" ist deshalb bemerkenswert, weil es viele Beispiele zum Thema Kriegstrauma enthält. Wie wird Kriegstrauma im Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" in der Gegenwartsliteratur geschildert bzw. thematisiert? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, soll das Motiv, "Kriegstrauma" und dessen Darstellungen, die im Roman vorkommen, gelöst werden. Der Ausdruck auf der ersten Seite der Einführung des Romans "Die Schrecken des Ersten Weltkrieges sind die Schrecken aller Kriege", deutet auf das Hauptthema im Roman. Dieser Roman wird auch heute 100 Jahre nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg als ein Zeitzeugen-Dokument angesehen. Der Roman schildert die Erfahrungen eines einfachen Frontsoldaten im Ersten Weltkrieg, den Erich Maria Remarque im Jahre 1927 als er an der Westfront Dienst war geschrieben hat. Im Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" wird die Geschichte des deutschen Soldaten Paul Bäumer und seiner Kameraden im Ersten Weltkrieg erzählt. Traumata / Kriegstraumata / Kriegserlebnisse der Soldaten an der Front sind ein zentrales Thema des Romans.
We simultaneously considered morphology and molecular phylogeny to modify the generic classification of the ‘pyropterine clade’ (Lycidae, Erotinae, Dictyopterini). To place species previously included in Benibotarus Kôno, 1932 in reciprocally monophyletic genera, we propose Gomezzuritus gen. nov. with the type-species Dictyopterus alternatus Fairmaire, 1856. Further, we transfer Gomezzuritus alternatus (Fairmaire, 1856) comb. nov., G. longicornis (Reiche, 1878) comb. nov., and G. rubripes (Pic, 1897) comb. nov. from Benibotarus to Gomezzuritus gen. nov. The pyropterine clade contains five genera in the Palaearctic region: Pyropterus Mulsant, 1838, Gomezzuritus gen. nov., Helcophorus Fairmaire, 1891, Greenarus Kazantsev, 1995, and Benibotarus Kôno, 1932. The arrangement of longitudinal elytral costae proved misleading for consideration of relationships. Two genera in distant positions share only four primary costae (Pyropterus and Helcophorus), and three similarly distant genera share the shortened primary costa 3, resulting in three primary and four secondary longitudinal costae (Gomezzuritus, Greenarus, and Benibotarus). The larva of Gomezzuritus alternatus is described in detail, and it is compared with the larvae of other Dictyopterini, including the presumed larva of G. longicornis.
The recently developed stereospecific sodium salt glycosylation procedure has been successfully applied to the synthesis of the β-ᴅ-2′-deoxyribofuranosides of benzimidazole, 5,6-dihalogeno benzimidazoles, and some 2-substituted analogues in high yield. The 5,6-dibromo analogue was obtained by bromination of the parent nucleoside. These have all been characterized by spectroscopic methods, including 1H NMR, which permitted analyses of their solution conformations and comparison with those of the corresponding ribofuranosides. Some biological aspects, including preliminary results on cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, are briefly considered.
This paper describes the effect of the "Boleslaw" mining and metallurgic complex in Bukowno near Olkusz on the vegetation of the fresh coniferous forest association Vaccinia myrtilli-Pineitum. The increase in concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium in selected plant species under the influence of industrial emission, and the dependence of this increase upon the magnitude of dust fall and site conditions, are analized. The extent of accumulation of heavy metals in plants was assumed to be an indicator of the degree of pressure exerted by the industrial complex. The degradation of fresh coniferous forest was. increasing along with an increase in this pressure. The species composition of the association, and the quantitative relations among species representing various site types underwent considerable changes. In patches extremely degraded, the plant species characteristic of poor sandy grass-lands gained predominance over forest plants.
Almanca dilbilgisinde tümcenin temel öğeleri genellikle eylem temel alınarak yapılır. Türkçe dilbilgisi için bu durum sözde kalmaktadır. Çünkü öğeler genellikle eylemin birleşim değeri göz önünde bulundurulmadan, o anda tümcede rastlantısal olarak bulunan öğeler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, nitel araştırma yöntemiyle internetten ve basılı dokümanlardan elde edilen verilerin yorumlanmasıyla oluşan bu makalede, birleşim değeri çerçevesinde değerlendirme yapılmış olup eylemin gerektirdiği öğeler buna göre ele alınmalıdır. Diğer bir sorun da, Almanca dilbilgisi bağlamında üzerinde genel anlamda uzlaşılan, ancak Türkçede tartışmalı olan nesne terimi ve kavramıdır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada genel anlamda nesne kavramından yola çıkılarak sonilgeçli nesne kavramına gelinecektir. Amaç, Türkçe - Almanca nesne türlerini karşılaştırmak değil, Türk dili bağlamında “nesne”nin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak için Almancadan da örnekler vermektir. Nesne teriminin Türkçede Akkusativobjekt ile sınırlı tutulmasının yanlış olduğu ve çıkma durumu nesnesi, bulunma durumu nesnesi, sonilgeçli nesne gibi terimlerin dilbilgisel bir gerçek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Türkçede eyleyen (Aktant) olarak sonilgeçli nesne (Postpositionalobjekt) gerektiren eylemler olduğu saptanmıştır.
Zu ausgewählten Aspekten der Selbstdarstellung von Ärzten auf deutschen Arztbewertungsportalen
(2019)
Doctors, like other professional groups, are subject to competition rules on the market. As a result, the issue of marketing in the field of medical services is becoming increasingly important. In recent years, the growing importance of doctor evaluation websites can be viewed from this perspective, as these websites give doctors opportunities for online self-presentation. The subject of this analysis is the profiles of doctors on one of the leading German doctor evaluation websites. The starting point for the analysis is the assumption that these websites not only contain information, but also appeal to readers, attempt to influence readers' attitudes, and consequently also contribute to the creation of a positive image of the doctor. Profiles are analyzed starting from a division into thematic blocks, with the help of which specific functions of these texts are implemented.
The current state of German studies is driving certain changes in degree programmes at Polish universities. Above all, students expect training in practical subjects. It is often noted that a change should take place in the field of German studies, in order to improve skills in the field of technical language and specialist communication. On the one hand, this would mean turning away from classic, canonical German studies. On the other hand, it would meet the expectations of future students. In this article we provide a critical overview of the curricular requirements regarding the technical language component of degree programmes at Polish universities. Degree programmes are analyzed in terms of the occurrence and content of the technical language component, and future developments are forecasted.
Die seit Jahren allmählich aber sukzessive ansteigende Digitalisierung bleibt nicht ohne Einfluss auf die Veränderungen in der Forschung, darunter auch in der Phraseologie. Den Möglichkeiten, die einem in diesem Kontext angeboten werden, scheinen keine Grenzen gesetzt zu werden. Das betrifft auch die Lexikographie - hier Phraseographie, die sich von der traditionellen Arbeitsweise und den Arbeitsmethoden immer mehr entfernt und Vorteile der digitalisierten Welt in zunehmendem Maße nutzt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird zum einen das Potential der phraseologischen Online-Wörterbücher geprüft, das zum anderen mit den Möglichkeiten der Printwörterbücher verglichen wird. Das Ziel ist dabei, die Funktionalitäten der beiden Typen von phraseologischen Wörterbüchern miteinander zu vergleichen, um feststellen zu können, ob alle Vorteile der Digitalisierung von den Autoren der Online-Wörterbücher genutzt werden, um verschiedenen Erwartungen der Benutzer gerecht zu werden und ihre Bedürfnisse zu befriedigen. Die Grundlage der Analyse bilden auf der einen Seite sechs repräsentative phraseologische Printwörterbücher für Deutsch, vier für Polnisch, vier phraseologische deutsch-polnische Wörterbücher und zwei polnisch-deutsche und auf der anderen Seite drei Online-Wörterbücher für Deutsch, ein Online-Wörterbuch für Polnisch und zwei deutsch-polnische Online-Wörterbücher. Aus dem Vergleich der Mikrostruktur in den analysierten Wörterbüchern ergeben sich Schlussfolgerungen in Bezug auf die Empfehlungen und fertige Lösungen mancher Probleme lexikographischer Natur, die ihre Anwendung in der digitalen Phraseographie finden können.
Schriftsteller im Spagat : zur deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur von Autoren polnischer Herkunft
(2012)
Im Beitrag wird das Schaffen von drei Autoren polnischer Herkunft – Artur Becker, Dariusz Muszer und Leszek Oświęcimski – skizzenhaft präsentiert, die in den späten 1980er Jahren nach Deutschland migrierten. In ihren Romanen und Erzählungen thematisieren sie die Unmöglichkeit der Rückkehr (Becker), die Erfahrung totaler Fremdheit (Muszer) und Dekonstruktion der nationalen Stereotype (Oświęcimski). Der geschärfte Blick auf das Fremde und das Eigene aus der Perspektive der Migranten im (mentalen, kulturellen, künstlerischen) Spagat zwischen Polen und Deutschland sowie ihre erzählerischen Strategien bilden den Gegenstand des Beitrags.
Der Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung, in der 120 verbale Phrasembelege aus 17 Leitartikeln des Mährischen Tagblatts (MT) vom August 1880 mit den Einträgen in ausgewählten Wörterbüchern der Gegenwartssprache verglichen wurden, um Informationen über die Entwicklung dieser Phraseme zu gewinnen. Die formalen und semantischen Unterschiede wurden nach dem Vergleich mit den Belegen im Deutschen Wörterbuch der Brüder Grimm und ggf. im Deutschen Referenzkorpus in 20 Fällen als ältere Varianten bestimmt, siebenmal ging es um kontextbedingte Modifikationen und dreimal wahrscheinlich um unbeabsichtigte Kontaminationen mehrerer Phraseme. Bei 23 Belegen kann man erst nach einem Vergleich mit weiteren MT- bzw. anderen zeitgenössischen Texten ihre Konnotationen bestimmen und entscheiden, ob es sich um ältere Varianten handelt oder ob ihre Verwendung schon der heutigen Kodifizierung entspricht. Mehr als die Hälfte der Phraseme (67 Tokens) wurden in der heutigen Form und Bedeutung verwendet.
Článek seznamuje s výsledky analýzy nadpisů na úvodnì stránce 16 rakouských internetových novin. Analýza se zaměřila na rozsah pouņitì frazémů v nadpisech, na typy pouņitých frazémů a na způsob jejich pouņitì (normálnì nebo modifikované) v souvislosti s tìm, zda se dané frazémy vyskytujì jen v nadpise nebo i v textu. Výsledky jsou porovnány se závěry dřìvějńìho obdobného výzkumu týkajìcìho se internetové verze rakouského denìku 'Die Presse'.
Výzkumy ukazují, že v novinových nadpisech se s oblibou používají frazémy. Otázkouje, zda to platí i pro internetové texty, jejichž nadpisy by měly obsahovat klíčová slova z textu a být tedy spíše informativní. Článek seznamuje s výsledky analýzy nadpisů v internetové verzi rakouského deníku Die Presse, která se zaměřila na rozsah použití frazémů v nadpisech textů jednotlivých rubrik, na typy použitých frazémů a na způsob jejich použití (normální nebo modifikované).
The paper is an analysis of the literal and the idiomatic use of the German word group '(jm.) (die/seine) Zähne zeigen' and of its Czech counterpart 'ukázat (někomu) (své) zoubky/zuby' (cf. 'to show (sb) one's teeth') in German and Czech electronic text corpora. Its aim is to find possible reasons for the translation of the German idiom in a novel by a single Czech word paraphrasing its meaning. Examples from the parallel corpora seem to support the assumption the reason could be the effort of the translator to prevent misinterpretation due to the difference in the frequency of the literal and the idiomatic use of the particular word group in the given languages.
The paper presents an analysis and a comparison of the meanings and functions of proverbs in two editorials by the lawyer and journalist Dr Jakob Eben. The texts comment on the situation and the relations between nationalities in the Habsburg Monarchy in July 1880. One proverb is used in its normal form by the author (directly), while the other appears in a modified form, in a quotation (indirectly). In both cases the proverbs are used as part of a persuasive strategy in the text type of the editorial, for the purpose of provoking antipathy against the "others", i.e. the Czech politicians as political rivals, by means of their negative characteristics. In their specific co-text and context, the proverbs acquire additional semantic-pragmatic components of meaning, enabling them to participate in various isotopic chains and to contribute significantly to textual coherence. Additionally, their positioning marks important points in the argumentative structure of the text. The analysis also indicates some possibilities for the specification of semantic and pragmatic information in dictionaries.
Příspěvek zkoumá, v jakém rozsahu je kontaktová funkce titulkŧ jedněch německých, jedněch rakouských a dvou ĉeských internetových novin realizována pomocí lexikálních prostředkŧ popisujících nebo vyjadřujících emoce.
Streamer chamber data for collisions of Ar + KCl and Ar + BaI2 at 1.2 GeV/nucleon are compared with microscopic model predictions based on the Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation, for various density-dependent nuclear equations of state. Multiplicity distributions and inclusive rapidity and transverse momentum spectra are in good agreement. Rapidity spectra show evidence of being useful in determining whether the model uses the correct cross sections for binary collisions in the nuclear medium, and whether momentum-dependent interactions are correctly incorporated. Sideward flow results do not favor the same nuclear stiffness parameter at all multiplicities.
Oscillating magnetic field disrupts magnetic orientation in Zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata
(2009)
Background Zebra finches can be trained to use the geomagnetic field as a directional cue for short distance orientation. The physical mechanisms underlying the primary processes of magnetoreception are, however, largely unknown. Two hypotheses of how birds perceive magnetic information are mainly discussed, one dealing with modulation of radical pair processes in retinal structures, the other assuming that iron deposits in the upper beak of the birds are involved. Oscillating magnetic fields in the MHz range disturb radical pair mechanisms but do not affect magnetic particles. Thus, application of such oscillating fields in behavioral experiments can be used as a diagnostic tool to decide between the two alternatives. Methods In a setup that eliminates all directional cues except the geomagnetic field zebra finches were trained to search for food in the magnetic north/south axis. The birds were then tested for orientation performance in two magnetic conditions. In condition 1 the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field was shifted by 90 degrees using a helmholtz coil. In condition 2 a high frequently oscillating field (1.156 MHz) was applied in addition to the shifted field. Another group of birds was trained to solve the orientation task, but with visual landmarks as directional cue. The birds were then tested for their orientation performance in the same magnetic conditions as applied for the first experiment. Results The zebra finches could be trained successfully to orient in the geomagnetic field for food search in the north/south axis. They were also well oriented in test condition 1, with the magnetic field shifted horizontally by 90 degrees. In contrast, when the oscillating field was added the directional choices during food search were randomly distributed. Birds that were trained to visually guided orientation showed no difference of orientation performance in the two magnetic conditions.
Spätwerk, Alterswerk, Altersstil – an der Schwelle zur Ewigkeit streift der alte, der uralte Künstler die Fesseln des Materiellen und der Zeitlichkeit ab«, fasste der Kunsthistoriker Hans Ost 1992 die gängigen Vorstellungen zusammen, die bis heute gerne bemüht werden, wenn die Rede auf die späten und insbesondere die letzten Werke eines schöpferisch Tätigen kommt: Frei von jeglichen Verbindlichkeiten folgt der alte Meister anscheinend nur noch seinem Genius und schafft so das Unvergleichliche. Ost wies darauf hin, dass zwar bereits Goethe 1831 im Gespräch mit seinem Sekretär Friedrich Wilhelm Riemer den Eindruck äußerte, der Venezianer Tizian habe im hohen Alter in seinen Gemälden nur noch die abstrakte Idee der zuvor so täuschend echt nachgeahmten Stoffe geliefert – allerdings wies Goethe diesen Bildern, anders als ab dem 19. Jahrhundert bis zum Teil heute geschehend, nicht unweigerlich einen höheren künstlerischen Rang zu.
Gute Musikvideoclips weisen bei aller Ästhetisierung zuweilen ein durchaus kritisches Potenzial auf: das 1993 von Regisseur Marcus Nispel zu George Michaels Stück »Killer/Papa was a rolling stone« gedrehte Video greift überwiegend auf Haushaltsartikel, deren Firmenlogos und Werbespots zurück, die uns aus dem Alltag bekannt sind, ersetzt die Namen der Artikel jedoch durch einzelne Worte, die dem Liedtext entstammen. So ergibt sich eine den Glücksversprechen der Konsumindustrie gegenüber provokante Aussage, denn die zu Logos und Produktnamen umfunktionierten Begriffe bezeichnen gerade menschliche Grunderfahrungen und Tugenden wie »Freiheit«, »Leben«, »Wahrheit« und »Sterben«, die somit als dem Ausverkauf anheim gegeben dargestellt werden.
We present novel measurements of five short-lived brominated source gases (CH2Br2, CHBr3, CH2ClBr, CHCl2Br and CHClBr2) obtained using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system on board the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO). The instrument is extremely sensitive due to the use of chemical ionisation, allowing detection limits in the lower parts per quadrillion (10-15) range. Data from three campaigns using the HALO aircraft are presented, where the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) of the Northern Hemisphere mid to high latitudes were sampled during winter and during late summer to early fall. We show that an observed decrease with altitude in the stratosphere is consistent with the relative lifetimes of the different compounds. Distributions of the five source gases and total organic bromine just below the tropopause shows an increase in mixing ratio with latitude, in particular during polar winter. This increase in mixing ratio is explained by increasing lifetimes at higher latitudes during winter. As the mixing ratio at the extratropical tropopause are generally higher than those derived for the tropical tropopause, extratropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport will result in elevated levels of organic bromine in comparison to air transported over the tropical tropopause. The observations are compared to model estimates using different emission scenarios. A scenario which has emissions most strongly concentrated to low latitudes cannot reproduce the observed latitudinal distributions and will tend to overestimate bromine input through the tropical tropopause from CH2Br2 and CHBr3. Consequently, the scenario also overestimates the amount of brominated organic gases in the stratosphere. The two scenarios with the highest overall emissions of CH2Br2 tend to overestimate mixing ratios at the tropical tropopause but are in much better agreement with extratropical tropopause values, showing that not only total emissions but also latitudinal distributions in the emissions are of importance. While an increase in tropopause values with latitude is reproduced with all emission scenarios during winter, the simulated extratropical tropopause values are on average lower than the observations during late summer to fall. We show that a good knowledge of the latitudinal distribution of tropopause mixing ratios and of the fractional contributions of tropical and extratropical air is needed to derive stratospheric inorganic bromine in the lowermost stratosphere from observations. Depending on the underlying emission scenario, differences of a factor 2 in reactive bromine derived from observations and model outputs are found for the lowermost stratosphere, based on source gas injection. We conclude that a good representation of the contributions of different source regions is required in models for a robust assessment of the role of short-lived halogen source gases on ozone depletion in the UTLS.
Background: Point of care devices for performing targeted coagulation substitution in bleeding patients have become increasingly important in recent years. New on the market is the Quantra® from HemoSonics (LC, Charlottesville, VA, US). It uses sonorheometry, a sonic estimation of elasticity via resonance (SEER), a novel ultrasound-based technology that measures viscoelastic properties of whole blood. Several studies have already shown the comparability with devices already established on the market such as the ROTEM® (TEM International GmbH, Munich, Germany).
Objective: In contrast to existing studies, the planned study will be the first prospective interventional study using the new Quantra® system in a cardiac surgical patient cohort. The aim is to investigate the non-inferiority between an already existing coagulation algorithm, based on ROTEM®/Multiplate®, and a new algorithm based on the Quantra®, for the treatment of coagulopathic cardiac surgical patients.
Methods: The study is divided into two phases. In an initial observation phase, whole blood samples of 20 patients will be analyzed using both ROTEM®/Multiplate® and Quantra® obtained at three defined points of time (prior to surgery, after completion of cardiopulmonary bypass, on arrival in the intensive care unit). The obtained threshold values will be used to create an algorithm for hemotherapy. In a second intervention phase, the new algorithm will be tested against an algorithm used routineously for years at our department for non-inferiority.
Results: The main objective of the examination is the cumulative loss of blood within 24 hours after surgery. Statistical calculations based on literature and in-house data suggest that the new algorithm is not inferior if the difference in cumulative blood loss is < 150ml/24 h.
Conclusions: Because of the comparability of the Quantra® sonorheometry system with ROTEM® rotational thromboelastometric measurement methods, the existing hemotherapy treatment algorithm can be adapted to the Quantra device with a proof of non-inferiority. Clinical Trial: International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03902275
Simple Summary: Pseudoprogression detection in glioblastoma patients remains a challenging task. Although pseudoprogression has only a moderate prevalence of 10–30% following first-line treatment of glioblastoma patients, it bears critical implications for affected patients. Non-invasive techniques, such as amino acid PET imaging using the tracer O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET), expose features that have been shown to provide useful information to distinguish tumor progression from pseudoprogression. The usefulness of FET-PET in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma exclusively, however, has not been investigated so far. Recently, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been shown to offer great potential particularly when multiparametric data is available. In this preliminary study, a Linear Discriminant Analysis-based ML algorithm was deployed in a cohort of newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype glioblastoma patients (n = 44) and demonstrated a significantly better diagnostic performance than conventional ROC analysis. This preliminary study is the first to assess the performance of ML in FET-PET for diagnosing pseudoprogression exclusively in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma and demonstrates its potential.
Abstract: Pseudoprogression (PSP) detection in glioblastoma remains challenging and has important clinical implications. We investigated the potential of machine learning (ML) in improving the performance of PET using O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) for differentiation of tumor progression from PSP in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. We retrospectively evaluated the PET data of patients with newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype glioblastoma following chemoradiation. Contrast-enhanced MRI suspected PSP/TP and all patients underwent subsequently an additional dynamic FET-PET scan. The modified Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria served to diagnose PSP. We trained a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)-based classifier using FET-PET derived features on a hold-out validation set. The results of the ML model were compared with a conventional FET-PET analysis using the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve. Of the 44 patients included in this preliminary study, 14 patients were diagnosed with PSP. The mean (TBRmean) and maximum tumor-to-brain ratios (TBRmax) were significantly higher in the TP group as compared to the PSP group (p = 0.014 and p = 0.033, respectively). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for TBRmax and TBRmean was 0.68 and 0.74, respectively. Using the LDA-based algorithm, the AUC (0.93) was significantly higher than the AUC for TBRmax. This preliminary study shows that in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma, ML-based PSP detection leads to better diagnostic performance.
Accurate multidimensional localization of isolated fluorescent emitters is a time consuming process in single-molecule based super-resolution microscopy. We demonstrate a functional method for real-time reconstruction with automatic feedback control, without compromising the localization accuracy. Compatible with high frame rates of EM-CCD cameras, it relies on a wavelet segmentation algorithm, together with a mix of CPU/GPU implementation. A combination with Gaussian fitting allows direct access to 3D localization. Automatic feedback control ensures optimal molecule density throughout the acquisition process. With this method, we significantly improve the efficiency and feasibility of localization-based super-resolution microscopy.
Feedforward inhibition and synaptic scaling are important adaptive processes that control the total input a neuron can receive from its afferents. While often studied in isolation, the two have been reported to co-occur in various brain regions. The functional implications of their interactions remain unclear, however. Based on a probabilistic modeling approach, we show here that fast feedforward inhibition and synaptic scaling interact synergistically during unsupervised learning. In technical terms, we model the input to a neural circuit using a normalized mixture model with Poisson noise. We demonstrate analytically and numerically that, in the presence of lateral inhibition introducing competition between different neurons, Hebbian plasticity and synaptic scaling approximate the optimal maximum likelihood solutions for this model. Our results suggest that, beyond its conventional use as a mechanism to remove undesired pattern variations, input normalization can make typical neural interaction and learning rules optimal on the stimulus subspace defined through feedforward inhibition. Furthermore, learning within this subspace is more efficient in practice, as it helps avoid locally optimal solutions. Our results suggest a close connection between feedforward inhibition and synaptic scaling which may have important functional implications for general cortical processing.
Background: Patient Blood Management (PBM) is a systematic quality improving clinical model to reduce anemia and avoid transfusions in all kinds of clinical settings. Here, we investigated the potential of PBM in oncologic surgery and hypothesized that PBM improves 2-year overall survival (OS).
Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients 2 years before and after PBM implementation. The primary endpoint was OS at 2 years after surgery. We identified a sample size of 824 to detect a 10% improvement in survival in the PBM group.
Results: The analysis comprised of 836 patients that underwent oncologic surgery, 389 before and 447 after PBM, was implemented. Patients in the PBM+ presented significantly more frequent with normal hemoglobin values before surgery than PBM− (56.6 vs. 35.7%; p < 0.001). The number of transfusions was significantly reduced from 5.5 ± 11.1 to 3.0 ± 6.9 units/patient (p < 0.001); moreover, the percentage of patients being transfused during the clinic stay was significantly reduced from 62.4 to 40.9% (p < 0.001). Two-year OS was significantly better in the PBM+ and increased from 67.0 to 80.1% (p = 0.001). A normal hemoglobin value (> 12 g/dl in female and > 13 g/dl in male) before surgery (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.29–0.65, p < 0.001) was the only independent predictive factor positively affecting survival.
Conclusions: PBM is a quality improvement tool that is associated with better mid-term surgical oncologic outcome. The root cause for improvement is the increase of patients entering surgery with normal hemoglobin values.
Ovaj se rad bavi položajem zanaglasnica u kontekstu njegove obrade u nastavi hrvatskoga jezika u srednjim školama. S obzirom na to da pisani korpus pokazuje velika odstupanja od klasičnoga tumačenja Wackernagelova pravila (Peti-Stantić 2007), htjele smo ovu pojavu istražiti u kontekstu odnosa nastavnika hrvatskoga jezika prema poučavanju pravila o položaju zanaglasnica. Dosadašnji radovi u ovome području pokazuju različite težnje. Dok većina suvremenih gramatika (Babić i dr. 2007, Barić i dr. 2005, Težak i Babić 1994) staje u prilog prozodijskome tumačenju Wackernagelova pravila, prema kojemu se zanaglasnica uvrštava iza prve naglašene riječi u rečenici, neki suvremeni jezikoslovci (Peti-Stantić 2002, 2002a, 2006, 2007) zagovaraju sintaktičko tumačenje ovoga pravila u hrvatskome jeziku, prema kojemu se zanaglasnice smještaju iza prve naglašene sintaktičke jedinice. Ovi drugi svoje tvrdnje podupiru neskladom između propisanih pravila i stvarne uporabe, tj. korpusa, a naše se istraživanje bavi sličnim problemom – odnosom između načelnih i praktičnih elemenata poučavanja ovoga pravila. Ispitivanje predodžbe nastavnika o pravilu o položaju zanaglasnica u hrvatskome jeziku te prakse poučavanja toga pravila otkrilo je da nastavnici daju prednost prozodijskom tumačenju Wackernagelova pravila, no nisu skloni ispravljanju učenika koji ga drugačije primjenjuju.
Background: In March 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak led to the declaration of a pandemic. The accompanying restrictions on public life caused a change in the training routines of athletes worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a 13-week supervised home training program on physical performance, sleep quality, and health-related quality of life in professional youth soccer players during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Germany.
Methods: Eight professional soccer players (age range 16–19; height: 1.81 ± 0.07 m; body weight: 72.05 ± 6.96 kg) from a Bundesliga team in Germany participated in this study. During the lockdown, they trained 5–6 days per week with home-based training plans and were monitored via tracking apps and video training. To determine the effects of home training, measurements were taken before (March 2020) and after (June 2020) the home training period. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to determine body composition, and an isokinetic strength test and a treadmill step test, including lactate measurements, were used to measure physical performance. Two questionnaires were responded to in order to assess health-related quality of life [Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36)] and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index).
Results: When comparing measurements before and after the home training period, we observed significant increases in the following variables: body weight (72.05 ± 6.96 kg vs. 73.50 ± 6.68 kg, p = 0.034), fat mass (11.99 ± 3.13 % vs. 13.98 ± 3.92 %, p = 0.030), body mass index (22.04 ± 0.85 kg/m2 vs. 22.49 ± 0.92 kg/m2, p = 0.049), and mental health component summary score (MCS) of the questionnaire SF-36 (53.95 ± 3.47 vs. 58.33 ± 4.50, p = 0.044). Scores on the general health (77.88 ± 14.56 vs. 89.75 ± 13.76, p = 0.025) and mental health (81.50 ± 9.30 vs. 90.00 ± 11.71, p = 0.018) subscales of the SF-36 also increased significantly.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 lockdown led to an increase in body composition parameters and showed an improvement in the MCS and scores on the general and mental health subscales of the SF-36. Physical performance and sleep quality could be maintained during the home training period. These observations may help trainers for future training planning during longer interruptions in soccer training.
Introduction: Our aim was to highlight the characteristics of pediatric Meckel's diverticulum with a special focus on its complications.
Methods: We report a group of seven patients with Meckel's diverticulum and its resection from the Department of Pediatric Surgery between 2012 and 2017. We reviewed all patient records, clinical presentation, and intraoperative findings. The diagnosis was confirmed by surgery and pathology. For a systematic literature review, we used PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar search engines to locate articles containing terms such as Meckel's diverticulum, children, pediatric, complications and symptomatic. We included article reporting on case series in English and German on pediatric patients only.
Results: All included patients (n = 7) were symptomatic. Some patients showed isolated symptoms, and others presented with a combination of symptoms that consisted of abdominal pain, bloody stool or vomiting. The median age of our seven cases was 3.5 years, including 4 male and 3 female patients. Intestinal obstruction was the most common complication; it was seen in 5 out of 7 patients (intussusception in 4 cases, volvulus in 1 case). Ectopic gastric tissue was identified in 3 cases, and inclusion of pancreatic tissue was observed in 1 case. The literature review identified 8 articles for a total of 641 patients aged between 1 day and 17 years and a male:female ratio of 2.6:1. From this group, 528 patients showed clinical symptoms related to Meckel's diverticulum. The most common symptom was abdominal pain and bloody stool. The most common surgical finding in symptomatic patients was intestinal obstruction (41%), followed by intestinal hemorrhage (34%). Complications such as perforation (10%) and diverticulitis (13%) were less frequently reported. Heterotopic tissue was confirmed on histopathology in 53% of all patients enclosing gastric, pancreatic, and both gastric and pancreatic mucosae. In one case, large intestine tissue could be found. Overall, one death was reported.
Conclusion: The presented case series and literature review found similar clinical presentations and complications of Meckel's diverticulum in children. Intestinal obstruction and bleeding are more frequent than inflammation in pediatric Meckel's diverticulum. Bowel obstruction is the leading cause for complicated Meckel's diverticulum in patients younger than 12 years.
We report a case of a 2-day-old neonate with bilious vomiting and abdominal distension. A small bowel obstruction with ileal perforation due to a misplaced clamping of the umbilical cord was apparent before laparotomy. This complication was a sequala after clamping the cord too close to the abdominal wall in a case where there was a hernia into the cord with intestinal content. A herniation of abdominal contents due to an omphalocele minor or a hernia must be taken into consideration during the inspection of the umbilical cord before clamping.
Introduction: Endovascular aortic repair, if technically feasible, is the treatment of choice for patients with a contained ruptured aortic aneurysm who are unfit for open surgery. Case presentation: We report the case of an 80-year-old Caucasian man who presented with an unusually configured, symptomatic infrarenal aortic aneurysm. His aneurysm showed an erosion of the fourth lumbar vertebra and a severely arteriosclerotic pelvic axis. A high thigh amputation of his right leg had been performed 15 months previously. On his right side, occlusion of his external iliac artery, common femoral artery, and deep femoral artery had occurred. His aneurysm was treated by a left-sided aortomonoiliac stent graft without femorofemoral revascularization, resulting in occlusions of both internal iliac arteries. No ischemic symptoms appeared, although perfusion of his right side was maintained only over epigastric collaterals. Conclusions: The placement of aortomonoiliac stent grafts for endovascular treatment of infrarenal aortic aneurysms without contralateral revascularization is a feasible treatment option in isolated cases. In this report, access problems and revascularization options in endovascular aneurysm repair are discussed.
STADT FÜR ALLE! steht in großen rosa Buchstaben auf der Fassade des verlassenen Amerika Instituts. Das mit Graffiti überzogene Gebäude ist den meisten Bewohner:innen des Frankfurter Westends eher ein Dorn im Auge. Was aber vielen Frankfurter:innen nicht mehr bekannt sein dürfte, ist die enorme politische Aufladung, die der Bau als öffentlicher Schauplatz in sich birgt. Ein historischer Rückblick.
Artificial splitting of a non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase by inserting natural docking domains
(2020)
The interaction in multisubunit non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) is mediated by docking domains that ensure the correct subunit‐to‐subunit interaction. We introduced natural docking domains into the three‐module xefoampeptide synthetase (XfpS) to create two to three artificial NRPS XfpS subunits. The enzymatic performance of the split biosynthesis was measured by absolute quantification of the products by HPLC‐ESI‐MS. The connecting role of the docking domains was probed by deleting integral parts of them. The peptide production data was compared to soluble protein amounts of the NRPS using SDS‐PAGE. Reduced peptide synthesis was not a result of reduced soluble NRPS concentration but a consequence of the deletion of vital docking domain parts. Splitting the xefoampeptide biosynthesis polypeptide by introducing docking domains was feasible and resulted in higher amounts of product in one of the two tested split‐module cases compared to the full‐length wild‐type enzyme.
Weiden (Salix spp., Salicaceae) gehören zu den typischen Gehölzarten der Flussauen in Mitteleuropa. Viele Arten dieser Gattung haben ähnliche Eigenschaften (life history traits) und Strategien bei der Besiedelung frisch entstandener Rohböden. In Auenhabitaten kommen deshalb häufig mehrere Weidenarten gemeinsam vor und treten deshalb miteinander in Konkurrenz. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob interspezifische phänologische Unterschiede in der Zeit der Samenausbreitung in Verbindung mit wechselnden Pegelständen des Flusses dazu führen, dass sich koexistierende Weidenarten räumlich differenziert ansiedeln und so die interspezifische Konkurrenz zwischen den Weiden reduziert wird. Auf frisch sedimentierten Auenböden an der Rodach und am Oberlauf des Mains (Oberfranken, Nordostbayern) wurde der Einfluss der Zeit des Samenfluges und der Schwankung der Pegelstände auf die räumliche Verteilung der Keimlinge von Salix fragilis s.l., S. purpurea, S. triandra und S. viminalis auf zwei Aufnahmeflächen untersucht. Ergänzt wurden diese Freilandstudien durch Untersuchungen zur Keimfähigkeit von Samen dieser Arten unter verschiedenen Bedingungen im Labor. Die Keimfähigkeit der Samen betrug unmittelbar nach ihrer Reife mindestens 80-100%. Bei trockener Lagerung (20 °C) erlosch die Keimfähigkeit von S. fragilis und S. triandra nach 4 Wochen, bei S. purpurea und S. viminalis nach spätestens 6 Wochen. Die Samen aller Arten können auch im Wasser keimen.
Anhand des Zeitraumes der Samenausbreitung lassen sich die im Freiland untersuchten Weiden in eine früh (S. purpurea und S. viminalis) und in eine spät fruktifizierende Gruppe (S. fragilis s.l. und S. triandra) unterscheiden. Die Keimlinge aller Arten traten jeweils nur in einem schmalen Saum entlang des Ufers auf. Die Pegel von Main und Rodach an den Untersuchungsflächen waren während des Samenfluges der früh fruktifizierenden Gruppe höher als während des Samenfluges der spät fruktifizierenden Gruppe. Keimlinge beider Gruppen etablierten sich deshalb in unterschiedlichen Reliefbereichen und in unterschiedlicher Entfernung zum Ufer: bezogen auf einen sommerlichen Tiefstand des Wassers waren die Keimlinge der früh fruktifizierenden Arten (S. purpurea und S. viminalis) höher auf der Kiesbank und weiter vom Ufer entfernt als die der spät fruktifizierenden Arten (S. fragilis s.l. und S. triandra). Phänologische Unterschiede ermöglichen somit in Kombination mit sinkenden Wasserständen eine räumlich differenzierte Verteilung von Keimlingen verschiedener Weidenarten auf engstem Raum. Dies trägt zur Verringerung interspezifischer Konkurrenz und zu einer hohen Diversität von Salix-Arten in alluvialen Habitaten bei.
The article presents two surgical texts written in Strasbourg around 1500. The author of the first text is Hieronymus Brunschwig, and the second is by Hans Gersdorff. Although Gersdorff's book is more like a teaching text, a set of normative instructions in the manner of (legally binding) municipal records, it was published under the name 'Feldbuch'. The publisher may have chosen this designation under the influence of texts named Feldbücher, originating in the Moravian-Silesian region, which were originally intended as manuals for barber surgeons working on battlefields
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum (Aspleniaceae, Pteridophyta) breitet sich seit ca. 20 Jahren von seinem Arealrand im Rheinisch-Westfälischen Mittelgebirge ins Tiefland hinein aus. Die bislang in Nordrhein-Westfalen collin-montan verbreitete Farnart besaß dort bis zum Ende der 1980er Jahre eine stabile Verbreitungsgrenze mit Vorkommen an Felsstandorten des Ruhrtals (südliches Ruhrgebiet). Ausbreitungsgeschichte, Populationsentwicklung, Gesellschaftsanschluss sowie die neuen Wuchsorte werden dargestellt. Insgesamt konnten seit 1990 25 Neufunde, 16 davon im planaren Raum des Niederrheinischen Tieflandes und der Westfälischen Bucht, mit einer Gesamtpopulation von über 580 Individuen verzeichnet werden. Die Ursachen der Arealerweiterung werden anhand von vier Hypothesen und unter Berücksichtigung von Untersuchungsergebnissen aus West- und Nordwesteuropa diskutiert. Eine derzeit häufig diskutierte mögliche Ursache der Arealerweiterung ist die seit Jahren erkennbare Klimaerwärmung, bei der insbesondere die milderen Winter und wärmeren Sommer u.a. zu einer Veränderung der Luftfeuchtigkeit führen. Diese scheidet jedoch im Falle von Asplenium adiatum-nigrum zumindest als monokausale Erklärung aus. Die veränderten klimatischen Faktoren überlagern sich zeitgleich mit einer einhergehenden Luftverbesserung (insbesondere Verringerung der SO2-Immissionen) und höheren Stickstoffimmissionen, welche letztlich die Wuchsbedingungen des Farntaxons insgesamt positiv beeinflussen können. Ein belegbarer Zusammenhang zwischen Ausbreitung des Taxons und den veränderten Klima- sowie Umweltbedingungen ist derzeit allerdings nicht gegeben.
Im Rahmen stadtfloristischer Untersuchungen des Ruhrgebietes wurden in Brunnen- und Kellerlichtschächten Vorkommen von Pteris cretica var. albolineata (Pteridaceae) und Adiantum raddianum (Adiantaceae) nachgewiesen, beide taxonomisch im weiteren Sinne zu verstehen. Die Wuchsorte, Populationsgrößen und Begleitvegetation werden beschrieben, Status und Ausbreitungstendenzen der Taxa diskutiert.
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) control every RNA metabolic process by multiple protein-RNA and protein-protein interactions. Their roles have largely been analyzed by crude mutations, which abrogate multiple functions at once and likely impact the structural integrity of the large ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) these proteins function in. Using UV-induced RNA-protein crosslinking of entire cells, protein complex purification and mass spectrometric analysis, we identified >100 in vivo RNA crosslinks in 16 nuclear mRNP components in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For functional analysis, we chose Npl3, which displayed crosslinks in its two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and in the connecting flexible linker region. Both RRM domains and the linker uniquely contribute to RNA recognition as revealed by NMR and structural analyses. Interestingly, mutations in these regions cause different phenotypes, indicating distinct functions of the different RNA-binding domains. Notably, an npl3-Linker mutation strongly impairs recruitment of several mRNP components to chromatin and incorporation of other mRNP components into nuclear mRNPs, establishing a so far unknown function of Npl3 in nuclear mRNP assembly. Taken together, our integrative analysis uncovers a specific function of the RNA-binding activity of the nuclear mRNP component Npl3. This approach can be readily applied to RBPs in any RNA metabolic process.
Die Grenzen zwischen Wirklichkeit und Fantasie beim Film sind fließend - besonders für Kinder und Jugendliche. Während Kinder dem Gesehenen durch Mimik, Gestik, Anrede und direktes Eingreifen spontan und aktiv Ausdruck verleihen, vermindert sich diese Neigung zum aktiven Miterleben der filmischen Handlung im Laufe der Pubertät auf ein Minimum. Der Autor erläutert, in welchen wesentlichen Punkten und aus welchen Gründen sich die Filmwahrnehmung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen von der Wahrnehmung erwachsener Zuschauer unterscheidet. Vor allem in Hinsicht auf eine gesamtpersönliche Beteiligung an Inhalt und Ablauf des Filmes sind Alter und Geschlecht der Kinder, Persönlichkeitstypus, Bildungsschicht und Grad der Faszination durch einen bestimmten Film entscheidende Faktoren.
Wie können Unternehmen bei der Auswahl von Bewerbern zukünftig besser zwischen Quantität und Qualität abwägen? Welche Wege sollten Kandidaten bei der Suche nach ihrem Wunscharbeitgeber einschlagen? Fragen, mit denen sich die Frankfurter Wirtschaftsinformatiker beschäftigen. Das Internet hat in den letzten Jahren die Personalbeschaffung erobert: Viele große und mittlere Unternehmen suchen ihr neues Personal inzwischen überwiegend auf elektronischem Weg. So lassen sich nicht nur die Kosten für das Personalmarketing deutlich reduzieren, auch die Rekrutierungszeiten werden kürzer. Doch gleichzeitig sehen sich die Unternehmen einer wachsenden Flut von Bewerbern gegenüber: Stellensuchende nutzen – verstärkt durch den Druck des Arbeitsmarkts – zunehmend die Chance, ihre Bewerbung über das Internet schnell, kostengünstig und an mehrere Unternehmen gleichzeitig elektronisch zu versenden. Um schnell die relevantesten Bewerber für ausgeschriebene Stellen zu identifizieren, benötigen die Unternehmen entsprechende Tools. Das Team um Wolfgang König und Tobias Keim erforscht innovative Lösungen.
"ûf der wortheide" : Hugo Suolahti und Emil Öhmann - zwei Altmeister der finnischen Germanistik
(2010)
Mit Hilfe des wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Epithetons "Finnische Schule" für die Germanistik und für deren Paradigmenwechsel in den letzten gut 100 Jahren stellt der Beitrag das Lebenswerk der zwei finnischen Altmeister der germanischen Philologie Hugo Suolahti (1874-1944; o. Prof. in Helsinki 1911-1941) und Emil Öhmann (1894-1984; o. Prof. in Turku 1925-1944 und in Helsinki 1944-1963) vor. Nachdem an die Wichtigkeit der Studienaufenthalte in renommierten deutschen Germanistikzentren (Heidelberg, Freiburg, Leipzig und Berlin) für beide Forscherkarrieren erinnert wird, werden die zentralen Themenbereiche in den Forschungsouvres der zwei Akademiker umrissen. Bei Suolahti sind es die Tier- und Vogelnamen, französisch-deutsche Lehnwortbeziehungen im Mittelalter sowie germanisch-finnische Lehnwortbeziehungen. Bei Öhmann zeichnet sich ein noch breiteres Spektrum an Forschungsschwerpunkten ab: romanisch-deutsche Lehnbeziehungen bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters, germanisch-finnische bzw. deutsch-finnische Lehnlexik, weitere lexikologisch-lexikographische Wortgeschichten; historische Phonologie, Morphologie und Syntax: Textgeschichte und Textkritik; Fragen der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft. Abschließend wird die breite und lange germanistische Nachwirkung von Suolahti und Öhmann am Beispiel ihrer Schülerinnen und Schüler vorgestellt.
This article tries to outline possible research topics in the field of comparative 20th century legal history between Europe and Latin-America. It seeks to examine changes both in Labour and Property law as core areas where social conceptions began to influence »liberal« private law. Focussing on an example from Mexican law in the aftermath of the revolution which took place in the first decades of the 20th century, it is argued that new conceptions in both fields were discussed using similar conceptual patterns in Europe and LatinAmerica. In the reaction of the jurists from both continents to the challenges of the new century lies a possibility for fruitful comparison. Conducting research in such a framework can also produce comparative results on the interplay between constitutional law and private law – especially when the focus lies on Germany and Mexico, where new constitutions at the beginning of the new century did evoke reactions in the discourses about private law. With regard to methodology it has to be observed that such research has to go far beyond the traditional pattern of »reception« of legal concepts from Europe in Latin-America, and to highlight more complex ways of transition of legal forms between the two continents.
In Germany, the termination of employment contracts is a central and often intensely debated legal issue today. This is not surprising since employment termination entails substantial risks for the person affected and threatens the very foundation of his or her economic existence. This is why both politics and legal dogmatics place the individual engaged in dependent work at the centre of concern as a subject requiring protection. In Germany, labour law ("Arbeitsrecht") emerged as an independent field of law focusing on the persona of the dependent worker ("Arbeitnehmer") and its typified normative ascriptions. This process took place in the course of the 20th century, as the concept of the principal requirement that employees be protected against unforeseen or unjustified dismissal became increasingly established, giving rise to very intricate regulations. Social security is a guiding motif of this legislation which regards contract termination primarily as a risk. It is often not considered that this constellation is a very new one. Defined conceptions of the interests of the parties to labour contracts also existed before 1900, but social security was then not a central criterion. At that time, many people perceived the termination of their employment as an opportunity rather than primarily as a risk. Employers, on the other hand, aimed to keep people in their service for as long as possible. In the late 19th century, the enforcement of labour performance by legal means and normative instruments, which no longer plays any role today, was still an important issue. This provides occasion to investigate the freedom of working people from the perspective of the history of law, whereby this article focuses on the history of the German-speaking territories. ...
Cortical tracking of stimulus features (such as the envelope) is a crucial tractable neural mechanism, allowing us to investigate how we process continuous music. We here tested whether cortical and behavioural tracking of beat, typically related to rhythm processing, are modulated by pitch predictability. In two experiments (n=20, n=52), participants’ ability to tap along to the beat of musical sequences was measured for tonal (high pitch predictability) and atonal (low pitch predictability) music. In Experiment 1, we additionally measured participants’ EEG and analysed cortical tracking of the acoustic envelope and of pitch surprisal (using IDyOM). In both experiments, finger-tapping performance was better in the tonal than the atonal condition, indicating a positive effect of pitch predictability on behavioural rhythm processing. Neural data revealed that the acoustic envelope was tracked stronger while listening to atonal than tonal music, potentially reflecting listeners’ violated pitch expectations. Our findings show that cortical envelope tracking, beyond reflecting musical rhythm processing, is modulated by pitch predictability (as well as musical expertise and enjoyment). Stronger cortical surprisal tracking was linked to overall worse envelope tracking, and worse finger-tapping performance for atonal music. Specifically, the low pitch predictability in atonal music seems to draw attentional resources resulting in a reduced ability to follow the rhythm behaviourally. Overall, cortical envelope and surprisal tracking were differentially related to behaviour in tonal and atonal music, likely reflecting differential processing under conditions of high and low predictability. Taken together, our results show diverse effects of pitch predictability on musical rhythm processing.
SUMO : glue or solvent for phase-separated ribonucleoprotein complexes and molecular condensates?
(2021)
Spatial organization of cellular processes in membranous or membrane-less organelles (MLOs, alias molecular condensates) is a key concept for compartmentalizing biochemical pathways. Prime examples of MLOs are the nucleolus, PML nuclear bodies, nuclear splicing speckles or cytosolic stress granules. They all represent distinct sub- cellular structures typically enriched in intrinsically disordered proteins and/or RNA and are formed in a process driven by liquid-liquid phase separation. Several MLOs are critically involved in proteostasis and their formation, disassembly and composition are highly sensitive to proteotoxic insults. Changes in the dynamics of MLOs are a major driver of cell dysfunction and disease. There is growing evidence that post-translational modifications are critically involved in controlling the dynamics and composition of MLOs and recent evidence supports an important role of the ubiquitin-like SUMO system in regulating both the assembly and disassembly of these structures. Here we will review our current understanding of SUMO function in MLO dynamics under both normal and pathological conditions.
The dynamic and reversible post-translational modification of proteins and protein complexes with the ubiquitin-related SUMO modifier regulates a wide variety of nuclear functions, such as transcription, replication and DNA repair. SUMO can be attached as a monomer to its targets, but can also form polymeric SUMO chains. While monoSUMOylation is generally involved in the assembly of protein complexes, multi- or polySUMOylation may have very different consequences. The evolutionary conserved paradigmatic signaling process initiated by multi- or polySUMOylation is the SUMO-targeted Ubiquitin ligase (StUbL) pathway, where the presence of multiple SUMO moieties primes ubiquitylation by the mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF4 or RNF111, or the yeast Slx5/8 heterodimer. The mammalian SUMO chain-specific isopeptidases SENP6 or SENP7, or yeast Ulp2, counterbalance chain formation thereby limiting StUbL activity. Many facets of SUMO chain signaling are still incompletely understood, mainly because only a limited number of polySUMOylated substrates have been identified. Here we summarize recent work that revealed a highly interconnected network of candidate polySUMO modified proteins functioning in DNA damage response and chromatin organization. Based on these datasets and published work on distinct polySUMO-regulated processes we discuss overarching concepts in SUMO chain function. We propose an evolutionary conserved role of polySUMOylation in orchestrating chromatin dynamics and genome stability networks by balancing chromatin-residency of protein complexes. This concept will be exemplified in processes, such as centromere/kinetochore organization, sister chromatid cohesion, DNA repair and replication.
Terrestrial, freshwater and estuarine native vegetation of the Eden region was classified into 79 floristic assemblages and mapped at 1:100,000 scale. Assemblages were derived from multivariate analysis of 1604 quantitative vegetation samples. Mapping was carried out using a hybrid decision tree-expert system approach based on quantitative relationships between floristic assemblages and spatial variables (land cover pattern, substrate, climatic variables and terrain variables) and qualitative expert knowledge derived from field experience. The use of vegetation environment relationships and sampling of remnants allowed prediction of vegetation patterns prior to European clearing. The map was validated using three procedures: qualitative checking by experts; reliability mapping using sampling intensity; and accuracy quantification using independent sample data. The map units were described using comprehensive profiles of diagnostic species, structural features, habitat characteristics and sample distributions.
The 79 floristic assemblages include rainforests, mesic eucalypt forests, dry grassy eucalypt forests of the coastal rain shadow valleys, hinterland and tableland, dry shrubby eucalypt forests, grasslands, heathlands, scrubs and wetlands. Variation in climate and geological substrate influence vegetation patterns at regional scales, while variation in topography, local soil moisture and nutrient status and disturbance regimes influence vegetation patterns at local scales. Sixty-eight per cent of the region retained a cover of native vegetation in 1994. Processes threatening various portions of the remainder include further habitat loss from clearing, high-frequency disturbances and certain other disturbance regimes, overgrazing, habitat degradation due to nutrification, dumping and vandalism, and feral animal activity. Past depletion of habitat has been highly biased. Some grassy assemblages on fertile flat terrain are depleted by more than 90%, while some forests with shrubby understories in steep infertile terrain retain close to their original extent. The former assemblages are distributed principally as remnants on privately owned land, while the latter occur in remote areas of public land. Representation in conservation reserves is also biased against grassy assemblages in fertile flat terrain, as well as some other assemblages with restricted distributions. Opportunities for conservation of these assemblages are now very limited and rely on integrated planning, reservation and cooperative management with emphasis on private land.
An exhaustive review of available information revealed 1522 native vascular plant taxa with confirmed records in the Eden region. A further 136 taxa potentially occur in the region, but these remain to be confirmed. Families represented by large numbers of taxa in the indigenous flora include the Fabaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Myrtaceae and Orchidaceae. Species frequencies were highly skewed with 74% of the flora represented in less than 1% of survey samples and only three taxa represented in more than 40% of samples. A large number of records (350 taxa) were evaluated and refuted, emphasizing the importance of critical validation when compiling biological inventory data from multiple sources. Errors are most likely to arise from nomenclatural synonymy and other duplications, misidentifications and erroneous locality information.
The confirmed vascular flora of the Eden region is relatively species-rich compared with other regions in tropical, temperate and semi-arid Australia, although these regions are less well-known botanically. However, the proportion of endemism (1%) is comparatively low, with 18 taxa unique to the region and a further 14 taxa with distributions extending just beyond the region. The Eden region includes 32 taxa listed as endangered or vulnerable in Australia and a further six taxa listed as endangered in New South Wales but not throughout Australia. Thirty-eight taxa were listed as rare in Australia and a further 39 were considered to be uncommon throughout their distribution. Four hundred and sixty-six taxa were considered to be uncommon within the Eden region. Two hundred and seventy-six taxa reached their distributional limits in the Eden region, about three quarters of these reaching their southern limits. Fifty taxa were represented in the region by disjunct populations.
Introduced taxa accounted for approximately 20% of the total regional vascular flora, although this proportion is likely to underestimate the introduced flora given the limitations of available data. The introduced flora is dominated by Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Caryophyllaceae. Very few introduced taxa were widespread in native vegetation. The most common introduced taxa were herbs with long-distance propagule dispersal mechanisms.
Das Treiben der Kunst-Avantgarden in den ersten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts war ein übernationales gesamteuropäisches Phänomen - nicht nur im Sinne wechselseitiger transnationaler Einflüsse und Kooperationen, sondern auch in Strukturanalogien zwischen den Programmen und Produktionen in verschiedenen Ländern. Eine Verwandtschaft zwischen deutschsprachigem Dada und den russischsprachigen 'kubofuturistischen' Gruppen Gileja und 41° wurde, ausgehend vor allem von der in beiden literarischen Avantgarden gepflegten Lautpoesie, immer wieder beschworen, doch begnügte man sich dabei entweder mit ganz allgemeinen Feststellungen oder beschränkte sich auf eng begrenzte Teilaspekte. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, interkulturelle Kongruenzen und kulturspezifische Kontraste hinsichtlich der beiden poetischen Formen Laut- und visuelle Dichtung in den beiden Kulturräumen darzustellen und dabei zu zeigen, dass man es mit verschiedenen, doch verwandten Ausprägungen avantgardistischen Handelns zu tun hat.
Mistrust and social hierarchies as blind spots of ICT4D projects : lessons from Togo and Rwanda
(2019)
Information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) are seen to have great potential for boosting democratization processes all over the world by giving people access to information and thereby empowering them to demand more accountability and transparency of authorities. Based on ethnographic research in Togo and Rwanda on an SMS-based citizen monitoring and evaluation system, this article argues that focusing on access to information is too narrow a view. We show that it is crucial to take into account the respective socio-political backgrounds, such as levels of mistrust or existing social hierarchies. In this context, mobile phone usage has rather varied and ambiguous meanings here. These dynamics can pose a challenge to the successful implementation of ICT4D projects aimed at political empowerment. By addressing these often overlooked issues, we offer explanations for the gap between ICT4D assumptions and people’s lifeworlds in Togo and Rwanda.
Within the context of eHealth interventions, a shared understanding of what constitutes engagement in and with eHealth technologies is missing. A clearer understanding of engagement could provide a valuable starting point for guidelines relating to the design and development of eHealth technologies. Given the cross-disciplinary use of the term “engagement,” investigating how engagement (and its components) is conceptualized in different domains could lead to determining common components that are deemed important for eHealth technological design. As such, the aim of this paper was 3-fold: (a) to investigate in which domains engagement features, (b) to determine what constitutes engagement in these different domains, and (c) to determine whether there are any common components that seem to be important. A comprehensive systematic scoping review of the existing literature was conducted in order to identify the domains in which engagement is used, to extract the associated definitions of engagement, and to identify the dimensionality or components thereof. A search of five bibliographic databases yielded 1,231 unique records. All titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. This led to 69 articles being included for further analyses. The results showed that engagement is used in seven functional domains, categorized as follows: student (n = 18), customer (n = 12), health (n = 11), society (n = 10), work (n = 9), digital (n = 8), and transdisciplinary (n = 1) domains. It seems that some domains are more mature regarding their conceptualization and theorizing on engagement than others. Further, engagement was found to be predominantly conceptualized as a multidimensional construct with three common components (behavior, cognition, and affective) shared between domains. Although engagement is prolifically used in different disciplines, it is evident that little shared consensus as to its conceptualization within and between domains exists. Despite this, engagement is foremost seen as a state of being engaged in/with something, which is part of, but should not be confused with, the process of engagement. Behavior, cognition, and affect are important components of engagement and should be specified for each new context.