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In dem Beitrag sind weitere Nachträge und Korrekturen zur 2008 veröffentlichten „Liste der Gefäßpflanzen Deutschlands“ zusammengestellt und kommentiert. 3 Taxa, darunter 1 eingebürgerter Neophyt, müssen der Liste hinzugefügt, 2 Taxa müssen gestrichen werden. die Nomenklatur von ×Triticosecale rimpaui wird besprochen.
Schriftenschau
(2009)
Die Nelke Dianthus carthusianorum wurde nach dem Kartäuserorden benannt. Nach den derzeit geltenden deutschen Rechtschreibregeln ist nur die Schreibweise „Kartäusernelke“ ohne h korrekt. Der tatsächliche Gebrauch (Literatur, Internet) ist jedoch nicht einheitlich. Für die Form ohne h sprechen die etymologische Herkunft und die Übereinstimmung mit anderen europäischen Sprachen, für die Form mit h eine mehr als 500jährige Tradition im deutschen Sprachraum.
Es gibt in der botanischen Taxonomie (bisher) nur einen Autor wissenschaftlicher Pflanzennamen namens Medikus oder Medicus ohne gleichnamige Nomenklatoren neben ihm. Die in BRUMMITT & POWELL (1992) angeführten Standardautoren „L.W.MEDICUS“ und „W.MEDICUS“ sind als nomenklatorisch irrelevant zu ignorieren. Die Autorbezeichnung „MEDIK.“ gilt ausnahmslos für alle infrage kommenden Taxa. Autorbezeichnungen wie „MED.“, „MEDIC.“ oder „MEDICUS“ sind entsprechend zu standardisieren.
In Karten wird die Verbreitung von 49 Alchemilla-Arten im Französischen und Schweizer Jura dargestellt. A. psilopodia wird als Art neu beschrieben. Mehrere Erstnachweise werden erbracht: Neu sind A. oscensis für Mitteleuropa, A. hybrida für die Schweiz, A. jaquetiana für Frankreich, A. firma, A. propinqua, A. speciosa, A. squarrosula für den Jura. Die aus Südwesteuropa einstrahlenden Arten (A. hybrida, A. oscensis, A. vetteri) werden ausführlich beschrieben und in Abbildungen, Bestimmungs- und Merkmalstabellen mit ähnlichen Arten verglichen (A. colorata, A. exigua, A. filicaulis, A. glaucescens, A. monticola, A. plicata, A. propinqua, A. psilopodia, A. strigosula, A. subglobosa).
Es wird eine Übersicht über die in Deutschland vorkommenden Bolboschoenus- Arten gegeben, die Bestimmungsschlüssel und Verbreitungsübersichten mit Listen geprüfter Belege enthält. Herbarrevisionen und Exkursionen sind Grundlagen der Arbeit. In Deutschland sind vier Bolboschoenus- Arten indigen: B. maritimus s. str. ist eine halophile Art der Küsten und Binnensalzstellen; B. laticarpus ist weit verbreitet in Süßwasserhabitaten, besonders in Flussauen; B. planiculmis ist eine seltene Art von Sekundärhabitaten, insbesondere Nassstellen in Feldern, von der aktuelle Funde nur aus Bayern und Sachsen-Anhalt bekannt sind; B. yagara ist ebenfalls eine seltene Art, deren Vorkommen in Fischteichen der sächsischen Lausitz, in Thüringen, Bayern und Baden- Württemberg liegen. Häufigkeiten, mögliche Ausbreitungstendenzen und Schutzbedürftigkeit werden diskutiert.
Angegeben wird jeweils das Sammeldatum des für die Chromosomenzählung verwendeten Materials (Lebendpflanze, Samen) zuzüglich eines eventuell gesammelten Beleges sowie – getrennt durch einen Schrägstrich – Sammeldatum und Aufbewahrungsort eines Beleges der gezählten Pflanze. Wird nur ein Datum angegeben, ist allein die Wildaufsammlung dokumentiert. Die Abkürzungen der Herbarien richten sich nach HOLMGREN & al. (1990, sowie Online-Nachträge). Taxonomie und Nomenklatur richten sich nach der aktuellen deutschen Standardliste (BUTTLER & HAND 2008). Wie bereits in vorhergehenden Folge werden wiederum einige Zählungen aus dem grenznahen Ausland mit aufgenommen.
Die Intention der hiermit fortgesetzten Reihe sowie die Kriterien zur Aufnahme der besprochenen Literatur und der nomenklatorischen Neuigkeiten sind in der Einführung zur ersten Folge in Kochia 1 erläutert. Der Abschnitt „Taxonomie“, der der „Molekularen Phylogenetik“ normalerweise vorangestellt ist, entfällt dieses Mal mangels mitteilenswerter Publikationen. Dies spiegelt in gewisser Weise die Entwicklung an nationalen und internationalen Hochschulen wider.
Im Rheinland fallen zwei frühblühende Capsella-Sippen auf. Die zuerst blühende Sippe, Capsella I genannt, würde man als Teil einer weit gefassten C. bursa-pastoris ansehen. Etwas später blüht C. rubella, eine bisher vermutlich weitgehend übersehene Art des Rheinlandes. Taxonomie und Merkmalsbewertung bei Capsella werden diskutiert.
Uluslararası Savaş ve Kültür Sempozyumu, Amasya Üniversitesi ve Kıbrıs Balkanlar Avrasya Türk Edebiyatları Kurumu (KIBATEK) iş birliği ile 17-19 Kasım tarihleri arasında Amasya Üniversitesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Savaş, kültürü şekillendiren, yönlendiren ve değiştiren ve kültürle olan bu ilişkisinden dolayı kendi diyalektiğini doğuran bir olgudur.
Uluslararası Batı Kültürü ve Edebiyatları Araştırmaları Sempozyumunun beşincisi 4-6 Ekim 2017 tarihleri arasında Sivas'ta gerçekleştirildi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı, Fransız Dili ve Edebiyatı, İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı ve Mütercim-Tercümanlık Bölümleri tarafından düzenlenen ve ana teması "bellek" olan bu bilgi şölenine gerek yurt içinden gerek yurt dışından çok sayıda öğretim elemanı bildiri ve poster gibi akademik çalışmalarla katıldı.
Die Kulturabteilung der Deutschen Botschaft Ankara, das DAAD-Informationszentrum Ankara und die Hacettepe Universität boten im Frühlingssemester 2017 für interessierte Masterstudierende und Doktoranden ein Workshop-Seminar zu kulturellen Konzepten von in den Werken von Zafer Şenocak an. Konzepte von Migration, Transkulturalität, Sprachvarietäten standen besonders im Fokus der Veranstaltung.
Bericht über die Tagung "Beziehungskrisen: Deutsch-türkische
Verhältnisse in Literatur und Film"
(2017)
Zwischen dem 14. und 16. November 2017 wurde an der Ege Universität-Izmir eine Internationale Tagung veranstaltet, welche im Rahmen zweier Germanistischer Institutspartnerschaften (GIP) vom Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD) gefördert wurde. Die Kooperation zwischen der Universität Paderborn und der Ege Universität sowie die Partnerschaft zwischen der Universität Hamburg und der Istanbul Universität trugen dazu bei, dass diese Tagung mit dem Schwerpunkt "Beziehungskrisen: Deutsch-türkische Verhältnisse in Literatur und Film" zustande kam.
Unter der Leitung der Ege Universität und der Beteiligung der Universität Paderborn, Istanbul und Hamburg fand vom 14. bis zum 16. November 2017 die erste internationale/kooperative Vierer-Tagung im Rahmen der Germanistischen Institutspartnerschaft an der Ege Universität in Izmir statt. Wissenschaftler und Interessierte reisten aus verschiedenen Städten wie Istanbul, Ankara, Eskişehir, Berlin, Paderborn, Hildesheim und Hamburg für die vom Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD) geförderte GIP Tagung an und leisteten mit gebiets- und themenbezogenen Vorträgen einen besonderen Beitrag dazu, eine international sehr vielschichtige Plattform entstehen zu lassen, die mehr als nur den literaturwissenschaftlichen Austausch ermöglichte
Das Exzerpt stellt ein Mittel dar, Fachwissen auf dem Wege der Textreproduktion in individuelles Wissen eines Lernenden umzuwandeln. Dies macht das Exzerpieren zu einer der Kernkompetenzen angehender DeutschlehrerInnen und wirkt sich sowohl auf den Erfolg im Studium als auch im späteren Berufsleben aus. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, mit textlinguistischen Analysemethoden und -verfahren festzustellen, inwieweit die Studierenden im Lehramtsstudiengang Deutsch als Fremdsprache in der Türkei die Fähigkeit des Exzerpierens als Teilfähigkeit des akademischen Schreibens am Ende ihres Studiums beherrschen. An der Untersuchung nahmen insgesamt 23 Studierende aus dem 4. Studienjahr der Abteilung für Deutsche Sprache und ihre Didaktik der Marmara-Universität in Istanbul teil. Insgesamt wurden 20 von den Studierenden verfasste Exzerpte ausgewertet. Die Auswertung der Studentenexzerpte erfolgte nach drei Hauptbewertungskriterien: Gliederung und Bezug zum Primärtext, inhaltliche Gestaltung des Exzerpts und Strategien beim Schreiben von Exzerpten. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass die Exzerpierkenntnisse der meisten an der Untersuchung beteiligten Studierenden am Ende ihres Studiums nicht ausreichend entwickelt sind und sie deshalb vermutlich Schwierigkeiten mit dem Exzerpieren von Texten im weiteren Studium, z.B. Masterstudium haben werden, insbesondere bei der Anfertigung von Seminararbeiten, für die eine Reihe von Aufsätzen zu exzerpieren sind.
Köşker 2015 yılında yayımlanan "Yabancı Dil Öğretiminde Kültür Aktarımı: Fransız Dili Örneği" başlıklı makalesinde geçmişten günümüze süregelen hedeflerin aksine dil öğrenmenin temel amacının artık öğrenilen dili konuşan kişilerle yazılı veya sözlü iletişim kurabilmek olduğunu belirtmiş, ancak Zeuner (1997) gibi o da konuşma ve anlama üzerine kurulu yazılı ve sözlü iletişim yetisini kullanabilmek için sadece dilbilgisi kurallarını bilmenin yetmediğini, bunun yanı sıra etkileşime girilen kişilerin yaşadıkları topluma ilişkin kültürel değerler hakkında da bilgi sahibi olmak ve dili konuşanların sözel olmayan mesajlarını da anlamak gerektiğini vurgulamıştır. Köşker ve Zeuner'in bu görüşlerinden hareketle bu çalışmada Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığının 2016-2017 öğretim yılından itibaren 5 (beş) yıl süreyle ders kitabı olarak kabul ettiği ve okullarda 2016-2017 eğitim-öğretim yılında yaygın olarak kullanılan Türkiye'de hazırlanmış ve basılmış olan Schritt für Schritt Deutsch Ortaöğretim A1.1 Düzeyi Almanca Ders Kitabı (Çelen Öztürk, 2016) içerdiği kültürel öğeler bakımından Tomková'nın (1992) ve Arıkan ve Saraç'ın (2010) geliştirmiş oldukları ölçütler doğrultusunda mercek altına alınmış ve veriler betimsel analiz yöntemi ile çözümlenerek, yorumlanmıştır. Veriler, Schritt für Schritt Deutsch Ortaöğretim A1.1 Düzeyi Almanca Ders Kitabında hedef dilin konuşulduğu ülkenin günlük yaşamına ve kültürüne ilişkin Türkçede 'Ülke Bilgisi' olarak karşılık bulan Landeskunde kavramı bağlamında coğrafi, tarihsel, sayısal, istatistiksel vs. gibi bilgilere yer verildiğini, bunun ötesinde öğrencilerin hedef dil kültürel öğeleri görmelerini ve duymalarını ve bu yolla zihinlerinde hayal edebilmelerini sağlayan ve kendi kültürü ile hedef dilin kültürünü karşılaştırabileceği ve empati kurabileceği düzenlemelere gidildiğini, ancak gerek 'Kültürlerarasılık' kavramı bağlamında yapılması öngörülen etkinliklerin gerekse ‘Ülke Bilgisi’ olarak karşılık bulan Landeskunde kavramı bağlamında sunulan coğrafi, tarihsel, sayısal, istatistiksel vs. gibi bilgilerin sayıca oldukça sınırlı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Araştırma kitapta yabancı olanı doğru anlayabilmek için mutlaka bilinmesi gereken hedef dilin konuşulduğu ülkeye has kültürel değerlere çok az değinildiğini ve erek dili konuşanların sözel olmayan mesajlarını da anlayabilme becerisini de geliştirecek türde düzenlemelere gidilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.
In the present research a pronunciation training, which was implemented within the scope of the seminar "Reading skills II", is being discussed. Turkish students in their first year, studying German Language Teaching at Uludağ University participated in this research. After a theoretical grounding, the conception of the pronunciation training and how it was implemented in the seminar will be introduced. The aim of this study is to examine, how the detected phonetic problems of the students can be eliminated through a targeted pronunciation training and how it can be perceived by the students. Orientated on the Qualitative Evaluation by Kuckartz et al. (2007) the analysis has been carried out. Therefore a questionnaire and a group-interview have been applied. Considering the evaluated results, possible perspectives for the specific field of research and teaching practice have been presented.
Werbung stellt in einer von Globalisierung und Transkulturalität geprägten Welt ein Phänomen dar, das nicht nur omnipräsent ist und uns mit Glücksversprechen und Idealbildern in Plastik(-schein-)welten verführt, sondern zunehmend als populäre Form der Kunst gepriesen wird, deren Wirkung durch ausgefeilte Formen der Rhetorik sowie eine suggestive bzw. manipulative Bildersprache gekennzeichnet ist. Fach- und insbesondere Fremdsprachen bilden einen wesentlichen Bestandteil im sprachlichen und stilistischen Repertoire der Werbesprache. Der Beitrag gliedert sich denn auch in zwei Abschnitte: Im ersten Teil der Untersuchung wird das sprachliche und stilistische Repertoire (Fachsprachen, Jugendsprache, Dialekt, Fremdsprachen (Anglizismen) der Werbesprache dargestellt. Der zweite Teil der Untersuchung beinhaltet eine exemplarische Analyse von türkischen und deutschen bzw. deutschsprachigen Werbeanzeigen im Hinblick auf die Verwendung von Anglizismen.
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einem Gedicht Heiner Müllers, das dieser in unmittelbarer Reaktion auf den Zusammenbruch des osteuropäischen Sozialismus verfasste. Da dieses Gedicht in mehreren Etappen geschrieben und publiziert wurde, gibt es Einblicke in die von Umbruch und Verwerfungen gekennzeichnete Entstehungssituation, die der Beitrag erläutern will.
Es kann gleichermaßen als eine vorläufige Lebensbilanz des Autors gelesen werden, wo sich selbstkritische Äußerungen zu den Irrtümern mit denen einer geschichtlichen Epoche kreuzen. Da die eingenommene Haltung zu diesem komplexen Veränderungsprozess und die Bewertung dieser Wende durch den Autor auch wiederum einer Selbstkritik unterworfen wurde, versucht der Beitrag, einen Einblick in die geschichtsphilosophische und ästhetische Werkstatt des Autors Heiner Müller zu geben
Alfred Döblin ist einer der erfolgreichen Schriftsteller, der die Eigenschaften der Literatur und Medizinwelt in seinen Werken vereint. Problematische Beziehungen des Menschen mit sich selbst und mit seiner Umgebung, seine Zerrissenheit in der Groβstadt, seelische Krankheiten prägen seine literarischen Werke und seine literarische Kreativität steht unter dem Einfluss seiner medizinischen Kenntnisse und insbesondere unter den seelischen Motiven. Aus diesem Grunde besteht immer die Möglichkeit, in seinen Werken diesen medizinischen Einflüssen häufig zu begegnen.
Döblin stellt in der Erzählung "Die Ermordung einer Butterblume" die Erlebnisse des Herrn Michael Fischer bei einem Waldspaziergang dar. Die Komplexität der Figur wird durch den Erzähler und seine Erzählweise konkretisiert. Denn die Konstruktion des Textes ist ebenso wichtig wie der Inhalt. Deswegen führt die Konstruktion des Textes dazu, den gesamten Text durch den Erzähler und die wechselnden Erzählperspektiven aufzuklären. Außer der wichtigen Funktion des Erzählers wird die Erzählung auch mit der außerordentlichen Figur in Betracht gezogen. Die Figur ist in einer Auseinandersetzung mit sich selbst und hat seelische Probleme. Seine seelischen Probleme werden durch den Erzähler und seine Erzählweise untersucht und aufgeklärt. Die Einflüsse dieser seelischen Probleme werden durch die Verfolgung des Erzählers gefunden und die Spuren/Motive werden durch die Einstellung des Erzählers gegenüber der erzählten Welt gelöst.
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage des Geschlechts der Macht im Kolonialismus anhand der thematischen Konstellation von "Weiblichkeit, Männlichkeit und Asymmetrie" in Alfred Döblins Amazonastrilogie. Anders als frühere Beiträge über die Trilogie, die sich mit den Themen "Kolonialismus", "Interkulturalität", "koloniale Gewalt Struktur" und mit anderen sich auf ästhetische und publizistische Schriften des Autors ergebenden thematischen Schwerpunkten befassen, wird die Dialektik von Macht und Gender im Selbstermächtigungsprozess der Amazonen zunächst als destruktiv für innerindianische Geschlechtsverhältnisse und dann kontraproduktiv für die von eigenen Ehemännern angenommene antikoloniale Strategie betrachtet. Eigene Ehemänner geraten ins Kreuzfeuer der Kritik und Gewalt, wobei antikoloniale Front sozusagen dadurch unterminiert wird. Nachgewiesen wird im Beitrag, wie Amazonen, ihren politischen Zynismus betreibend, eher zu Alliierten der Kolonisatoren werden und unbewusst zur Verankerung des Kolonialismus beitragen. Des Weiteren wird untersucht, wie die selbstreflexionsfähigen und vernunftbegabten Amazonen aus früheren politischen Fehlentscheidungen lernen, ihre gegen eigene Ehemänner gerichteten politischen Gesten und Überzeugungen nun von Grund auf umzudenken, um in eigener Kulturordnung Eintracht zu stiften, wodurch eine zukunftsorientierte gemeinsame antikoloniale Front ermöglicht werden könnte.
We analyse statistical and information-theoretical properties of EEG microstate sequences, as seen through the lens of five different clustering algorithms. Microstate sequences are computed for n = 20 resting state EEG recordings during wakeful rest. The input for all clustering algorithms is the set of EEG topographic maps obtained at local maxima of the spatial variance. This data set is processed by two classical microstate clustering algorithms (1) atomize and agglomerate hierarchical clustering (AAHC) and (2) a modified K-means algorithm, as well as by (3) K-medoids, (4) principal component analysis (PCA) and (5) fast independent component analysis (Fast-ICA). Using this technique, EEG topographies can be substituted with microstate labels by competitive fitting based on spatial correlation, resulting in a symbolic, non-metric time series, the microstate sequence. Microstate topographies and symbolic time series are further analyzed statistically, including static and dynamic properties. Static properties, which do not contain information about temporal dependencies of the microstate sequence include the maximum similarity of microstate maps within and between the tested clustering algorithms, the global explained variance and the Shannon entropy of the microstate sequences. Dynamic properties are sensitive to temporal correlations between the symbols and include the mixing time of the microstate transition matrix, the entropy rate of the microstate sequences and the location of the first local maximum of the autoinformation function. We also test the Markov property of microstate sequences, the time stationarity of the transition matrix and detect periodicities by means of time-lagged mutual information. Finally, possible long-range correlations of microstate sequences are assessed via Hurst exponent estimation. We find that while static properties partially reflect properties of the clustering algorithms, information-theoretical quantities are largely invariant with respect to the clustering method used. As each clustering algorithm has its own profile of computational speed, ease of implementation, determinism vs. stochasticity and theoretical underpinnings, our results convey a positive message concerning the free choice of method and the comparability of results obtained from different algorithms. The invariance of these quantities implies that the tested properties are algorithm-independent, inherent features of resting state EEG derived microstate sequences.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is frequently reported to phosphorylate Ser1177 of the endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), and therefore, is linked with a relaxing effect. However, previous studies failed to consistently demonstrate a major role for AMPK on eNOS-dependent relaxation. As AMPK also phosphorylates eNOS on the inhibitory Thr495 site, this study aimed to determine the role of AMPKα1 and α2 subunits in the regulation of NO-mediated vascular relaxation. Vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine was assessed in aortic and carotid artery segments from mice with global (AMPKα−/−) or endothelial-specific deletion (AMPKαΔEC) of the AMPKα subunits. In control and AMPKα1-depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cells, eNOS phosphorylation on Ser1177 and Thr495 was assessed after AMPK activation with thiopental or ionomycin. Global deletion of the AMPKα1 or α2 subunit in mice did not affect vascular reactivity. The endothelial-specific deletion of the AMPKα1 subunit attenuated phenylephrine-mediated contraction in an eNOS- and endothelium-dependent manner. In in vitro studies, activation of AMPK did not alter the phosphorylation of eNOS on Ser1177, but increased its phosphorylation on Thr495. Depletion of AMPKα1 in cultured human endothelial cells decreased Thr495 phosphorylation without affecting Ser1177 phosphorylation. The results of this study indicate that AMPKα1 targets the inhibitory phosphorylation Thr495 site in the calmodulin-binding domain of eNOS to attenuate basal NO production and phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction.
Platelets participate in the development of liver fibrosis in animal models, but little is known about the benefit of antiplatelet agents in preventing liver fibrosis in humans. We therefore explored the relationship between the use of antiplatelet agents and liver fibrosis in a prospective cohort study of patients at high risk of liver fibrosis and cardiovascular events. Consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary angiography at the University Hospital Frankfurt were prospectively included in the present study. Associations between use of antiplatelet agents (acetyl salicylic acid, P2Y12 receptor antagonists) and liver fibrosis were assessed in regression models, and the relationship between platelet‐derived growth factor beta (PDGF‐β) serum concentration, platelets, liver fibrosis, and use of antiplatelet agents was characterized. Out of 505 included patients, 337 (67%) received antiplatelet agents and 134 (27%) had liver fibrosis defined as a FibroScan transient elastography (TE) value ≥7.9 kPa. Use of antiplatelet agents was inversely associated with the presence of liver fibrosis in univariate and multivariate analyses (multivariate odds ratio [OR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51‐0.89; P = 0.006). Use of antiplatelet agents was also inversely associated with FibroTest values (beta, –0.38; SD beta, 0.15; P = 0.02). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between platelet counts and PDGF‐β serum concentration (rho, 0.33; P < 0.0001), but PDGF‐β serum levels were not affected by antiplatelet agents. Conclusion: There is a protective association between the use of antiplatelet agents and occurrence of liver fibrosis. A randomized controlled trial is needed to explore causality and the potential of antiplatelet agents as antifibrotic therapy in patients at risk for liver fibrosis progression.
Adult neurogenesis is regulated by stem cell niche-derived extrinsic factors and cell-intrinsic regulators, yet the mechanisms by which niche signals impinge on the activity of intrinsic neurogenic transcription factors remain poorly defined. Here, we report that MEIS2, an essential regulator of adult SVZ neurogenesis, is subject to posttranslational regulation in the SVZ olfactory bulb neurogenic system. Nuclear accumulation of MEIS2 in adult SVZ-derived progenitor cells follows downregulation of EGFR signaling and is modulated by methylation of MEIS2 on a conserved arginine, which lies in close proximity to nested binding sites for the nuclear export receptor CRM1 and the MEIS dimerization partner PBX1. Methylation impairs interaction with CRM1 without affecting PBX1 dimerization and thereby allows MEIS2 nuclear accumulation, a prerequisite for neuronal differentiation. Our results describe a form of posttranscriptional modulation of adult SVZ neurogenesis whereby an extrinsic signal fine-tunes neurogenesis through posttranslational modification of a transcriptional regulator of cell fate.
Vismodegib, an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, is an approved drug for monotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Data on combined modality treatment by vismodegib and radiation therapy, however, are rare. In the present study, we examined the radiation sensitizing effects of vismodegib by analyzing viability, cell cycle distribution, cell death, DNA damage repair and clonogenic survival in three-dimensional cultures of a BCC and a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line. We found that vismodegib decreases expression of the Hedgehog target genes glioma-associated oncogene homologue (GLI1) and the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) Survivin in a cell line- and irradiation-dependent manner, most pronounced in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. Furthermore, vismodegib significantly reduced proliferation in both cell lines, while additional irradiation only slightly further impacted on viability. Analyses of cell cycle distribution and cell death induction indicated a G1 arrest in BCC and a G2 arrest in HNSCC cells and an increased fraction of cells in SubG1 phase following combined treatment. Moreover, a significant rise in the number of phosphorylated histone-2AX/p53-binding protein 1 (γH2AX/53BP1) foci in vismodegib- and radiation-treated cells was associated with a significant radiosensitization of both cell lines. In summary, these findings indicate that inhibition of the Hedgehog signaling pathway may increase cellular radiation response in BCC and HNSCC cells.
Using photo elicitation to introduce a network perspective on attachment during middle childhood
(2018)
In this article, we develop a child-centered network approach to attachment during middle childhood. Following monotropic ideas, current attachment research focuses on parental attachment figures despite the expansion of the children’s social environment during middle childhood, failing to generate a comprehensive and structured overview of all individuals who ensure the children’s feeling of safety. Relying on quantitative methods, these studies are also dominated by an adult perspective, limiting the children’s contributions. While there have been theoretical drafts of attachment networks during childhood, this article constitutes the first practical implementation. Using photo elicitation interviews and participant observations, we developed an innovative assessment strategy that allows children to exhaustively identify and characterize all their attachment figures on sociostructural and functional dimensions, thus positioning the children at the center of their comprehensive attachment networks that collectively contribute to their feeling of security. We combine qualitative and quantitative data to assess the children’s own understanding of their feeling of security and to locate the individual attachment figure on context-specific social dimensions, thus making the research setting, a clan in Cameroon, an inherent part of the methodological development. The data are translated into multidimensional network diagrams to visualize the children’s perception of their attachment environment and the emerging patterns of their selection. We present an exemplary network, supplementing it with observational data to discuss the ecological validity of our approach.
Comparative proteomics reveals a diagnostic signature for pulmonary head‐and‐neck cancer metastasis
(2018)
Patients with head‐and‐neck cancer can develop both lung metastasis and primary lung cancer during the course of their disease. Despite the clinical importance of discrimination, reliable diagnostic biomarkers are still lacking. Here, we have characterised a cohort of squamous cell lung (SQCLC) and head‐and‐neck (HNSCC) carcinomas by quantitative proteomics. In a training cohort, we quantified 4,957 proteins in 44 SQCLC and 30 HNSCC tumours. A total of 518 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between SQCLC and HNSCC, and some of these were identified as genetic dependencies in either of the two tumour types. Using supervised machine learning, we inferred a proteomic signature for the classification of squamous cell carcinomas as either SQCLC or HNSCC, with diagnostic accuracies of 90.5% and 86.8% in cross‐ and independent validations, respectively. Furthermore, application of this signature to a cohort of pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas of unknown origin leads to a significant prognostic separation. This study not only provides a diagnostic proteomic signature for classification of secondary lung tumours in HNSCC patients, but also represents a proteomic resource for HNSCC and SQCLC.
The multi-valence nature of vanadium means that its geochemical behaviour will be ƒO2-dependent, so that its concentration or V/Sc (or V/Ga), can serve as proxies for oxidation state in mantle peridotites. Compared to Fe3+/Fe2+-based equilibria, such trace elements may be less sensitive to metasomatic processes. To investigate these systematics, we have measured V, Sc, Ga and Fe3+ contents in clinopyroxene from well-characterised spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Massif Central, France. These samples were metasomatised by a variety of agents with different oxidation states.V contents can be modified by metasomatic interactions, and other geochemically similar elements including Sc and Ga can also be added, removed or remain constant. A link between V/Sc and Fe3+-Fe2+ equilibria is apparent. Partial removal of V is caused by different metasomatic agents; the common factor is that all agents were significantly more oxidised than the initial ambient mantle peridotite. This extraction can be understood by a decreasing partition coefficient for V for ΔlogƒO2 > ~FMQ-2. Considering that mineral/melt partitioning of V decreases similarly for all peridotite minerals, the bulk-rock V/Sc will also change during relatively oxidising metasomatic interactions and mirror the results obtained for clinopyroxene.
Latent myofascial trigger points (MTrP) have been linked to several impairments of muscle function. The present study was conducted in order to examine whether a single bout of self-myofascial release using a foam roller is effective in reducing MTrP sensitivity. Fifty healthy, pain-free subjects (26.8±6 years, 21 men) with latent MTrP in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle were included in the randomized, controlled trial. One week after a familiarization session, they were randomly allocated to three groups: (1) static compression of the most sensitive MTrP using a foam roll, (2) slow dynamic foam rolling of the lateral calf and (3) placebo laser acupuncture of the most sensitive MTrP. Treatment duration in each group was 90 seconds. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the most sensitive MTrP was assessed using a handheld algometer prior to and after the intervention. A repeated measures analysis of variance (3x2) did not reveal significant between‑group interactions (p>.05) but showed a significant time effect (F=7.715, p<.05). While placebo and dynamic selfmyofascial release did not change MTrP sensitivity (p>.05), static compression of MTrP increased the PPT (2.6±0.8 to 3.0±1.1, d=.35; p<.05). Static self-myofascial release using a foam roller might represent an alternative to reduce pressure pain of latent MTrP. Additional research should aim to extend these findings to patients and athletes with myofascial pain syndromes.
Fungi indirectly affect plant root architecture by modulating soil volatile organic compounds
(2018)
The plant-growth modulating effect of microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been demonstrated repeatedly. This has most often been performed by exposing plants to VOC released by microbes grown on nutrient rich media. Here, we used soil instead to grow fungi of the Fusarium genus and investigate how VOCs emitted by this system influenced the development of Arabidopsis plants. The volatile profiles of Fusarium strains grown in soil and malt extract were also compared. Our results demonstrate that distinct volatile signatures can be attributed to different Fusarium genetic clades but also highlight a major influence of the growth medium on volatile emission. Furthermore, all soil-grown Fusarium isolates increased primary root length in Arabidopsis by decreasing VOC concentrations in soil. This result represents a major paradigm shift in plant-microbe interactions since growth modulating effects have been attributed so far to the emission and not the consumption of volatile signals.
Tapping the full potential? Jumping performance of volleyball athletes in game-like situations
(2018)
Background: One key issue in elite interactive team sports is the simultaneous execution of motor actions (e.g., dribbling a ball) and perceptual-cognitive tasks (e.g., visually scanning the environment for action choices). In volleyball, one typical situation is to prepare and execute maximal block jumps after multiple-options decision-making and concurrent visual tracking of the ongoing game dynamics to find an optimal blocking location. Based on resource-related dual- and multi-tasking theories simultaneous execution of visual-cognitive and motor tasks may interfere with each other. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether volleyball-specific perceptual-cognitive demands (i.e., divided attention, decision making) affect blocking performance (i.e., jumping performance and length of the first step after the ready-block-position) compared to relatively isolated jumping performance.
Methods: Twenty-two elite volleyball players (1st – 3rd German league) performed block jumps in front of a net construction in a single-task condition (ST) and in two perceptual (-cognitive) dual-task conditions including a dual-task low (DT_L; presenting a picture of an opponent attack on a screen) and a dual-task high condition (DT_H; presenting videos of an offensive volleyball set play with a two-alternative choice).
Results: The results of repeated-measures ANOVAs showed a significant effect of conditions on jumping performance [F(2,42) = 33.64, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.62] and on the length of the first step after the ready-block-position [F(2,42) = 7.90, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.27). Post hoc comparisons showed that jumping performance in DT_H (p < 0.001) and DT_L (p < 0.001) was significantly lower than in ST. Also, length of the first step after the ready-block-position in DT_H (p = 0.005) and DT_L (p = 0.028) was significantly shorter than in ST.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that blocking performance (i.e., jumping height, length of the first step) decreases in elite volleyball players when a perceptual (-cognitive) load is added. Based on the theory of Wickens (2002), this suggests a resource overlap between visual-processing demands for motor performance and for tracking the dynamics of the game. Interference with the consequence of dual-task related performance costs can therefore also be found in elite athletes in their specific motor expert domain.
Die Germanistikabteilung der Philologischen Fakultät in Kronstadt/Braşov veranstaltete in Zusammenarbeit mit der Gesellschaft der Germanisten Rumäniens [GGR] (Zweigstelle Kronstadt) und mit dem Generalkonsulat der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Hermannstadt zwischen dem 30. März und 01. April 2017 ihre XX. Internationale Tagung zum Thema Luthers Reformation und deren Wirkung auf Sprache, Literatur und Kultur.
Die Kulturabteilung der Deutschen Botschaft Ankara, das DAAD-Informationszentrum Ankara und die Hacettepe Universität boten im Wintersemester 2016 für interessierte Masterstudierende und Doktoranden ein Workshop-Seminar zu transkulturellen Konzepten von Zeit und Raum in den Werken Ilija Trojanows an. Konzepte von Fremdheit, Migration, Transkulturalität sowie Raum und Zeit standen besonders im Fokus der Veranstaltung. In seinen Werken wirft Trojanow den Blick auf die Ausbildung interkultureller Identitäten und die damit einhergehenden Dimensionen von Fremdheit, Ablehnung und Identitäts- bzw. Zugehörigkeitsdiffusionen. Die Entfremdung von der eigenen Kultur und den damit verbundenen Perspektivwechsel thematisiert Trojanow unter anderem in seinem Werk Der Weltensammler.
In diesem Seminar stand jedoch nicht nur der Roman Der Weltensammler im Vordergrund, sondern unterschiedlichste Literatur Trojanows. Angeleitet wurden die Nachwuchswissenschaftler über zwei Präsenzseminare zum Thema Kulturanalyse und Anwendung von Methoden in der Literaturwissenschaft. Der Mehrwert des Workshop-Seminars bestand darin, dass die Studierenden Fragen aus den Werken anhand von Hypothesen direkt an den Autor stellen konnten. Um diese auch anderen Wissenschaftlern nicht vorzuenthalten, entschied man den Workshop aufzunehmen und im Anschluss zu transkribieren. Dieses Transkript bietet eine Stellungnahme über die Literatur und Philosophie Ilija Trojanows an und trägt gleichzeitig zum Textverständnis seiner Werke bei.
Folgende Werke Trojanows wurden für den Workshop ausgewählt:
Meine Olympiade: Ein Amateur, vier Jahre, 80 Disziplinen
Der Weltensammler
Der überflüssige Mensch
Macht und Widerstand
Zu den heiligen Quellen des Islam: Als Pilger nach Mekka und Medina
Die Versuchungen der Fremde: Unterwegs in Arabien, Indien und Afrika
Döner in Walhalla oder welche Spuren hinterlässt der Gast, der keiner mehr ist.
Die Studierenden, die sich eingehend mit der Literatur in Vorlauf-Präsenzseminaren beschäftigt hatten, entwarfen (kontroverse) Hypthesen, die sie Herrn Trojanow im Workshop vortrugen. Folgende Transkription wiederspiegelt einen Abriss über die Literatur Trojanows und zeigt gleichzeitig Antworten, die zum Teil auch aus einem sehr philosophischen Terminus entspringen.
Üniversiteler bilginin üretildiği yerlerdir. Bu bilgiler paylaşıldıkça anlam kazanırlar. Küresel dünyada üniversitelerden beklenen, bu bilgi paylaşımının yoğun olmasıdır. Yabancı dil bilmek bu aşamada oldukça önemlidir. Akademisyenlerin bu bilgi ağına katılım etkinliği, yabancı dili sözlü ve yazılı etkin kullanabilmesine bağlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğretim üyelerinin yabancı dil seviyelerinin demografik değişkenlere göre ölçülmesi ve yabancı dil kullanım amaçlarının betimlenmesidir. Çalışmaya 2015 yılında Trakya Üniversitesi'nde çalışan 269 öğretim üyesi katkı sağlamıştır. Öğretim üyelerinin yabancı dil seviyeleri 'Diller için Avrupa Ortak Öneriler Çerçevesi - Ortak Öneri Düzeyleri Genel Basamaklar Kümesi - A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 ve C2' aracılığı ile ölçülmüştür. Yabancı dil kullanım amaçları ise güvenilirlik oranı % 95 olan bir ölçme aracı ile ölçülmüştür. Betimsel bir yaklaşımla yürütülen çalışmada veriler yüzdelik olarak hesaplanmıştır. Verilerin analizi çalışmaya katılan öğretim üyelerinin yaklaşık üçte birinin B1 (%30,1) ve B2 (%30,1) seviyelerinde olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca yabancı dili kullanma amaçları (akademik, eğitim-öğretim ve kişisel) arasında alımlamaya ve üretime yönelik becerilerde farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es herauszufinden, welche Angstgefühle die DaF-Lernenden, die die deutsche Sprache innerhalb und außerhalb des deutschsprachigen Raums lernen, in Gesprächssituationen erleben. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden zwei verschiedene Probandengruppen ausgewählt und Online-Befragungen erstellt, um genauer zu untersuchen, ob es zwischen diesen Gruppen signifikante Unterschiede gibt. Die Ergebnisse, die aus der Datenauswertung erfolgen, sind für beide Lernergruppen verschieden. Nach den untersuchten Sprechtendenzen verhält sich die Gruppe aus der Türkei als eine meist affektiv eingestellte Gruppe, die beim Sprechen zurückhaltend handelt. Dagegen zeigt die Gruppe aus Deutschland tendenziell weniger Zurückhaltung gegenüber dem Sprechen in Bezug auf die emotionalen bzw. kognitionalen Einstellungen. In Bezug auf unterrichtsbezogene Sprechangst ist zu bemerken, dass die meisten Lernenden von beiden Gruppen häufig die gleiche Meinung vertreten.
Die Sprechfertigkeit ist ein Phänomen, das in fremdsprachlichen Lehr- und Lernprozessen sowohl al Mittel (Vermittlungssprache des Lehrenden) als auch als Zielfertigkeit (die es zu erreichen gilt) an Bedeutung gewinnt. Die Sprechfertigkeit, die zu den sprachlichen Fertigkeiten gehört, ist eine schwer zu entwickelnde Fähigkeit, deren Förderung im Unterricht psychologische und kognitive Mühe erfordert. In dieser Arbeit wird betont, dass es möglich ist, die Sprechfertigkeit im universitären Kontext im Rahmen der Deutschlehrerausbildung "so natürlich wie möglich, so künstlich wie nötig!" zu entwickeln; dies berücksichtigend wurde mit Beispielen erwähnt, dass das Rollenspiel und die Dramatisierungstechniken auf die Förderung der Sprechfertigkeit positiv einwirken. Diese Techniken tragen besonders dazu bei, dass der angehende Deutschlehrer einerseits seine eigene Sprechfertigkeit erweitert und andererseits methodisch-didaktische Vorbildimpulse bekommt, die er in seiner beruflichen Laufbahn als Lehrtechnik effektiv anwenden kann.
Im Jahre 1864 haben die Türken angefangen, die deutsche Sprache in den Schulen zu erteilen, nach der Ausrufung der Republik Türkei in 1923 wurde Deutsch als Fremdsprache außerhalb von Ankara, Istanbul und Izmir auch in den Provinzstädten Kastamonu und Sivas als Fachunterricht eingeführt. In der Universität Istanbul wurde im Jahre 1933 durch Mitglieder des Lehrkörpers Einwanderer aus Deutschland die Abteilung für Deutsche Sprache und Literatur an der Philosophischen Fakultät eröffnet. Die vielfältigen Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und der Türkei sind von großer Bedeutung und haben Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des Deutschen als Fremdsprache in den Lehrplänen. Seit dem Studienjahr 2001-2002 nimmt das Deutsche als zweites Pflichtfach in den Gymnasien seinen Platz ein. Der Fernunterricht geht seit 1728 kontinuierlich weiter und die Bürger in den Entwicklungsländern profitieren von den Vorteilen des Fernunterrichts. in der Geschichte geht der Fernunterricht in der Türkei zurück bis 1927. In diesem Artikel werden die Möglichkeiten für das Lernen des Deutschen als Fremdsprache durch Fernunterricht erklärt.
Bu çalışmada, tarih boyunca yapılmış çeviriler arasından, tarihin seyrine yön verenler içinde bulunan Septuaginta adlı Tevrat çevirisi ve Reşid taşının çevirisi irdelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, çevirinin her zaman sadece işlev odaklı bir uygulamadan ibaret olmadığını; bilakis sosyoloji, siyaset, ekonomi, din gibi alanlarla etkileşim içerisinde bulunan ve insanlık tarihini belirleyebilecek ölçüde önemli bir etkinlik olabileceğini belirginleştirmektir. Çalışmada, ilgili çevirilerin tarihi olgular üzerindeki etkileri ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında irdelenen her bir çeviri etkinliği, ortaya çıkış nedenleri ve - özellikle de tarih akışının seyrini değiştirecek - etkileri bakımından ele alınıp yorumlanmaktadır.
Ardıl çeviride not alma eğitimi konusuna ilişkin Türkçe kaynakların oldukça sınırlı olmasıyla birlikte, not alma, özellikle ardıl çeviri eğitiminde üzerinde durulması gereken önemli bir konudur. Çevirmen adayları büyük oranda, duyduğu her şeyi not alma ile anladığını not alma arasındaki ayrımı algılayacak duyarlılığa henüz sahip olmamaktadırlar. Sözlü çeviride not almanın ilkelerine ilişkin, yabancı kaynaklarda birbirinden farklı çok sayıda görüş olmasına rağmen, çıkarsama yoluyla bazı temel ilkeler belirlemek, özellikle sözlü çeviri eğitimi açısından fayda sağlayacaktır. Çalışmanın amacı, sözlü çeviride not almanın önemini irdelemenin ve söz konusu temel ilkeleri somutlaştırmanın yanı sıra, sözlü çeviri eğitiminde not alma duyarlılığını geliştirici bir açılım sunmakta belirginleşmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında önerilen alıştırma, öğrencilerde not alma duyarlılığının ve bilincinin gelişmesine katkı sağlayacak nitelikte olup, duyduğunu anlama, ifade gücü, belleği güçlendirme, bilgi donanımı ve genel kültür konularına da didaktik anlamda önemli ölçüde katkılar sağlayacak nitelikte bir alıştırmadır.
The aim of this article is to compare migration as an intercultural confrontation and translation as a phenomenon creating a "Third Space" for cultural negotiation. In this frame it analyses what role interculturality plays in both areas and how these areas mutually reshape the other.
The study deals with how the deconstructive approaches that have triggered a new understanding in the field influence translation. In this context, the concept of interculturality brought both by translation and migration, should not be considered as a medium for harmonization and assimilation, but as a means of respect to the foreign that challenges the asymmetries and dominance between the powers. In this sense, the study will demonstrate how intercultural migration and translation enabling constructive and productive interaction can function as a dynamic potential for cultures.
Since translation and migration are two major restorative factors for intercultural communication, they create the mobility of people so of cultures which results in a reframing of the obsolete traditional perception of culture that relies on an isolated and homogenous culture model. This communication enables not only a new understanding of the other and a convergence of the cultures involved, but it also promotes a realisation of the self and its borders
Although students make a great effort to learn a foreign language, it is an undeniable fact that they have some difficulties of understanding during communication. One of the prominent reasons of this situation is their having lack of vocabulary rather than grammar knowledge. This situation also effects the motivation of students in the process of learning negatively. Especially, words that have morphological similarities, but semantically different ones cause a problem in the process of learning, which can not be overcome without getting help professionally. The morphological similarities of the words lead students fail to understand different meanings of these kinds of words. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to investigate the words which cause difficulties because of the morphological similarities for the students to learn. As the study handles the subject in this concrete perspective, it contributes to the teachers having problems in teaching aforementioned difficult words.
Atherosclerosis and its sequelae, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading cause of death worldwide. Vascular endothelial cells (EC) play a critical role in vascular homeostasis and disease. Atherosclerosis as well as its independent risk factors including diabetes, obesity, and aging, are hallmarked by endothelial activation and dysfunction. Metabolic pathways have emerged as key regulators of many EC functions, including angiogenesis, inflammation, and barrier function, processes which are deregulated during atherogenesis. In this review, we highlight the role of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism in EC functions during physiological and pathological states, specifically atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity and aging.
The present study evaluated the tissue response toward a resorbable collagen membrane derived from bovine achilles tendon (test group) in comparison to physiological wound healing (control group). After subcutaneous implantation in Wistar rats over 30 days, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods elucidated the cellular inflammatory response, vascularization pattern, membrane protein and cell absorbance capacity. After 30 days, the test-group induced two different inflammatory patterns. On the membrane surface, multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) were formed after the accumulation of CD-68-positive cells (macrophages), whereas only mononuclear cells (MNCs) were found within the membrane central region. Peri-implant vascularization was significantly enhanced after the formation of MNGCs. No vessels were found within the central region of the membrane. Physiological wound healing revealed no MNGCs at any time point. These dynamic changes in the cellular reaction and vascularization within the test-group are related typical indications of a foreign body reaction. Due to the membrane-specific porosity, mononuclear cells migrated into the central region, and the membrane maintained its integrity over 30 days by showing no breakdown or disintegration. The ex vivo investigation analyzed the interaction between the membrane and a blood concentrate system, liquid platelet-rich fibrin (liquid PRF), derived from human peripheral blood and consisting of platelets, leukocytes and fibrin. PRF penetrated the membrane after just 15 min. The data question the role of biomaterial-induced MNGCs as a pathological reaction and whether this is acceptable to trigger vascularization or should be considered as an adverse reaction. Therefore, further pre-clinical and clinical studies are needed to identify the types of MNGCs that are induced by clinically approved biomaterials.
Many cellular processes are regulated via pH, and maintaining the pH of different organelles is crucial for cell survival. A pH-sensitive GFP variant, the so-called pHluorin, has proven to be a valuable tool to study the pH of the cytosol, mitochondria and other organelles in vivo. We found that the fluorescence intensity of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-targeted pHluorin in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was very low and barely showed pH sensitivity, probably due to misfolding in the oxidative environment of the ER. We therefore developed a superfolder variant of pHluorin which enabled us to monitor pH changes in the ER and the cytosol of S. cerevisiae in vivo. The superfolder pHluorin variant is likely to be functional in cells of different organisms as well as in additional compartments that originate from the secretory pathway like the Golgi apparatus and pre-vacuolar compartments, and therefore has a broad range of possible future applications.
Background: Treatment complexity rises in line with the number of drugs, single doses, and administration methods, thereby threatening patient adherence. Patients with multimorbidity often need flexible, individualised treatment regimens, but alterations during the course of treatment may further increase complexity. The objective of our study was to explore medication changes in older patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy in general practice.
Methods: We retrospectively analysed data from the cluster-randomised PRIMUM trial (PRIoritisation of MUltimedication in Multimorbidity) conducted in 72 general practices. We developed an algorithm for active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), strength, dosage, and administration method to assess changes in physician-reported medication data during two intervals (baseline to six-months: ∆1; six- to nine-months: ∆2), analysed them descriptively at prescription and patient levels, and checked for intervention effects.
Results: Of 502 patients (median age 72 years, 52% female), 464 completed the study. Changes occurred in 98.6% of patients (changes were 19% more likely in the intervention group): API changes during ∆1 and ∆2 occurred in 414 (82.5%) and 338 (67.3%) of patients, dosage alterations in 372 (74.1%) and 296 (59.2%), and changes in API strength in 158 (31.5%) and 138 (27.5%) respectively. Administration method changed in 79 (16%) of patients in both ∆1 and ∆2. Simvastatin, metformin and aspirin were most frequently subject to alterations.
Conclusion: Medication regimens in older patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy changed frequently. These are mostly due to discontinuations and dosage alterations, followed by additions and restarts. These findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of cross-sectional assessments of medication and support longitudinal assessments where possible.
Trial registration: 1. Prospective registration: Trial registration number: NCT01171339; Name of registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Date of registration: July 27, 2010; Date of enrolment of the first participant to the trial: August 12, 2010.
2. Peer reviewed trial registration: Trial registration number: ISRCTN99526053; Name of registry: Controlled Trials; Date of registration: August 31, 2010; Date of enrolment of the first participant to the trial: August 12, 2010.
In the publication of this article, there are reference errors in four positions the respective references are missing since reference Fischer was omitted. In addition for reference Egli et al. the in text citation only appeared at the end of the paragraph, but not following important statements. This has now been included in this correction. ...