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Hymenomycetes Fennici
(1881)
Mit dem fast 500 Seiten starken Buch legt der Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen Sachsen-Anhalt e. V. (AHO) ein im doppelten Wortsinne schwergewichtiges Werk vor, in dem die über Jahrzehnte gesammelten Kenntnisse des Arbeitskreises für die Öffentlichkeit aufbereitet wurden. Diese immense Arbeitsleistung, die sicher auch eine logistische Herausforderung darstellte, kann gar nicht hoch genug eingeschätzt werden. Das Werk gliedert sich in drei Teile: Orchideen in der Kulturlandschaft, die Orchideenarten Sachsen-Anhalts sowie Orchideen und Vegetation.
The article addresses the question of who reports the dialogue in fictional texts featuring an unreliable narrator. Since no human being can remember and reproduce lengthy conversations accurately, some narrative theorists attribute direct speech representation to the author instead of the character narrator. This means that the speech of other characters may be reported reliably even if the narrator is totally unreliable. The narrator’s version of the events may then be contradicted by others, which allows the reader to perceive his biases. However, Kazuo Ishiguro’s An Artist of the Floating World illustrates the fact that direct speech reports, too, can be distorted by the narrator’s subjectivity, especially his emotions. In Ishiguro’s novel, the narrator’s grief and depression lead him to misremember and invent past conversations. Following Meir Sternberg, the article argues that the reliability of speech reporting in unreliable narration must be determined on a case-by-case basis. The text must signal that the narrator’s speech reporting is unreliable. In the absence of a signal, the reader is supposed to disregard any deviations from verbatim reproduction and to accept the transgression of the limits of human memory.
Understanding the role of short-interfering RNA (siRNA) in diverse biological processes is of current interest and often approached through small RNA sequencing. However, analysis of these datasets is difficult due to the complexity of biological RNA processing pathways, which differ between species. Several properties like strand specificity, length distribution, and distribution of soft-clipped bases are few parameters known to guide researchers in understanding the role of siRNAs. We present RAPID, a generic eukaryotic siRNA analysis pipeline, which captures information inherent in the datasets and automatically produces numerous visualizations as user-friendly HTML reports, covering multiple categories required for siRNA analysis. RAPID also facilitates an automated comparison of multiple datasets, with one of the normalization techniques dedicated for siRNA knockdown analysis, and integrates differential expression analysis using DESeq2.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to the development of hepatic diseases, as well as extrahepatic disorders such as B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). To reveal the molecular signalling pathways responsible for HCV-associated B-NHL development, we utilised transgenic (Tg) mice that express the full-length HCV genome specifically in B cells and develop non-Hodgkin type B-cell lymphomas (BCLs). The gene expression profiles in B cells from BCL-developing HCV-Tg mice, from BCL-non-developing HCV-Tg mice, and from BCL-non-developing HCV-negative mice were analysed by genome-wide microarray. In BCLs from HCV-Tg mice, the expression of various genes was modified, and for some genes, expression was influenced by the gender of the animals. Markedly modified genes such as Fos, C3, LTβR, A20, NF-κB and miR-26b in BCLs were further characterised using specific assays. We propose that activation of both canonical and alternative NF-κB signalling pathways and down-regulation of miR-26b contribute to the development of HCV-associated B-NHL.
Dry calcareous grasslands in Europe are renowned for their high plant diversity. However, declining habitat areas and highly fragmented distribution threaten the long-term persistence of this valuable habitat type. In Estonia the decline of traditional grassland management and subsequent encroachment of shrubs has resulted in a substantial loss of alvar grasslands – a particularly rare and species-rich type of calcareous grassland. It is known that a shrub cover of more than 70% decreases the alvar grassland species richness. At the same time, a shrub cover of 30% is considered optimal for alvar grasslands and thus a target state for habitat restoration. However, very little is known about the effect of low shrub cover on environmental conditions and species composition of alvar grasslands. Our aim was to detect to what extent the small-scale plant diversity and species composition is influenced by low shrub cover (less than 30%). We hypothesized that even a low shrub cover can have an effect on the environmental conditions of alvar grasslands. We sampled small-scale plant species richness, shrub cover and abiotic environmental conditions such as light, soil moisture, soil pH and soil depth in 10 metre long transects (n = 33) subdivided into 10 cm × 10 cm plots in Estonian alvar grasslands. Structural equation modelling was used to quantify the direct and indirect effects of shrub cover on the richness of characteristic alvar species and on the richness of generalist species. We found that low shrub cover of up to 30% increased total and generalist species richness directly and indirectly by increasing the light heterogeneity. Alvar characteristic species richness was not relat-ed to low shrub cover values. This suggests that when estimating the effects of shrub cover on species richness and on conservation needs of grasslands, habitat specificity of species needs to be taken into account.
In diesem Artikel soll einer der strittigen Vertreter der deutschen Romantik auf zwei verschiedene Weisen analysiert werden, erstens durch Untersuchung des historischen Rahmens seiner antiken Tragödie "Penthesilea", und zweitens, durch den Vergleich des Werkes mit seiner persöhnlichen romantischen Veranlagung, um die traditionellen und historischen Grenzen des Begriffs "Romantik" zu erweitern.
Dieser Artikel behandelt zwei deutsche Schriftstellerinnen – Fanny Lewald und Franziska Gräfin zu Reventlow. Sie sind Repräsentantinnen verschiedener Epochen innerhalb der Deutschen Literatur. Beide hinterließen uns ihre Autobiografien, Anekdoten und wir können heute ihre Entwicklung nachvollziehen und ihr heftiges Ringen um Freiheit, Selbstbestimmung und Selbstverwirklichung gegen geschlechtsspezifische Rollenzuweisungen, Abstammung und sozialen Stand miteinander vergleichen.
Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) can evolve quickly and clinical measures of function often fail to detect AKI at a time when interventions are likely to provide benefit. Identifying early markers of kidney damage has been difficult due to the complex nature of human AKI, in which multiple etiologies exist. The objective of this study was to identify and validate novel biomarkers of AKI.
Methods: We performed two multicenter observational studies in critically ill patients at risk for AKI - discovery and validation. The top two markers from discovery were validated in a second study (Sapphire) and compared to a number of previously described biomarkers. In the discovery phase, we enrolled 522 adults in three distinct cohorts including patients with sepsis, shock, major surgery, and trauma and examined over 300 markers. In the Sapphire validation study, we enrolled 744 adult subjects with critical illness and without evidence of AKI at enrollment; the final analysis cohort was a heterogeneous sample of 728 critically ill patients. The primary endpoint was moderate to severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2 to 3) within 12 hours of sample collection.
Results: Moderate to severe AKI occurred in 14% of Sapphire subjects. The two top biomarkers from discovery were validated. Urine insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2), both inducers of G1 cell cycle arrest, a key mechanism implicated in AKI, together demonstrated an AUC of 0.80 (0.76 and 0.79 alone). Urine [TIMP-2].[IGFBP7] was significantly superior to all previously described markers of AKI (P <0.002), none of which achieved an AUC >0.72. Furthermore, [TIMP-2].[IGFBP7] significantly improved risk stratification when added to a nine-variable clinical model when analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model, generalized estimating equation, integrated discrimination improvement or net reclassification improvement. Finally, in sensitivity analyses [TIMP-2].[IGFBP7] remained significant and superior to all other markers regardless of changes in reference creatinine method.
Conclusions: Two novel markers for AKI have been identified and validated in independent multicenter cohorts. Both markers are superior to existing markers, provide additional information over clinical variables and add mechanistic insight into AKI. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01209169.
We have analyzed a series of eleven mutations in the 49-kDa protein of mitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) from Yarrowia lipolytica to identify functionally important domains in this central subunit. The mutations were selected based on sequence homology with the large subunit of [NiFe] hydrogenases. None of the mutations affected assembly of complex I, all decreased or abolished ubiquinone reductase activity. Several mutants exhibited decreased sensitivities toward ubiquinone-analogous inhibitors. Unexpectedly, seven mutations affected the properties of iron-sulfur cluster N2, a prosthetic group not located in the 49-kDa subunit. In three of these mutants cluster N2 was not detectable by electron-paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The fact that the small subunit of hydrogenase is homologous to the PSST subunit of complex I proposed to host cluster N2 offers a straightforward explanation for the observed, unforeseen effects on this iron-sulfur cluster. We propose that the fold around the hydrogen reactive site of [NiFe] hydrogenase is conserved in the 49-kDa subunit of complex I and has become part of the inhibitor and ubiquinone binding region. We discuss that the fourth ligand of iron-sulfur cluster N2 missing in the PSST subunit may be provided by the 49-kDa subunit.
Anti-inflammatory response of Vitamin D on extracranial vessels after subarachnoid hemorrhage
(2023)
Oral e-Poster Presentations - Booth 1: Vascular A (Aneurysms), September 25, 2023, 1:00 PM - 2:30 PM
Background: Vitamin D has been promoted to vascular regeneration in non-cerebral arteries because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Systematic inflammatory reaction as a multifactorial complication after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), correlated with higher mortality and poor outcome, is the result of a multifactorial mechanism with vasoactive inflammation on extracranial vessels. We therefore hypothesized that vitamin D attenuates the systemic vascular inflammatory reaction.
Methods: We investigated the effect of vitamin D pretreatment (100 ng/kg/d; 5 days) in a blood injection SAH model in adult male C57BL6 mice. Vasomotor function (via wire myograph) of carotid and femoral artery and neurological deficits were measured. Different inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), were also tested.
Results: A significantly enhanced vasorelaxation was identified in Vitamin D pretreated mice (SAH-VitD versus SAH-control: p<0,001; n=10). Missing a relevant difference in vasocontraction of carotid and femoral artery comparing SAH mice with and without vitamin D treatment, there was a significantly higher endothelial related vasorelaxing effect in treated SAH mice (p<0,01, n=5). Neurological deficits in vitamin D pre-treated SAH mice were significantly decreased (p<0,05; n=10). All tested inflammatory factors were down-regulated in vitamin D pre-treated mice (SAH-VitD versus SAH-control: p<0,0001; n=10).
Conclusions: Extracranial vascular Inflammation after SAH, as one of the influencing components in the follow-up after SAH onset, was significantly attenuated by Vitamin D pretreatment. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D resulted in a decrease of extracranial vasoconstriction and neurological deficits. Further research should be focused on vitamin D to optimize therapeutic strategies for SAH patients in critical care units.
MRI-detection rate and incidence of lumbar bleeding sources in 190 patients with non-aneurysmal SAH
(2017)
Background: Up to 15% of all spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) have a non-aneurysmal SAH (NASAH). The evaluation of SAH patients with negative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is sometimes a diagnostic challenge. Our goal in this study was to reassess the yield of standard MR-imaging of the complete spinal axis to rule out spinal bleeding sources in patients with NASAH.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the spinal MRI findings in 190 patients with spontaneous NASAH, containing perimesencephalic (PM) and non-perimesencephalic (NPM) SAH, diagnosed by computer tomography (CT) and/or lumbar puncture (LP), and negative 2nd DSA.
Results: 190 NASAH patients were included in the study, divided into PM-SAH (n = 87; 46%) and NPM-SAH (n = 103; 54%). Overall, 23 (22%) patients had a CT negative SAH, diagnosed by positive LP. MR-imaging of the spinal axis detected two patients with lumbar ependymoma (n = 2; 1,05%). Both patients complained of radicular sciatic pain. The detection rate raised up to 25%, if only patients with radicular sciatic pain received an MRI.
Conclusion: Routine radiological investigation of the complete spinal axis in NASAH patients is expensive and can not be recommended for standard procedure. However, patients with clinical signs of low-back/sciatic pain should be worked up for a spinal pathology.
Background: Previous studies reported decreased volumes of acute stroke admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to examine whether aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) volumes demonstrated similar declines in our department. Furthermore, the impact of the pandemic on disease progression should be analyzed.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in the neurosurgical department of the university hospital Frankfurt including patients with the diagnosis of aSAH during the first year of the COVID pandemic. One year cumulative volume for aSAH hospitalization procedures was compared to the year before (03/2020 – 02/2021 vs. 03/2019 – 02/2020) and the last 5 pre-COVID-pandemic years (2015-2020). All relevant patient characteristics concerning family history, disease history, clinical condition at admission, active/past COVID-infection, treatment management, complications, and outcome were analyzed.
Results: Compared to the 84 hospital admissions during the pre-pandemic years, the number of aSAH hospitalizations (n = 56) declined during the pandemic without reaching significance. No significant difference in the analyzed patient characteristics including clinical condition at onset, treatment, complications, and outcome, between 56 patients with aSAH admitted during the COVID pandemic and the treated patients in the last 5 years in the pre-COVID period were found. In our multivariable analysis, we detected young age (p < 0.05; OR 4.2) and no existence of early hydrocephalus (p < 0.05; OR 0.13) as important factors for a favorable outcome (mRS ≤ 0–2) after aSAH during the COVID pandemic. A past COVID-infection was detected in young patients suffering from aSAH (Age < 50years, p < 0.05; OR 10.5) with an increased rate of cerebral vasospasm after aSAH onset (p < 0.05; OR 26). Nevertheless, past COVID-infection did not reach significance as a high-risk factor for unfavorable outcomes.
Conclusion: There was a relative decrease in the number of patients with aSAH during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the extremely different conditions of hospitalization, there was no impairing significant effect on the treatment and outcome of admitted patients with aSAH. A past COVID infection seemed to be an irrelevant limiting factor concerning favorable outcomes.
The efficacy of statin-treatment in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the effects of statin-treatment in non-aneurysmal (na)SAH in accordance with animal research data illustrating the pathophysiology of naSAH. We systematically searched PubMed using PRISMA-guidelines and selected experimental studies assessing the statin-effect on SAH. Detecting the accordance of the applied experimental models with the pathophysiology of naSAH, we analyzed our institutional database of naSAH patients between 1999 and 2018, regarding the effect of statin treatment in these patients and creating a translational concept. Patient characteristics such as statin-treatment (simvastatin 40 mg/d), the occurrence of cerebral vasospasm (CVS), delayed infarction (DI), delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and clinical outcome were recorded. In our systematic review of experimental studies, we found 13 studies among 18 titles using blood-injection-animal-models to assess the statin-effect in accordance with the pathophysiology of naSAH. All selected studies differ on study-setting concerning drug-administration, evaluation methods, and neurological tests. Patients from the Back to Bedside project, including 293 naSAH-patients and 51 patients with simvastatin-treatment, were recruited for this analysis. Patients under treatment were affected by a significantly lower risk of CVS (p < 0.01; OR 3.7), DI (p < 0.05; OR 2.6), and DCI (p < 0.05; OR 3). Furthermore, there was a significant association between simvastatin-treatment and favorable-outcome (p < 0.05; OR 3). However, dividing patients with statin-treatment in pre-SAH (n = 31) and post-SAH (n = 20) treatment groups, we only detected a tenuously significant higher chance for a favorable outcome (p < 0.05; OR 0.05) in the small group of 20 patients with statin post-SAH treatment. Using a multivariate-analysis, we detected female gender (55%; p < 0.001; OR 4.9), Hunt&Hess ≤III at admission (p < 0.002; OR 4), no anticoagulant-therapy (p < 0.0001; OR 0.16), and statin-treatment (p < 0.0001; OR 24.2) as the main factors improving the clinical outcome. In conclusion, we detected a significantly lower risk for CVS, DCI, and DI in naSAH patients under statin treatment. Additionally, a significant association between statin treatment and favorable outcome 6 months after naSAH onset could be confirmed. Nevertheless, unified animal experiments should be considered to create the basis for developing new therapeutic schemes.
In the title compound, C15H17ClN2O4S, the atoms in the hydantoin ring are coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.006 Å). The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N-H...O hydrogen bonds which link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers. The dihedral angle subtended by the 4-chlorophenyl group with the plane passing through the hydantoin unit is 82.98 (4)°. The cyclohexyl ring adopts an ideal chair conformation. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.002 Å; R factor = 0.030; wR factor = 0.081; data-to-parameter ratio = 15.0.
The crystal structure of the title compound, C15H17BrN2O4S, is stabilized by intermolecular N-H...O hydrogen bonds which link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers. The dihedral angle subtended by the 4-bromophenyl group with the mean plane passing through the hydantoin unit is 83.29 (5)°. The cyclohexyl group adopts an ideal chair conformation with the methyl group in an equatorial position. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.003 Å; R factor = 0.030; wR factor = 0.070; data-to-parameter ratio = 16.8.
Die Garten-Ringelblume ist aus keinem traditionellem Bauern- und Hausgarten wegzudenken. Sie wird im nördlichen Skandinavien ebenso angepflanzt wie am Mittelmeer und ist auf den Höhen des Pamir in Zentralasien so beliebt wie in den weiten Steppen Russlands. Diese außerordentliche Beliebtheit ist neben den geringen Standortansprüchen auf zwei wesentliche Eigenschaften zurückzuführen. Einerseits besitzt die Art zahlreiche Heilkräfte, die zum Teil schon seit der Antike bekannt sind, andererseits bereichern die attraktiven und vor allem reichlich blühenden Pflanzen von Frühling bis Herbst das Blumenbeet.
Geologische Entwicklung und Geomorphogenese des Bochumer Raums werden anhand von Aufschlüssen und zahlreichen Abbildungen erläutert. Die präquartäre Entwicklung lässt sich wie folgt umreißen: 1.) Sedimentation der flözführenden Schichten des Oberkarbons in einem großen Delta in einer Randsenke vor dem sich bildenden variskischen Gebrige, 2.) Faltung der Deltasedimente im Zuge der variskischen Orogenese am Ende des Oberkarbons, 3.) flächenhafte Abtragung vom Perm bis in die Unterkreide, 4.) Meerestransgression und Ablagerung mariner Sedimente in der Oberkreide, 5.) flächenhafte Abtragung im Tertiär. Im Quartär führte eine erneute Hebung zur Einschneidung der Täler. In der Saale-Eiszeit erreichte das nordische Inlandeis das Ruhrtal, veränderte den Ruhrlauf im Osten Bochums und hinterließ eine Grundmoräne und Schmelzwasserablagerungen. In der Weichsel-Kaltzeit wurde das Gebiet von Löss bedeckt. Zu den ruhrgebietstypischen Reliefveränderungen der jüngsten Vergangenheit zählen Spuren der Kohlengräberei und Bergsenkungen.
An keinem anderen Ort lässt sich die geologische Entwicklung des Bochumer Raumes besser nachvollziehen als im Geologischen Garten Bochum. Zu den vielfältigen aufgeschlossenen Strukturen zählt u. a. die berühmte Winkeldiskordanz zwischen Karbon und Kreide im Bereich einer kreidezeitlichen Küstenklippe. Die Exkursion sollte den Blick für ruhrgebietstypische geologische Gesteine und Strukturen verschiedener Größenordnung schärfen und aufzeigen, wie sich diese interpretieren lassen. Eine Publikation zur geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung des Bochumer Raumes, die auch den Geologischen Garten behandelt, ist in Vorbereitung (Kasielke 2015).
Exkursion: Hattingen-Niederbonsfeld, geologisch-geomorphologische Exkursion im Ruhrtal am Isenberg
(2014)
Am steilen Prallhang der Ruhr zwischen Hattingen und Niederwenigern ist die vermutlich längste zusammenhängende Gesteinsfolge des Ruhrgebiets aufgeschlossen, deren südlicher Abschnitt im Rahmen der Exkursion näher betrachtet wurde. Im Mittelpunkt standen die besonders deutlich ausgeprägten Zusammenhänge zwischen der inneren geologischen Struktur des Steinkohlengebirges und dem heutigen Oberflächenrelief mit seinen markanten Bergrücken (Eggen). Die Eggen sind südlich des Ruhrtals zwischen Kettwig und Witten derart bestimmend für das Landschaftsbild, dass die entsprechenden Gebiete im Rahmen der naturräumlichen Gliederung des Ruhrgebiets durch VON KÜRTEN (1970) als Ruhr- Eggenland und Märkisches Eggenland bezeichnet werden.
Der Weihnachtskaktus zählt bei uns zu den bekanntesten und beliebtesten Kakteen überhaupt. Auf den ersten Blick entspricht er allerdings nicht dem gewohnten Bild eines Kaktus, unter dem man sich ja normalerweise eine sukkulente Wüstenpflanze vorstellt. Seine Blütezeit hat ihn zusammen mit dem Weihnachtstern (Euphorbia pulcherrima, vgl. Höggemeier 2014) zu einer der beliebtesten Zimmerpflanzen zur Weihnachtszeit gemacht. Der deutsche Name spielt also ganz offensichtlich auf diese Blütezeit an, jedoch kann der Kaktus bei entsprechender Pflege auch mehrmals im Jahr und sogar im Hochsommer blühen. Die Ausbildung von Blüten ist wie so oft abhängig von Licht und Wärme sowie von der jeweiligen Art bzw. Sorte.
Die Gegend um Haßlinghausen zählt zu den ältesten Stätten des Steinkohlebergbaus im Ruhrrevier. Jahrhunderte der Bergbautätigkeit haben in den Wäldern zahlreiche Pingen und kleine Halden hinterlassen. Die Exkursionsroute folgte einem Teil des Deutschlandwegs, einem bergbauhistorischen Wanderweg, der nach der Zeche Deutschland benannt wurde.
Urbane Böden im Ruhrgebiet
(2011)
Die räumliche Konzentration menschlichen Wirkens im städtischen Raum führt seit jeher zu Veränderungen der
Böden. Im Ruhrgebiet bewirkte vor allem die montan-industrielle Vergangenheit tiefgreifende Veränderungen,
weshalb die heutigen Böden sich z. T. stark von den ursprünglichen natürlichen Bodenverhältnissen unterscheiden.
Einige der neu entstandenen Böden finden in Europa keine natürlichen Äquivalente und bilden einzigartige Standorte. Auch wenn das eigentliche Merkmal städtischer Böden ihre gegenüber den natürlichen Verhältnissen erhöhte Diversität ist, lassen sich häufig anzutreffende Charakteristika wie erhöhte Skelettgehalte, pH-Werte und
Schadstoffgehalte sowie Verdichtungen und Versiegelungen feststellen. Nicht zuletzt aufgrund der vielfältigen Einflussfaktoren auf die Bodenentwicklung hat sich im deutschen Sprachgebrauch nur teilweise eine eindeutige und einheitliche (verbindliche) Klassifikation durchgesetzt, sodass mehrere Ansätze und Nomenklaturen existieren.
Zu den ruhrgebietstypischen Böden zählen etwa die Böden auf Bergematerial des Steinkohlenbergbaus, die
Böden auf Hochofenschlacken oder die Böden auf brachliegenden Bahngleisen. Sie bilden z. T. extreme
Pflanzenstandorte und unterscheiden sich stark voneinander, wie es beispielsweise der Gegensatz zwischen dem sehr sauren Bergematerial und den stark alkalischen Schlacken verdeutlicht. Diese Diversität wirkt sich auch
entsprechend auf die Pflanzenartenvielfalt im urbanen Raum aus. Zudem speichern Stadtböden Informationen zu
vergangenen Umweltzuständen und zur Entwicklung der Städte, die von archäologischer und siedlungsgeschichtlicher
Bedeutung sind.
Seit fünf Jahren wird aufgrund der Initiative des Botanischen Sondergartens Wandsbek (Hamburg) eine "Giftpflanze des Jahres" ausgerufen. Hiermit will man auf giftige Pflanzen aufmerksam machen, die in Haus und Garten wachsen und deren Giftigkeit in der Öffentlichkeit häufig nicht (genügend) bekannt ist. Aus unserer Sicht etwas unglücklich ist die Wahl im Jahr 2009 auf Tabak (Nicotiana spec., ohne Festlegung auf eine Art) gefallen. Unglücklich deshalb, weil es in Deutschland wohl kaum überhaupt mal eine Vergiftung durch die (lebende) Pflanze gegeben hat. Einerseits wird Tabak nämlich in weiten Teilen Deutschland gar nicht angebaut und tritt nur gelegentlich in Form von Ziertabak (s. u.) in Gärten auf, andererseits verführt die Pflanze nicht zum Verzehr. Gefährlich für den Menschen sind eher die Giftpflanzen, die lecker aussehende Früchte ausbilden wie z. B. Tollkirsche (Atropa belladonna) oder Lorbeerkirsche (Prunus laurocerasus). Auch die Blätter des Aronstabs verführen zum Probieren, weil sie schon sehr früh im Jahr erscheinen und nach Sauerampfer schmecken (aber eben hochgiftig sind). Es sind diese Arten, die regelmäßig zu Vergiftungen führen, insbesondere bei Kindern. Hier ist eine intensive Aufklärung nötig. So wurde sinnvollerweise als Giftpflanze des Jahres 2008 der Riesen- Bärenklau (Heracleum mantegazzianum) gewählt, der durch seine Phytotoxizität bei Berührung eine wirkliche Gefährdung darstellt. Anders als die anderen "Titelträger der Natur des Jahres" (Blume des Jahres, Baum des Jahres, etc.) wird die Giftpflanze des Jahres nicht ernannt, sondern per Abstimmung aus vier vorgegebenen Kandidaten gewählt. Hierbei kann jeder teilnehmen. So hat in diesem Jahr der Tabak die bei uns als Giftpflanzen deutlich relevanteren Arten Aronstab, Efeu und Lebensbaum auf die Plätze verwiesen. Die Wahl dürfte sicherlich durch die anhaltenden Diskussionen um das Rauchverbot im Jahr 2008 beeinflusst worden sein und somit eher eine politisch-soziologische darstellen. Jedenfalls ist die Tabakpflanze in der Tat eine Giftpflanze von globaler Bedeutung, sie dürfte heute die am weitesten verbreitete Giftpflanze überhaupt sein. Das Produkt, der Tabak, ist hochgiftig und wirkt in Anwendung als Genussmittel bei übermäßiger Anwendung krebserregend. Schon seine "Entdeckungsgeschichte" und die weltweite Erfolgsgeschichte sind interessant genug, dass wir ihn hier gerne vorstellen möchten.
Irmtraud D. Wolcke-Renk : [Leiterin der Afrika-Abteilung der Universitätsbibliothek] gestorben
(2005)
Der Beitrag erkundet die besondere Zeitlichkeit der Psychoanalyse ausgehend von Muße und Müßiggang, Konzepten, die in Nietzsches "Fröhlicher Wissenschaft" eine wichtige Rolle spielen, in Freuds Werk, in dem bekanntlich zahlreiche Arbeitsbegriffe dominieren, jedoch kaum vorkommen. Dennoch lässt sich im Briefwechsel zwischen Freud und Arnold Zweig eine wichtige Spur des Müßiggangs für Freuds eigenes Schreiben aufzeigen. Freud spricht in einer signifikanten Passage, in der es um die existenzielle Bedrohung durch den Nationalsozialismus geht, von einem "Überschuss an Muße". Aus dieser Suspension heraus entsteht sein letztes großes Schreibprojekt: "Der Mann Moses". Muße erweist sich zunehmend als ein Begriff, in dem sich eine andere Zeitlichkeit eröffnet, die etwas mit der Arbeit des Unbewussten in der Psychoanalyse zu tun hat. Der Beitrag schließt, indem die Autorin ihre persönliche Erfahrung dieser anderen Zeitlichkeit schildert. Dabei gerät der Warteraum des Psychoanalytikers als Schwellenraum zwischen der alltäglichen Arbeit und der Arbeit in der Psychoanalyse in den Blick.
Wir Melancholiker
(2019)
The topic of the article is the status of translation and homophony in philosophy, psychoanalysis and philology. The article focuses on the question of how translation is carried out using the basic principle of equivalence of meaning by homophony and what effects this can produce. The analysis of two case studies by Freud and Lacan shows that homophonic transfer from one language to another can be extremely productive for the subjective traversal of a phantasm. It is then shown that this is not, however, of purely subjective interest. Werner Hamacher has sketched the future of philology starting from such homophonic translations; Lacan has tried to advance to another theory of language through homophonic formations.
Wie immer man Vischers Argumentation einordnet, deutlich machen sollte man sich zunächst, dass sie nicht allein kunstphilosophisch orientiert ist, sondern den Austausch mit sich seit den 1830er Jahren zusehends pluralisierenden und von der Zeitordnung, die Hegels Geschichtsphilosophie vorgibt, emanzipierenden literatur- und kunsthistoriografischen Diskursen sucht, womöglich sogar das Ergebnis literatur- und kunstgeschichtlicher Revisionen dieses Zeitraums ist. Dies würde bedeuten, dass es nicht allein (und vielleicht nicht einmal primär) das Gebiet der philosophischen Ästhetik (Kunstphilosophie) ist, innerhalb dessen Vischers Moderne ihre Konturen gewinnt. Im Mittelpunkt stehen würde demgegenüber die empirisch orientierte, d. h. an Einzelwerk und -künstler interessierte Kunst- und Literaturforschung. Wenn wir im Weiteren diese These verfolgen, so nicht so sehr aus dem Interesse heraus, den Anteil kunstphilosophischer Konzeption im Denken Vischers tatsächlich marginalisieren zu wollen. Interessant ist vielmehr die Möglichkeit, in heuristischer Absicht die Elemente der kunst- und literaturgeschichtlichen Rede als eigenständige Diskursformationen in der Betrachtung scharfstellen zu können. Mit diesem Ziel soll es zunächst darum gehen, das Verhältnis von Romantik und Moderne im Haushalt der hegelianischen Literatur- und Kunstgeschichtsschreibung um 1840 zu bestimmen. Gefragt werden soll zudem: Wie lässt sich Vischers im Plan zu einer neuen Gliederung der Ästhetik entworfenes Moderne-Ideal in diesen Rahmen integrieren (Kap. I)? In einem zweiten Schritt wird schließlich ganz konkret jenen Spuren nachgegangen, die Vischers Argumentation im Einflussgebiet kunst- und literaturgeschichtlicher Diskursmuster seiner Zeit zu verorten erlauben (Kap. II). Abschließend wollen wir die Ergebnisse in eine Konturierung des Moderne-Begriffes einbringen (Kap. III).
Der bisher in Deutschland sehr selten gemeldete Neophyt Phedimus stolonifer wurde im Jahr 2015 in Frankfurt am Main anscheinend erstmals für Hessen nachgewiesen. Das individuenreiche Vorkommen längs eines Bachlaufes wird beschrieben. Eine Einbürgerung kann aufgrund der kurzen Beobachtungsdauer bislang nicht konstatiert werden.
Die Datenbank BioLIS wird durch die Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg (Frankfurt/M.) kostenfrei online zur Verfügung gestellt. Sie weist deutsche biologische Zeitschriftenliteratur aus dem Zeit¬raum 1970 bis 1996 nach – damit ist BioLIS eine wesentliche Ergänzung zu der Datenbank „Biological Abstracts“. Die bibliografischen Angaben zu den nachgewiesenen Aufsätzen werden durch umfassende Schlagwörter und Namen behandelter Organismen ergänzt, so dass Spezialrecherchen insbesondere nach Literatur über bestimmte Organismen möglich sind.
Ein Vorkommen der nordamerikanischen Adventivart Heterotheca camporum (Asteraceae) wurde im November 2014 in Frankfurt am Main entdeckt. Die Population auf einer städtischen Brachfläche bestand aus mehr als 60 Exemplaren und hatte reichlich Samen gebildet. Die Art und Weise der Einschleppung sowie die taxonomische Identität werden diskutiert. Die Pflanzen sind der var. glandulissima zuzuordnen. Vermutlich geht das Vorkommen auf eine Verwilderung aus Kultur zurück.
Buchbesprechungen
(2023)
Buchbesprechungen
(2022)
Es werden folgende Publikationen rezensiert: Jansen W. & T. Gregor 2021: Rubi hassici – die Brombeeren Hessens; Schmidt M. & P. Meyer (Gesamtredaktion) 2019: Hessische Naturwaldreservate im Portrait. Waldgebiet östlich Oppershofen; Schmidt M. & P. Meyer (Gesamtredaktion) 2020: Hessische Naturwaldreservate im Portrait. Schloßberg; Schmidt M., J. Evers, T. Hövelmann, K. Lorenz, U. Paar, R. Starke & P. Meyer 2021: Hessische Naturwaldreservate im Portrait. Niestehänge; Stützel T. 2021: Botanische Bestimmungsübungen. 4. Auflage; Ssymank A., G. Ellwanger, M. Ersfeld, J. Ferner, S. Lehrke, C. Müller, U. Raths, M. Röhling & M. Vischer-Leopold 2021: Das europäische Schutzgebietssystem Natura 2000. BfN-Handbuch zur Umsetzung der Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Richtlinie (92/43/EWG) und der Vogelschutzrichtlinie (2009/147/EG). Zweite, erweiterte und geänderte Auflage. Band 2.1: Lebensraumtypen der Meere und Küsten, der Binnengewässer sowie der Heiden und Gebüsche; Tietze A., C. Hepting, V. Hollmann, L. Jeske, I. Leyer, S. Liepelt, A. Peters & J. Weise 2020: Wilde Arnika – Ein Leitfaden für die Praxis; Verband Botanischer Gärten (2021): Neue Wilde – Globalisierung in der Pflanzenwelt.
Rudolf Kassner reichte seine Dissertation über den "Ewigen Juden in der Dichtung" bei der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Wien im Frühherbst 1896 ein, wo sie am 28. Oktober 'approbirt' wurde. Das Thema verdankte er wohl dem - ungeliebten - Doktorvater Jakob Minor, der es vielleicht schon mit Blick auf die von ihm 1904 vorgelegte Studie über Goethes "Ewigen Juden" angeregt haben mochte. Aus einem existentiellen Anliegen wuchs die Arbeit jedenfalls nicht hervor: Kassner war kein Jude, obwohl ihn spätere Kritiker immer wieder diesem Verdacht aussetzten. Er entstammte vielmehr einer alten römisch-katholischen Familie aus Schlesien. Und wenn ihm von anderer Seite gelegentlich ein versteckter oder offener Antisemitismus vorgeworfen wurde, den man an Bemerkungen vornehmlich aus dem Bereich seiner physiognomischen Schriften festmachen zu dürfen meinte, so geht auch diese Unterstellung an Kassners grundsätzlicher Überzeugung vorbei. Er bewies dem Judentum gegenüber zeitlebens eine souveräne, unverkrampfte Offenheit, im Werk ebenso wie im Leben.
Name und Werk Otto Freiherrn von Taubes, geboren am 21. Juni 1879 in Reval, der Hauptstadt des damals zum Russischen Reich gehörenden Estland, ist heute selbst in Literaten- oder Germanistenkreisen nahezu vergessen - trotz eines weitgefächerten OEeuvres, das, mit Ausnahme des Bühnendramas, alle Gattungen erprobt hat: Seine Gedichte, Romane, Novellen, seine Erinnerungen, Essays und historischen Abhandlungen, seine Übersetzungen aus acht Sprachen, vor allem dem Englischen, Französischen, Italienischen, Portugiesischen, Russischen und Spanischen, von den Zeitgenossen aufmerksam und wohlwollend zur Kenntnis genommen, sind verschollen oder vergriffen; der neueste Sortimenterkatalog meldet kein einziges Buch des Autors als lieferbar; die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung bewegt sich in schmalen Bahnen.
Am 26. Januar 1907 tritt Rudolf Kassner seine große Reise nach Nordafrika an. Ob er mit dem Schiff von Genua über Marseille oder gleich von Marseille übersetzt, wissen wir nicht. Jedenfalls trifft er kurz vor dem 1. Februar 1907 in Algier ein und steigt im "Hôtel de la Regence" an der Place de Gouvernement ab. Von dort hatte er Gerty von Hofmannsthal am 1. Februar berichtet: "Überfahrt schlecht, Wetter hier auch schlecht. So fängt es aber bei mir an, d.h. ich fange immer von Anfang an." Und ganz ähnlich hatte Lili Schalk unter demselben Datum lesen können: "Überfahrt mäßig, Schiff erbärmlich, Wetter häßlich. Bleibe einige Tage hier."
Als Rudolf Kassner Anfang Dezember 1900 nach zehnmonatigem Aufenthalt in Frankreich in die väterliche Wiener Wohnung nahe der Karlskirche zurückkehrt, lässt er knapp vier Wochen verstreichen, ehe er sich am 4. Januar 1901 brieflich bei Houston Stewart Chamberlain in Erinnerung bringt. Wie manchen anderen "geehrten und geschätzten Geistern" hatte er dem Autor des bewunderten Buchs "Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts" sein zu Jahrhundertbeginn bei Eugen Diederichs in Leipzig erschienenes Erstlingswerk "Die Mystik, die Künstler und das Leben" vom Verlag zusenden lassen und nach längerer Wartezeit am 13. Mai 1900 begeisterte Zustimmung erfahren. Noch in der ersten Januardekade 1901 betritt er das hochgelegene "Studierzimmer" in der Blümelgasse 17 und wird als "junger Schriftsteller und Gelehrter von seltener Begabung" sofort in den engeren Freundeskreis aufgenommen. Hier lernt er im Spätherbst desselben Jahres Hermann Graf Keyserling kennen. Der führt ihn nicht nur bei Hugo von Hofmannsthal in Rodaun ein, sondern auch in den "internationalen Salon der Fürstin Marie von Thurn und Taxis" in der Wiener Victorgasse 5a. Die erste Begegnung Kassners mit dem Fürstenpaar findet vermutlich Anfang 1902 statt, da die Fürstin "selten mit ihrem Train vor Weihnachten aus Lautschin" nach Wien "übersiedelt". Genauere Belege fehlen; doch dürfte der Besuch in eine gewisse zeitliche Nähe zum Treffen mit Hofmannsthal zu rücken sein, das für den 4. Dezember 1901 bezeugt ist. Die überlieferte Korrespondenz setzt im Frühjahr 1902 ein. Sie erstreckt sich über mehr als drei Jahrzehnte und liest sich, trotz erheblicher Lücken, die aus anderen Quellen, nicht zuletzt dem Briefwechsel zwischen der Fürstin und Rainer Maria Rilke, zu erschließen sind, als Dokument einer Lebensfreundschaft, die von ungeteilter, liebevoll verehrender Hochachtung getragen ist.
Der Naturraum des Hochharzes
(1994)
Der Harz ist das nördlichste deutsche Mittelgebirge mit - wie an anderer Stelle ausführlicher dargestellt - einer natürlichen Waldgrenze. Dieses verhältnismäßig kleine Mittelgebirge ragt als isolierter Grundgebirgskomplex (Horstgebirge) schroff aus dem ihn umgebenden Hügelland zwischen Saale und Leine heraus. Insbesondere die Nordharzrandslufe (ca. 400 m Steilabfall) bildet eine markante Landschaftsgrenze.
A central motivation for the development of x-ray free-electron lasers has been the prospect of time-resolved single-molecule imaging with atomic resolution. Here, we show that x-ray photoelectron diffraction—where a photoelectron emitted after x-ray absorption illuminates the molecular structure from within—can be used to image the increase of the internuclear distance during the x-ray-induced fragmentation of an O2 molecule. By measuring the molecular-frame photoelectron emission patterns for a two-photon sequential K-shell ionization in coincidence with the fragment ions, and by sorting the data as a function of the measured kinetic energy release, we can resolve the elongation of the molecular bond by approximately 1.2 a.u. within the duration of the x-ray pulse. The experiment paves the road toward time-resolved pump-probe photoelectron diffraction imaging at high-repetition-rate x-ray free-electron lasers.
(1) a. The mating behavior (including copulation) is described for the first time in the following species: Pardosa modica, P. emertoni, P. saxatilis, P. lapidicina, Lycosa helluo, .L. gulosa, Dolomedes scriptus, Phidippus clarus, P. audax, Philodromus pernix, and Coriarachne versicolor. b. The courtship only is described for the first time in Phidippus purpuratus. c. In Lycosa rabida and Pardosa milvina new data concerning the copulation, and in Schizocosa crassipes new data concerning courtship, are added to what is already available from Montgomery's work. d. In Tibellns oblongus and Xysticus triguttatus new data are added to the accounts of Gerhardt, and of Emerton, respectively. (2) a. On the basis of a large number of observations and experiments with the males of 19 species from 4 families of vagabond spiders, it is pointed out that the senses involved in courtship may vary with the species. b. There is no evidence that a sense of smell is used in sex recognition by any spiders. At least this sense plays no part in initiating courtship activity in the male. c. There is no evidence that Attid males can "recognize" the females by any sense other than sight. At any rate, it appears that the visual stimulus is the only one that suffices to incite courtship in this family. d. In one Lycosid observed, Pardosa emertoni, the courtship behavior is elicited only when the male can both see and touch the female. e. In the Pisaurid, Dolomedes scriptus, the sole stimulus for courtship is the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female. f. In the Lycosid, Pardosa milvina, the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female, together with the simultaneous perception of tactile stimuli will elicit courtship. This probably holds for P. saxatilis, Lycosa rabida, Schizocosa crassipes, and perhaps for Pardosa modica. Moreover, the sight of a moving Lycosid of about their own size may, in some cases, be sufficient for these males to start courting. g. In the Lycosids, Pardosa banksi, and probably Lycosn gulosa and L. helluo, only the simultaneous perception of both tactile and tacto-chemical stimuli suffices. Visual stimuli play no part in eliciting courtship. h. The condition in the Thomisids is in all probability similar to that in the preceding group of Lycosids. (3) a. In the case of those species in which contact chemoperception occurs it is shown that perception is not limited to the tarsi. Such stimuli can be perceived on all the segments of the legs as well as on the abdomen. From the known distribution of the slit sense organs it is probable that they are the chemoreceptors involved in courtship.
We study the phase structure of QCD at finite temperature within a Polyakov-loop extended quark–meson model. Such a model describes the chiral as well as the confinement-deconfinement dynamics. In the present investigation, based on the approach and results put forward in [1], [2], [3], [4], both matter and glue fluctuations are included. We present results for the order parameters as well as some thermodynamic observables and find very good agreement with recent results from lattice QCD.
In the mouse, most mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) express one allele of one gene from the repertoire of ~1100 odorant receptor (OR) genes, which encode G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Axons of OSNs that express a given OR coalesce into homogeneous glomeruli, which reside at conserved positions in the olfactory bulb. ORs are intimately involved in ensuring the expression of one OR per OSN and the coalescence of OSN axons into glomeruli. But the mechanisms whereby ORs accomplish these diverse functions remain poorly understood. An experimental approach that has been informative is to substitute an OR genetically with another GPCR that is normally not expressed in OSNs, in order to determine in which aspects this GPCR can serve as surrogate OR in mouse OSNs. Thus far only the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR, Ardb2) has been shown to be able to serve as surrogate OR in OSNs; the β2AR could substitute for the M71 OR in all aspects examined. Can other non-olfactory GPCRs function equally well as surrogate ORs in OSNs? Here, we have generated and characterized two novel gene-targeted mouse strains in which the mouse melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) or the mouse dopamine receptor D1 (Drd1a) is coexpressed with tauGFP in OSNs that express the OR locus M71. These alleles and strains are abbreviated as Mc4r→M71-GFP and Drd1a→M71-GFP. We detected strong Mc4r or Drd1a immunoreactivity in axons and dendritic knobs and cilia of OSNs that express Mc4r or Drd1a from the M71 locus. These OSNs responded physiologically to cognate agonists for Mc4r (Ro27-3225) or Drd1a (SKF81297), and not to the M71 ligand acetophenone. Axons of OSNs expressing Mc4r→M71-GFP coalesced into glomeruli. Axons of OSNs expressing Drd1a→M71-GFP converged onto restricted areas of the olfactory bulb but did not coalesce into glomeruli. Thus, OR functions in OSNs can be substituted by Mc4r or Drd1a, but not as well as by β2AR. We attribute the weak performance of Drd1a as surrogate OR to poor OSN maturation.
Electrocardiograms (ECG) record the heart activity and are the most common and reliable method to detect cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AFib). Lately, many commercially available devices such as smartwatches are offering ECG monitoring. Therefore, there is increasing demand for designing deep learning models with the perspective to be physically implemented on these small portable devices with limited energy supply. In this paper, a workflow for the design of small, energy-efficient recurrent convolutional neural network (RCNN) architecture for AFib detection is proposed. However, the approach can be well generalized to every type of long time series. In contrast to previous studies, that demand thousands of additional network neurons and millions of extra model parameters, the logical steps for the generation of a CNN with only 114 trainable parameters are described. The model consists of a small segmented CNN in combination with an optimal energy classifier. The architectural decisions are made by using the energy consumption as a metric in an equally important way as the accuracy. The optimization steps are focused on the software which can be embedded afterwards on a physical chip. Finally, a comparison with some previous relevant studies suggests that the widely used huge CNNs for similar tasks are mostly redundant and unessentially computationally expensive.
Thermoanaerobacter kivui is an acetogenic model organism that reduces CO2 with electrons derived from H2 or CO, or from organic substrates in the Wood–Ljugdahl pathway (WLP). For the calculation of ATP yields, it is necessary to know the electron carriers involved in coupling of the oxidative and reductive parts of metabolism. Analyses of key catabolic oxidoreductases in cell-free extract (CFE) or with purified enzymes revealed the physiological electron carriers involved. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GA3P-DH) assayed in CFE was NAD+-specific, NADP+ was used with less than 4% and ferredoxin (Fd) was not used. The methylene-THF dehydrogenase was NADP+-specific, NAD+ or Fd were not used. A Nfn-type transhydrogenase that catalyzes reduced Fd-dependent reduction of NADP+ with NADH as electron donor was also identified in CFE. The electron carriers used by the potential electron-bifurcating hydrogenase (HydABC) could not be unambiguously determined in CFE for technical reasons. Therefore, the enzyme was produced homologously in T. kivui and purified by affinity chromatography. HydABC contained 33.9 ± 4.5 mol Fe/mol of protein and FMN; it reduced NADP+ but not NAD+. The methylene-THF reductase (MetFV) was also produced homologously in T. kivui and purified by affinity chromatography. MetFV contained 7.2 ± 0.4 mol Fe/mol of protein and FMN; the complex did neither use NADPH nor NADH as reductant but only reduced Fd. In sum, these analysis allowed us to propose a scheme for entire electron flow and bioenergetics in T. kivui.
Energy-converting hydrogenases (Ech) are ancient, membrane-bound enzymes that use reduced ferredoxin (Fd) as an electron donor to reduce protons to molecular H2. Experiments with whole cells, membranes and vesicle-fractions suggest that proton reduction is coupled to proton translocation across the cytoplasmatic membrane, but this has never been demonstrated with a purified enzyme. To this end, we produced a His-tagged Ech complex in the thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui. The enzyme could be purified by affinity chromatography from solubilized membranes with full retention of its eight subunits, as well as full retention of physiological activities, i.e., H2-dependent Fd reduction and Fd2--dependent H2 production. We found the purified enzyme contained 34.2 ± 12.2 mol of iron/mol of protein, in accordance with seven predicted [4Fe-4S]-clusters and one [Ni-Fe]-center. The pH and temperature optima were at 7 to 8 and 66 °C, respectively. Notably, we found that the enzymatic activity was inhibited by N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an agent known to bind ion-translocating glutamates or aspartates buried in the cytoplasmic membrane and thereby inhibiting ion transport. To demonstrate the function of the Ech complex in ion transport, we further established a procedure to incorporate the enzyme complex into liposomes in an active state. We show the enzyme did not require Na+ for activity and did not translocate 22Na+ into the proteoliposomal lumen. In contrast, Ech activity led to the generation of a pH gradient and membrane potential across the proteoliposomal membrane, demonstrating that the Ech complex of T. kivui is a H+-translocating, H+-reducing enzyme.
Currently one of the biggest challenges for society is to combat global warming. A solution to this global threat is the implementation of a CO2-based bioeconomy and a H2-based bioenergy economy. Anaerobic lithotrophic bacteria such as the acetogenic bacteria are key players in the global carbon and H2 cycle and thus prime candidates as driving forces in a H2- and CO2-bioeconomy. Naturally, they convert two molecules of CO2 via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP) to one molecule of acetyl-CoA which can be converted to different C2-products (acetate or ethanol) or elongated to C4 (butyrate) or C5-products (caproate). Since there is no net ATP generation from acetate formation, an electron-transport phosphorylation (ETP) module is hooked up to the WLP. ETP provides the cell with additional ATP, but the ATP gain is very low, only a fraction of an ATP per mol of acetate. Since acetogens live at the thermodynamic edge of life, metabolic engineering to obtain high-value products is currently limited by the low energy status of the cells that allows for the production of only a few compounds with rather low specificity. To set the stage for acetogens as production platforms for a wide range of bioproducts from CO2, the energetic barriers have to be overcome. This review summarizes the pathway, the energetics of the pathway and describes ways to overcome energetic barriers in acetogenic C1 conversion.
The pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the thermophilic acetogen, Thermoanaerobacter kivui
(2021)
Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) is a key enzyme in bacterial anaerobic metabolism. Since a low-potential ferredoxin (Fd2−) is used as electron carrier, PFOR allows for hydrogen evolution during heterotrophic growth as well as pyruvate synthesis during lithoautotrophic growth. The thermophilic acetogenic model bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui can use both modes of lifestyle, but the nature of the PFOR in this organism was previously unestablished. Here, we have isolated PFOR to apparent homogeneity from cells grown on glucose. Peptide mass fingerprinting revealed that it is encoded by pfor1. PFOR uses pyruvate as an electron donor and methylene blue (1.8 U·mg−1) and ferredoxin (Fd; 27.2 U·mg−1) as electron acceptors, and the reaction is dependent on thiamine pyrophosphate, pyruvate, coenzyme A, and Fd. The pH and temperature optima were 7.5 and 66 °C, respectively. We detected 13.6 mol of iron·mol of protein−1, consistent with the presence of three predicted [4Fe–4S] clusters. The ability to provide reduced Fd makes PFOR an interesting auxiliary enzyme for enzyme assays. To simplify and speed up the purification procedure, we established a protocol for homologous protein production in T. kivui. Therefore, pfor1 was cloned and expressed in T. kivui and the encoded protein containing a genetically engineered His-tag was purified in only two steps to apparent homogeneity. The homologously produced PFOR1 had the same properties as the enzyme from T. kivui. The enzyme can be used as auxiliary enzyme in enzymatic assays that require reduced Fd as electron donor, such as electron-bifurcating enzymes, to keep a constant level of reduced Fd.
Treatment predictors are important tools for the management of therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C virus (HBV, HCV) infection. In chronic hepatitis B, several pretreatment parameters have been identified for prediction of virologic response to interferon alfa-based antiviral therapies or treatment with polymerase inhibitors. In interferon alfa and pegylated interferon alfa-treated patients, low baseline HBV DNA concentrations, HBV genotype A (B), and high baseline ALT levels are significantly associated with treatment response. In patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues, low baseline HBV DNA but not viral genotype is positively associated with virologic response. During treatment the best predictor of response is HBV DNA kinetics. Early viral suppression is associated with favourable virologic response and reduced risk for subsequent resistance mutations. For the current standard treatment with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C, infection with HCV genotypes 2 and 3, baseline viral load below 400,000–800,000 IU/ml, Asian and Caucasian ethnicity, younger age, low GGT levels, absence of advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, and absence of steatosis in the liver have been identified as independent pretreatment predictors of a sustained virologic response. After initiation of treatment, initial viral decline with undetectable HCV-RNA at week 4 of therapy (RVR) is the best predictor of sustained virologic response independent of HCV genotype.
Cet article offre une lecture queer de deux nouvelles de Carl Spitteler. La lecture queer ne signifie pas la recherche d'identités homosexuelles dans les textes ; une telle lecture serait en contradiction avec l'histoire de "Conrad der Leutnant" et "Die Mädchenfeinde". Les nouvelles suivent un jeune homme ("Conrad") et deux garçons encore adolescents ("Mädchenfeinde") et montrent comment ils apprennent à s'adapter à un rôle masculin préconçu qui implique la formation de couples hétérosexuels. Cependant, la thèse des deux textes est que les personnages féminins auxquels les personnages masculins s'ouvrent émotionnellement ne séduisent pas leurs partenaires avec des "charmes féminins". Les hommes (militaires) ou les garçons (pensionnat), élevés dans des contextes véritablement homosociaux, développent pour les personnages féminins un désir qui reflète leur socialisation masculine. Les personnages masculins tombent amoureux d'"images masculines", ce qui signifie que les séductrices doivent symboliquement abandonner leur rôle de femme afin de paraître désirables aux yeux de Conrad, Gerold et Hansli.
We synthesized two green-light activatable 5’-caps for oligonucleotides based on the BODIPY and coumarin scaffold. Both bear an alkyne functionality allowing their use in numerous biological applications. They were successfully incorporated in oligonucleotides via solid-phase synthesis. Copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) using a bisazide photo-tether gave cyclic oligonucleotides that could be relinearized by activation with green light and were shown to exhibit high stability against exonucleases. Chemical ligation as another example for bioconjugation yielded oligonucleotides with an internal strand break site. Irradiation at 530 nm or 565 nm resulted in complete photolysis of both caging groups.
Gene therapy on the move
(2013)
The first gene therapy clinical trials were initiated more than two decades ago. In the early days, gene therapy shared the fate of many experimental medicine approaches and was impeded by the occurrence of severe side effects in a few treated patients. The understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to treatment- and/or vector-associated setbacks has resulted in the development of highly sophisticated gene transfer tools with improved safety and therapeutic efficacy. Employing these advanced tools, a series of Phase I/II trials were started in the past few years with excellent clinical results and no side effects reported so far. Moreover, highly efficient gene targeting strategies and site-directed gene editing technologies have been developed and applied clinically. With more than 1900 clinical trials to date, gene therapy has moved from a vision to clinical reality. This review focuses on the application of gene therapy for the correction of inherited diseases, the limitations and drawbacks encountered in some of the early clinical trials and the revival of gene therapy as a powerful treatment option for the correction of monogenic disorders.
The three-dimensional quantification of small-scale processes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is one of the challenges of current atmospheric research and requires the development of new measurement strategies. This work presents the first results from the newly developed Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) obtained during the ESSenCe (ESa Sounder Campaign) and TACTS/ESMVal (TACTS: Transport and composition in the upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere, ESMVal: Earth System Model Validation) aircraft campaigns. The focus of this work is on the so-called dynamics-mode data characterized by a medium-spectral and a very-high-spatial resolution. The retrieval strategy for the derivation of two- and three-dimensional constituent fields in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is presented. Uncertainties of the main retrieval targets (temperature, O3, HNO3, and CFC-12) and their spatial resolution are discussed. During ESSenCe, high-resolution two-dimensional cross-sections have been obtained. Comparisons to collocated remote-sensing and in situ data indicate a good agreement between the data sets. During TACTS/ESMVal, a tomographic flight pattern to sense an intrusion of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere was performed. It was possible to reconstruct this filament at an unprecedented spatial resolution of better than 500 m vertically and 20 × 20 km horizontally.
The three-dimensional quantification of small scale processes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is one of the challenges of current atmospheric research and requires the development of new measurement strategies. This work presents first results from the newly developed Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) obtained during the ESSenCe and TACTS/ESMVal aircraft campaigns. The focus of this work is on the so-called dynamics mode data characterized by a medium spectral and a very high spatial resolution. The retrieval strategy for the derivation of two- and three-dimensional constituent fields in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is presented. Uncertainties of the main retrieval targets (temperature, O3, HNO3 and CFC-12) and their spatial resolution are discussed. During ESSenCe, high resolution two-dimensional cross-sections have been obtained. Comparisons to collocated remote-sensing and in-situ data indicate a good agreement between the data sets. During TACTS/ESMVal a tomographic flight pattern to sense an intrusion of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere has been performed. This filament could be reconstructed with an unprecedented spatial resolution of better than 500 m vertically and 20 km × 20 km horizontally.
Die Frankfurter Universitätsklinik hat mit der Eröffnung des interdisziplinären Brustkrebszentrums 1997 im Rhein-Main-Gebiet neue Maßstäbe bei der Behandlung von Brustkrebs gesetzt. Ziel ist es, die diagnostischen und therapeutischen Abläufe in der Brustkrebsbehandlung zu optimieren sowie die ökonomischen und fachlichen Ressourcen besser zu nutzen. Doch eine gute Therapie ist nur ein Werkzeug bei der Bekämpfung der seit Jahren zunehmenden Brustkrebserkrankungen. Nach Kaufmanns Ansicht ist es wichtig, "zweigleisig zu fahren: Früherkennungsmaßnahmen tragen dazu bei, Tumoren früh zu erkennen. Darüber hinaus gilt es, durch mehr Information mehr Körper- und Gesundheitsbewusstsein zu entwickeln. Denn wer gut informiert ist, hat die besseren Chancen."
Editionen separieren Texte von den Kontexten, in denen sie bei ihrem Entstehungsprozess mit der Hand und technischen Schreibwerkzeugen unterschiedlichster Art geschrieben, als Erstdruck publiziert und von den Zeitgenossen ursprünglich rezipiert worden sind. Zugleich generieren sie, je nach ihren editorischen Prämissen, für die späteren Leser durch die von ihnen vollzogene Selektion, die Anordnung nach Textsorten oder die Anwendung anderer Strukturierungsregeln sowie durch die dabei vorgenommene Hierarchisierung, Kommentierung oder auch Nicht-Kommentierung ihrerseits neue Kontexte und konstruieren so ein bestimmtes, die Rezeption lenkendes Profil von Autor und Werk. Das ist, wie bei anderen prominenten Autoren, auch in der Wirkungsgeschichte Walter Benjamins der Fall. Ich möchte diesem Spannungsverhältnis von Dekontextualisierung und Rekontextualisierung im Folgenden am Beispiel der sogenannten 'kleineren' literaturkritischen Arbeiten - schon das Epitheton ist ein Beispiel für den erwähnten Selektions- und Hierarchisierungsprozess - nachgehen, also anhand der 'Kritiken und Rezensionen', die Benjamin seit der zweiten Hälfte der 1920er Jahre in der 'Frankfurter Zeitung', der 'Literarischen Welt' und an anderer Stelle veröffentlicht hat und deren Korpus im Wesentlichen in dem 1972 publizierten dritten Band der 'Gesammelten Schriften' publiziert worden ist. Ich werde mich dabei, in Blick auf den für diesen Beitrag zur Verfügung stehenden Raum, auf die Skizze zentraler Grundprobleme, auf pointierte Thesen und exemplarische Beispiele beschränken – in der Hoffnung, gerade durch solche Verknappung und Pointierung Impulse für eine weiterführende Diskussion der angesprochenen Probleme zu liefern. Einleitend werde ich zunächst einige grundsätzliche Fragen der Benjamin-Edition skizzieren. Im Anschluss daran werde ich die aktuelle Editionslage von Benjamins Arbeiten zur Literaturkritik im Hinblick auf die Leitfrage meines Beitrags, also auf das Spannungsverhältnis von Text(en) und Kontext(en), kritisch analysieren. Schließlich soll anhand einiger ausgewählter Rezensionen exemplarisch gezeigt werden, welche Bedeutung die in der bisherigen Editionspraxis meist ausgeblendeten Kontexte (z.B. Publikations-, Medien-, Wissenschaftskontexte, biografisch-soziale Kontexte, historische und politische Kontexte etc.) für ein Verständnis des Literaturkritikers Benjamin gewinnen können, sofern man ihnen editorisch die gebührende Beachtung schenkt. Dabei werden Umrisse eines neuen und anderen Benjamin-Bildes sichtbar, das sich von dem bisher verbreiteten nicht nur in Nuancen unterscheidet.
In seiner Rezension zur Kritischen Ausgabe der 'Einbahnstraße' schreibt Lorenz Jäger in der 'Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung' vom 11.3.2010: "Zwischen Moskau und Paris liegt der geographische Raum dieses Buches, auch nach Süden hin ist er offen." Tatsächlich spielt der Süden Europas im Leben und Werk Benjamins eine wichtige Rolle. In Italien und Spanien hat er nicht nur längere Phasen seines Lebens verbracht, sondern bekanntlich auch zentrale, seine intellektuelle Entwicklung prägende Zäsuren erlebt. Seine autobiographischen Texte, Reisebilder und die Besprechungen einschlägiger Werke zur Kultur und Landschaft Südeuropas geben davon ein eindrucksvolles Zeugnis. Hinsichtlich der Rezeption der romanischen Literatur im engeren Sinn wird man aber von einer eher schmalen Tür nach Süden sprechen müssen, jedenfalls gemessen an den breiten Toren, die nach Westen in Richtung Frankreich bzw. nach Osten zur russischen Literatur führen. Gewiss, Benjamin kannte die italienischen Klassiker Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio, Aretino oder Marsilio Ficino, aber sehr tiefe Spuren haben sie in seinem Werk nicht hinterlassen. Etwas anders sieht es bei den großen Autoren des spanischen 'Siglo de Oro' aus. Mit Cervantes als Erzähler, vor allem aber mit dem "Handorakel" von Baltasar Gracián und den Trauerspielen Calderons hat er sich seit den 1920er Jahren wiederholt und intensiv auseinandergesetzt. Aber auch hier fehlt, sieht man von der kurzen Rezension des spanischen Surrealisten Ramón Gómez de la Serna ab, jede nähere Beschäftigung mit bedeutenden Autoren des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Umso auffälliger ist vor diesem Hintergrund das Interesse, das Benjamin dem italienischen Dichter, Philologen, Essayisten und großen Aphoristiker Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837) entgegengebracht hat. Es findet seinen deutlichsten Niederschlag in der Rezension einer deutschen Übersetzung von Leopardis 'Pensieri', die im Frühjahr 1928 geschrieben wurde und in der 'Literarischen Welt' vom 18.3.1928 erschienen ist. Größere Aufmerksamkeit hat diese Besprechung nicht gefunden. Bekannter ist der sich daran anschließende, zwei Monate später an gleicher Stelle publizierte Disput mit dem Übersetzer Richard Peters, der dem Kritiker Gelegenheit gab, zu grundsätzlichen Fragen der Übersetzungstheorie Stellung zu nehmen (WuN XIII, 144–147). Dagegen wurde die Verbindung zwischen Benjamin und Leopardi bislang in der Forschung von keiner Seite thematisiert.
Gen- und Stammzelltherapie stehen für das, wovon die Medizin schon immer geträumt hat: geschädigtes Gewebe durch gesundes ersetzen und die Wirkung defekter Gene durch intakte Kopien korrigieren. Wie ist der Stand der weltweiten Forschung? Welche Hindernisse sind zu überwinden, damit mehr Patienten von der regenerativen Medizin profi tieren werden?
During early G1 phase, Rb is exclusively mono-phosphorylated by cyclin D:Cdk4/6, generating 14 different isoforms with specific binding patterns to E2Fs and other cellular protein targets. While mono-phosphorylated Rb is dispensable for early G1 phase progression, interfering with cyclin D:Cdk4/6 kinase activity prevents G1 phase progression, questioning the role of cyclin D:Cdk4/6 in Rb inactivation. To dissect the molecular functions of cyclin D:Cdk4/6 during cell cycle entry, we generated a single cell reporter for Cdk2 activation, RB inactivation and cell cycle entry by CRISPR/Cas9 tagging endogenous p27 with mCherry. Through single cell tracing of Cdk4i cells, we identified a time-sensitive early G1 phase specific Cdk4/6-dependent phosphorylation gradient that regulates cell cycle entry timing and resides between serum-sensing and cyclin E:Cdk2 activation. To reveal the substrate identity of the Cdk4/6 phosphorylation gradient, we performed whole proteomic and phospho-proteomic mass spectrometry, and identified 147 proteins and 82 phospho-peptides that significantly changed due to Cdk4 inhibition in early G1 phase. In summary, we identified novel (non-Rb) cyclin D:Cdk4/6 substrates that connects early G1 phase functions with cyclin E:Cdk2 activation and Rb inactivation by hyper-phosphorylation.
Background: Computed tomography (CT) low-dose (LD) imaging is used to lower radiation exposure, especially in vascular imaging; in current literature, this is mostly on latest generation high-end CT systems.
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of reduced tube current on objective and subjective image quality of a 15-year-old 16-slice CT system for pulmonary angiography (CTPA).
Material and Methods: CTPA scans from 60 prospectively randomized patients (28 men, 32 women) were examined in this study on a 15-year-old 16-slice CT scanner system. Standard CT (SD) settings were 100 kV and 150 mAs, LD settings were 100 kV and 50 mAs. Attenuation of the pulmonary trunk, various anatomic landmarks, and image noise were quantitatively measured; contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) were calculated. Three independent blinded radiologists subjectively rated each image series using a 5-point grading scale.
Results: CT dose index (CTDI) in the LD series was 66.46% lower compared to the SD settings (2.49 ± 0.55 mGy versus 7.42 ± 1.17 mGy). Attenuation of the pulmonary trunk showed similar results for both series (SD 409.55 ± 91.04 HU; LD 380.43 HU ± 93.11 HU; P = 0.768). Subjective image analysis showed no significant differences between SD and LD settings regarding the suitability for detection of central and peripheral PE (central SD/LD, 4.88; intra-class correlation coefficients [ICC], 0.894/4.83; ICC, 0.745; peripheral SD/LD, 4.70; ICC, 0.943/4.57; ICC, 0.919; all P > 0.4).
Conclusion: The LD protocol, on a 15-year-old CT scanner system without current high-end hardware or post-processing tools, led to a dose reduction of approximately 67% with similar subjective image quality and delineation of central and peripheral pulmonary arteries.
The re-emergence of tuberculosis in its present-day manifestations - single, multiple and extensive drug-resistant forms and as HIV-TB coinfections - has resulted in renewed research on fundamental questions such as the nature of the organism itself, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, definition of the immunological response in animal models and humans, and development of new intervention strategies such as vaccines and drugs. Foremost among these developments has been the precise chemical definition of the complex and distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis, elucidation of the relevant pathways and underlying genetics responsible for the synthesis of the hallmark moieties of the tubercle bacillus such as the mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the phthiocerol- and trehalose-containing effector lipids, the phosphatidylinositol-containing mannosides, lipomannosides and lipoarabinomannosides, major immunomodulators, and others. In this review, the laboratory personnel who have been the focal point of some to these developments review recent progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the basic physiology and functions of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis.
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expression is extensively studied in bulk cDNA, but heterogeneity and functional patterning of GPCR expression in individual vascular cells is poorly understood. Here, we perform a microfluidic-based single-cell GPCR expression analysis in primary smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC). GPCR expression is highly heterogeneous in all cell types, which is confirmed in reporter mice, on the protein level and in human cells. Inflammatory activation in murine models of sepsis or atherosclerosis results in characteristic changes in the GPCR repertoire, and we identify functionally relevant subgroups of cells that are characterized by specific GPCR patterns. We further show that dedifferentiating SMC upregulate GPCRs such as Gpr39, Gprc5b, Gprc5c or Gpr124, and that selective targeting of Gprc5b modulates their differentiation state. Taken together, single-cell profiling identifies receptors expressed on pathologically relevant subpopulations and provides a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies in vascular diseases.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a superfamily of integral membrane proteins, catalyse the translocation of substrates across the cellular membrane by ATP hydrolysis. Here we demonstrate by nucleotide turnover and binding studies based on 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy that the ABC exporter and lipid A flippase MsbA can couple ATP hydrolysis to an adenylate kinase activity, where ADP is converted into AMP and ATP. Single-point mutations reveal that both ATPase and adenylate kinase mechanisms are associated with the same conserved motifs of the nucleotide-binding domain. Based on these results, we propose a model for the coupled ATPase-adenylate kinase mechanism, involving the canonical and an additional nucleotide-binding site. We extend these findings to other prokaryotic ABC exporters, namely LmrA and TmrAB, suggesting that the coupled activities are a general feature of ABC exporters.
The title compound, C22H18N2O2, was derived from 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-dione. The central pyrazole ring forms dihedral angles of 16.83 (5), 48.97 (4) and 51.68 (4)°, respectively, with the methoxyphenyl, phenyl and hydroxyphenyl rings. The crystal packing is stabilized by O-H...N hydrogen bonding. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.002 Å; R factor = 0.037; wR factor = 0.096; data-to-parameter ratio = 17.0.
Der Drömling ist mit einer Fläche von ca. 320 km2 das größte Feucht- und Niedermoorgebiet im deutschen Altpleistozän, das noch große geschlossene Niedermoorkomplexe aufweist. Das Gebiet ist Lebensraum zahlreicher seltener und vom Aussterben bedrohter Tier- und Pflanzenarten. Mit dem im Zuge der Kultivierung entstandenen umfangreichen Graben- und Stauanlagensystem und den historisch bedeutsamen Rimpau’schen Moordammkulturen ist die Drömlingsniederung zugleich eine einmalige Kulturlandschaft.
We investigate complexes of two paramagnetic metal ions Gd3+ and Mn2+ to serve as polarizing agents for solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of 1H, 13C, and 15N at magnetic fields of 5, 9.4, and 14.1 T. Both ions are half-integer high-spin systems with a zero-field splitting and therefore exhibit a broadening of the mS = −1/2 ↔ +1/2 central transition which scales inversely with the external field strength. We investigate experimentally the influence of the chelator molecule, strong hyperfine coupling to the metal nucleus, and deuteration of the bulk matrix on DNP properties. At small Gd-DOTA concentrations the narrow central transition allows us to polarize nuclei with small gyromagnetic ratio such as 13C and even 15N via the solid effect. We demonstrate that enhancements observed are limited by the available microwave power and that large enhancement factors of >100 (for 1H) and on the order of 1000 (for 13C) can be achieved in the saturation limit even at 80 K. At larger Gd(III) concentrations (≥10 mM) where dipolar couplings between two neighboring Gd3+ complexes become substantial a transition towards cross effect as dominating DNP mechanism is observed. Furthermore, the slow spin-diffusion between 13C and 15N, respectively, allows for temporally resolved observation of enhanced polarization spreading from nuclei close to the paramagnetic ion towards nuclei further removed. Subsequently, we present preliminary DNP experiments on ubiquitin by site-directed spin-labeling with Gd3+ chelator tags. The results hold promise towards applications of such paramagnetically labeled proteins for DNP applications in biophysical chemistry and/or structural biology.
It’s intuitively plausible to suppose that there are many things that we can be rationally certain of, at least in many contexts. The present paper argues that, given this principle of Abundancy, there is a Preface Paradox for (rational) credence. Section 1 gives a statement of the paradox, discusses its relation to its familiar counterpart for (rational) belief, and points out the congeniality between Abundancy and broadly contextualist trends in epistemology. This leads to the question whether considerations of context-sensitivity might lend themselves to solving the Preface for credence. Sections 2 and 3 scrutinize two approaches in this spirit—one mimicking Hawthorne’s (2002) Semantic Contextualist approach to an epistemic version of the Preface, the other one analogous to Clarke’s (2015) Sensitivist approach to the doxastic version—arguing that neither approach succeeds as it stands.
Protective ant-plant mutualisms that are exploited by non-defending parasitic ants represent prominent model systems for ecology and evolutionary biology. The mutualist Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus is an obligate plant-ant and fully depends on acacias for nesting space and food. The parasite Pseudomyrmex gracilis facultatively nests on acacias and uses host-derived food rewards but also external food sources. Integrative analyses of genetic microsatellite data, cuticular hydrocarbons and behavioral assays showed that an individual acacia might be inhabited by the workers of several P. gracilis queens, whereas one P. ferrugineus colony monopolizes one or more host trees. Despite these differences in social organization, neither of the species exhibited aggressive behavior among conspecific workers sharing a tree regardless of their relatedness. This lack of aggression corresponds to the high similarity of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles among ants living on the same tree. Host sharing by unrelated colonies, or the presence of several queens in a single colony are discussed as strategies by which parasite colonies could achieve the observed social organization. We argue that in ecological terms, the non-aggressive behavior of non-sibling P. gracilis workers — regardless of the route to achieve this social structure — enables this species to efficiently occupy and exploit a host plant. By contrast, single large and long-lived colonies of the mutualist P. ferrugineus monopolize individual host plants and defend them aggressively against invaders from other trees. Our findings highlight the necessity for using several methods in combination to fully understand how differing life history strategies affect social organization in ants.
Previous investigation of seismic anisotropy indicates the presence of a simple mantle flow regime beneath the Turkish-Anatolian Plateau and Arabian Plate. Numerical modeling suggests that this simple flow is a component of a large-scale global mantle flow associated with the African superplume, which plays a key role in the geodynamic framework of the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone. However, the extent and impact of the flow pattern farther east beneath the Iranian Plateau and Zagros remains unclear. While the relatively smoothly varying lithospheric thickness beneath the Anatolian Plateau and Arabian Plate allows progress of the simple mantle flow, the variable lithospheric thickness across the Iranian Plateau is expected to impose additional boundary conditions on the mantle flow field. In this study, for the first time, we use an unprecedented data set of seismic waveforms from a network of 245 seismic stations to examine the mantle flow pattern and lithospheric deformation over the entire region of the Iranian Plateau and Zagros by investigation of seismic anisotropy. We also examine the correlation between the pattern of seismic anisotropy, plate motion using GPS velocities and surface strain fields. Our study reveals a complex pattern of seismic anisotropy that implies a similarly complex mantle flow field. The pattern of seismic anisotropy suggests that the regional simple mantle flow beneath the Arabian Platform and eastern Turkey deflects as a circular flow around the thick Zagros lithosphere. This circular flow merges into a toroidal component beneath the NW Zagros that is likely an indicator of a lateral discontinuity in the lithosphere. Our examination also suggests that the main lithospheric deformation in the Zagros occurs as an axial shortening across the belt, whereas in the eastern Alborz and Kopeh-Dagh a belt-parallel horizontal lithospheric deformation plays a major role.
In order to elucidate what species among so many kind of marine organisms are likely to be consmed Iargely by the balaenopterid whales, the existing evidence on the food habits of baleen whales is reviewed. To meet with this primary purpose the report was mainly focussed on to describe qualitative aspects of food species having been known to date from the notable whaling grounds over the world rather than documenting quantitative subjects. One of interesting facts noticed throughout the contribution was that there exists fairly intense diversity in the assembly of food species composition by regions such as; northern hemisphere vs. southern hemisphere, Pacific region vs. Atlantic region, inshore waters vs. offshore waters, embayed waters vs. open waters, where the former usually shows more diversed complexity than the latter. The fact however suggests that although the composition of food species locally varies over the various whaling grounds, the food organisms as taxonomical groups are very similar one another even in locally isolated whaIing grounds when the food organisms and their assemblies are considered by the family or genus basis. In this connection many evidences given in the text may suggest that the balaenopterid whales as a whole may substantially live on quite simply compositioned forage assembly in comparison with tremendous variety of organisms existing in the marine ecosystems. One of important aspects of the baleen whales food must be found in their characteristics of forming dense swarms, schools, and/or aggregations in the shallower enough layers to be fed by the whales. The present and past status of larger baleen whales as the mighty monarch through their evolutional pathways may entirely depend upon the spatial distribution pattern of possible food organisms, i.e. the animal aggregations.
Objective: We sought to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of intranasal midazolam (in‐MDZ) as first‐line inhospital therapy in patients with status epilepticus (SE) during continuous EEG recording.
Methods: Data on medical history, etiology and semiology of SE, anticonvulsive medication usage, efficacy and safety of in‐MDZ were retrospectively reviewed between 2015 and 2018. Time to end of SE regarding the administration of in‐MDZ and ß‐band effects were analyzed on EEG and with frequency analysis.
Results: In total, 42 patients (mean age: 52.7 ± 22.7 years; 23 females) were treated with a median dose of 5 mg of in‐MDZ (range: 2.5–15 mg, mean: 6.4 mg, SD: 2.6) for SE. The majority of the patients suffered from nonconvulsive SE (n = 24; 55.8%). In total, 24 (57.1%) patients were responders, as SE stopped following the administration of in‐MDZ without any other drugs being given. On average, SE ceased on EEG at 05:05 (minutes:seconds) after the application of in‐MDZ (median: 04:56; range: 00:29–14:53; SD:03:13). Frequency analysis showed an increased ß‐band on EEG after the application of in‐MDZ at 04:07 on average (median: 03:50; range: 02:20–05:40; SD: 01:09). Adverse events were recorded in six patients (14.3%), with nasal irritations present in five (11.9%) and prolonged sedation occurring in one (2.6%) patient.
Conclusions: This pharmaco‐EEG–based study showed that in‐MDZ is effective and well‐tolerated for the acute treatment of SE. EEG and clinical effects of in‐MDZ administration occurred within 04:07 and 5:05 on average. Intranasal midazolam appears to be an easily applicable and rapidly effective alternative to buccal or intramuscular application as first‐line treatment if an intravenous route is not available.
Her yeni edebî metnin kendinden öncekilerden ya ilham aldığı ya da yeniden üretilerek ortaya çıktığı gerçeği bugün edebiyat çevreleri tarafından kabul edilen bir görüştür. Sinema sanatı edebiyat ile her zaman yakın ilişki içerisinde olmuştur. Senaryolar ise edebî metinlerden beslenerek onlardan ilham almıştır ya da özgün senaryo ile edebî metin benzeşmiştir. Edebiyattan beslenen sinema böylece kendi türünü de oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle melodram türü sinema filmleri 1960 - 1975 yılları arasında Yeşilçam sinemasına hâkim olmuştur. Hamdi Değirmencioğlu'nun 1973 yılında 10. Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivalinde kendisine ödül kazandıran "Hayat mı Bu?" adlı melodram türündeki senaryosu Grimm Kardeşlerin Halk efsanesi olan "Die zwei gleichen Söhne" ile benzerlikler taşımaktadır. Grimm Kardeşlerin 1816–1818 yılları arasında yayınlanmış olan "Deutsche Sagen" (Alman Efsaneleri) eserinde toplam 585 halk efsanesi yer almaktadır. Halk efsanesine konu olan Genç Kral Pepin / III. Pepin (714-768) tarihsel gerçek bir kişidir ve hikâyesi Alman efsaneleri arasında 441. sırada yer almaktadır. Onun hayatından yola çıkarak anne kompleksinin negatif özellikli arketipi olan üvey anne figürüne farklı bir yorum katan bu Alman halk efsanesi, Değirmencioğlu'nun senaryosunu yazdığı 1972 yapımlı Yeşilçam Sinema filmindeki üvey anne figürü ile benzeşmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Grimm Kardeşlerin "Die zwei gleichen Söhne" adlı efsanesi ile Hamdi Değirmencioğlu'nun "Hayat mı Bu?" adlı film senaryosu metinlerarasılık kuramı ile incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Günter Grass'ın 'Yengeç Yürüyüşü" Romanında 'Konrad' Karakterini Dijital Kuşak Olarak Çözümleme
(2021)
"Yengeç Yürüyüşü" romanında, 1945 yılında Nasyonal Sosyalist dönemde torpillenen "Wilhelm Gustloff" gemisinin batırılış öyküsüyle birlikte Pokriefke ailesinin üç kuşak üyelerinin de aile öyküsüne yer verilmiştir."Y kuşağı" teknolojiye olan yatkınlığı ile bilinirken, günümüzde "Z kuşağı", iletişim araçları olarak internet ve akıllı telefonları daha etkin bir şekilde kullanmaktadır. Bu durumda her iki dijital kuşak da iletişim teknolojilerini iyi derecede kullanan teknoloji gurusu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dijital temelli teknolojik gelişmelerin yaşamı değiştirmeye başladığı iki binli yıllar bu bağlamda dönüm noktası olarak ele alınabilir. Romanın olay örgüsünde 1995'lere gelindiğinde genç Konrad'ın dijital iletişim aracı olarak bilgisayar kullanması sonucunda internetten beslenen antisemitizmle yollarının kesişmesinin de öyküsü anlatılır. Romanda, ben-anlatıcı Paul'un başarısız gazetecilik kariyeri, ironik bir şekilde, yetenekli bir bilgisayar kullanıcısı olan oğlu Konrad'ın Neo-Nazilerin www.blutzeuge.de sayfasını düzenli olarak ziyaret etmesi gerçeği ile bir paradox oluşturur. Baba Paul'un başarısızlığının aksine Konrad, büyükanne Tulla'nın yardımıyla bir bilgisayar edinerek ihtiyacı olan bilgiyi elde etmekte başarılı olacaktır. Ancak, istediği bilgiye kavuşan Konrad, internet aracılığıyla bir yandan başarılı araştırmalara imza atarken öte yandan da internet üzerinden tanıştığı bir genci öldürme eylemine karışır. Bu olayla Nasyonal Sosyalist döneminin ideolojik propaganda çalışmalarının Neonazizm aracılığıyla yürütülmeye devam edildiğine bir göndermede bulunulduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada üçüncü kuşak aile üyesi olan Konrad'ın dijital ortamı kullanarak kendisinden önceki kuşakların hatalarını yinelediği kesitler, metin odaklı bir yaklaşımla irdelenerek örnek ve alıntılarla çözümlenmeye çalışılacaktır.
Die Anzahl der Werke zum Thema Antikriegsliteratur, vor allem im Zusammenhang mit dem Ersten Weltkrieg, ist im literarischen Bereich reichlich vorhanden. Die deutsche Literatur bietet durch ihre umfangreiche Anzahl Möglichkeiten diese Werke zu untersuchen. Die Darstellung des Krieges in dem Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" ist deshalb bemerkenswert, weil es viele Beispiele zum Thema Kriegstrauma enthält. Wie wird Kriegstrauma im Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" in der Gegenwartsliteratur geschildert bzw. thematisiert? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, soll das Motiv, "Kriegstrauma" und dessen Darstellungen, die im Roman vorkommen, gelöst werden. Der Ausdruck auf der ersten Seite der Einführung des Romans "Die Schrecken des Ersten Weltkrieges sind die Schrecken aller Kriege", deutet auf das Hauptthema im Roman. Dieser Roman wird auch heute 100 Jahre nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg als ein Zeitzeugen-Dokument angesehen. Der Roman schildert die Erfahrungen eines einfachen Frontsoldaten im Ersten Weltkrieg, den Erich Maria Remarque im Jahre 1927 als er an der Westfront Dienst war geschrieben hat. Im Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" wird die Geschichte des deutschen Soldaten Paul Bäumer und seiner Kameraden im Ersten Weltkrieg erzählt. Traumata / Kriegstraumata / Kriegserlebnisse der Soldaten an der Front sind ein zentrales Thema des Romans.
We simultaneously considered morphology and molecular phylogeny to modify the generic classification of the ‘pyropterine clade’ (Lycidae, Erotinae, Dictyopterini). To place species previously included in Benibotarus Kôno, 1932 in reciprocally monophyletic genera, we propose Gomezzuritus gen. nov. with the type-species Dictyopterus alternatus Fairmaire, 1856. Further, we transfer Gomezzuritus alternatus (Fairmaire, 1856) comb. nov., G. longicornis (Reiche, 1878) comb. nov., and G. rubripes (Pic, 1897) comb. nov. from Benibotarus to Gomezzuritus gen. nov. The pyropterine clade contains five genera in the Palaearctic region: Pyropterus Mulsant, 1838, Gomezzuritus gen. nov., Helcophorus Fairmaire, 1891, Greenarus Kazantsev, 1995, and Benibotarus Kôno, 1932. The arrangement of longitudinal elytral costae proved misleading for consideration of relationships. Two genera in distant positions share only four primary costae (Pyropterus and Helcophorus), and three similarly distant genera share the shortened primary costa 3, resulting in three primary and four secondary longitudinal costae (Gomezzuritus, Greenarus, and Benibotarus). The larva of Gomezzuritus alternatus is described in detail, and it is compared with the larvae of other Dictyopterini, including the presumed larva of G. longicornis.
The recently developed stereospecific sodium salt glycosylation procedure has been successfully applied to the synthesis of the β-ᴅ-2′-deoxyribofuranosides of benzimidazole, 5,6-dihalogeno benzimidazoles, and some 2-substituted analogues in high yield. The 5,6-dibromo analogue was obtained by bromination of the parent nucleoside. These have all been characterized by spectroscopic methods, including 1H NMR, which permitted analyses of their solution conformations and comparison with those of the corresponding ribofuranosides. Some biological aspects, including preliminary results on cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, are briefly considered.
This paper describes the effect of the "Boleslaw" mining and metallurgic complex in Bukowno near Olkusz on the vegetation of the fresh coniferous forest association Vaccinia myrtilli-Pineitum. The increase in concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium in selected plant species under the influence of industrial emission, and the dependence of this increase upon the magnitude of dust fall and site conditions, are analized. The extent of accumulation of heavy metals in plants was assumed to be an indicator of the degree of pressure exerted by the industrial complex. The degradation of fresh coniferous forest was. increasing along with an increase in this pressure. The species composition of the association, and the quantitative relations among species representing various site types underwent considerable changes. In patches extremely degraded, the plant species characteristic of poor sandy grass-lands gained predominance over forest plants.
Almanca dilbilgisinde tümcenin temel öğeleri genellikle eylem temel alınarak yapılır. Türkçe dilbilgisi için bu durum sözde kalmaktadır. Çünkü öğeler genellikle eylemin birleşim değeri göz önünde bulundurulmadan, o anda tümcede rastlantısal olarak bulunan öğeler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, nitel araştırma yöntemiyle internetten ve basılı dokümanlardan elde edilen verilerin yorumlanmasıyla oluşan bu makalede, birleşim değeri çerçevesinde değerlendirme yapılmış olup eylemin gerektirdiği öğeler buna göre ele alınmalıdır. Diğer bir sorun da, Almanca dilbilgisi bağlamında üzerinde genel anlamda uzlaşılan, ancak Türkçede tartışmalı olan nesne terimi ve kavramıdır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada genel anlamda nesne kavramından yola çıkılarak sonilgeçli nesne kavramına gelinecektir. Amaç, Türkçe - Almanca nesne türlerini karşılaştırmak değil, Türk dili bağlamında “nesne”nin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak için Almancadan da örnekler vermektir. Nesne teriminin Türkçede Akkusativobjekt ile sınırlı tutulmasının yanlış olduğu ve çıkma durumu nesnesi, bulunma durumu nesnesi, sonilgeçli nesne gibi terimlerin dilbilgisel bir gerçek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Türkçede eyleyen (Aktant) olarak sonilgeçli nesne (Postpositionalobjekt) gerektiren eylemler olduğu saptanmıştır.
Zu ausgewählten Aspekten der Selbstdarstellung von Ärzten auf deutschen Arztbewertungsportalen
(2019)
Doctors, like other professional groups, are subject to competition rules on the market. As a result, the issue of marketing in the field of medical services is becoming increasingly important. In recent years, the growing importance of doctor evaluation websites can be viewed from this perspective, as these websites give doctors opportunities for online self-presentation. The subject of this analysis is the profiles of doctors on one of the leading German doctor evaluation websites. The starting point for the analysis is the assumption that these websites not only contain information, but also appeal to readers, attempt to influence readers' attitudes, and consequently also contribute to the creation of a positive image of the doctor. Profiles are analyzed starting from a division into thematic blocks, with the help of which specific functions of these texts are implemented.
The current state of German studies is driving certain changes in degree programmes at Polish universities. Above all, students expect training in practical subjects. It is often noted that a change should take place in the field of German studies, in order to improve skills in the field of technical language and specialist communication. On the one hand, this would mean turning away from classic, canonical German studies. On the other hand, it would meet the expectations of future students. In this article we provide a critical overview of the curricular requirements regarding the technical language component of degree programmes at Polish universities. Degree programmes are analyzed in terms of the occurrence and content of the technical language component, and future developments are forecasted.
Die seit Jahren allmählich aber sukzessive ansteigende Digitalisierung bleibt nicht ohne Einfluss auf die Veränderungen in der Forschung, darunter auch in der Phraseologie. Den Möglichkeiten, die einem in diesem Kontext angeboten werden, scheinen keine Grenzen gesetzt zu werden. Das betrifft auch die Lexikographie - hier Phraseographie, die sich von der traditionellen Arbeitsweise und den Arbeitsmethoden immer mehr entfernt und Vorteile der digitalisierten Welt in zunehmendem Maße nutzt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird zum einen das Potential der phraseologischen Online-Wörterbücher geprüft, das zum anderen mit den Möglichkeiten der Printwörterbücher verglichen wird. Das Ziel ist dabei, die Funktionalitäten der beiden Typen von phraseologischen Wörterbüchern miteinander zu vergleichen, um feststellen zu können, ob alle Vorteile der Digitalisierung von den Autoren der Online-Wörterbücher genutzt werden, um verschiedenen Erwartungen der Benutzer gerecht zu werden und ihre Bedürfnisse zu befriedigen. Die Grundlage der Analyse bilden auf der einen Seite sechs repräsentative phraseologische Printwörterbücher für Deutsch, vier für Polnisch, vier phraseologische deutsch-polnische Wörterbücher und zwei polnisch-deutsche und auf der anderen Seite drei Online-Wörterbücher für Deutsch, ein Online-Wörterbuch für Polnisch und zwei deutsch-polnische Online-Wörterbücher. Aus dem Vergleich der Mikrostruktur in den analysierten Wörterbüchern ergeben sich Schlussfolgerungen in Bezug auf die Empfehlungen und fertige Lösungen mancher Probleme lexikographischer Natur, die ihre Anwendung in der digitalen Phraseographie finden können.
Schriftsteller im Spagat : zur deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur von Autoren polnischer Herkunft
(2012)
Im Beitrag wird das Schaffen von drei Autoren polnischer Herkunft – Artur Becker, Dariusz Muszer und Leszek Oświęcimski – skizzenhaft präsentiert, die in den späten 1980er Jahren nach Deutschland migrierten. In ihren Romanen und Erzählungen thematisieren sie die Unmöglichkeit der Rückkehr (Becker), die Erfahrung totaler Fremdheit (Muszer) und Dekonstruktion der nationalen Stereotype (Oświęcimski). Der geschärfte Blick auf das Fremde und das Eigene aus der Perspektive der Migranten im (mentalen, kulturellen, künstlerischen) Spagat zwischen Polen und Deutschland sowie ihre erzählerischen Strategien bilden den Gegenstand des Beitrags.