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Os danos no processo formativo, decorrentes da hegemonia da indústria cultural, são investigados há algum tempo por pesquisadores das áreas de filosofia, psicologia, sociologia e história da educação. De forma geral, concluiu-se que não há uma relação de causa e efeito entre a indústria cultural e a produção de consciências reificadas. Porém, é preciso compreender de que modo o consumidor dos produtos da indústria cultural se esforça para permanecer na condição de objeto, ao invés de ser sujeito de suas ações. Tem-se como objetivo, neste artigo, refletir sobre a produção e propagação deste impulso conformista. Para tanto, parte-se do seguinte pressuposto: a chave para o entendimento das nuances desse impulso se encontra na análise das transformações históricas da relação entre a indústria cultural e a educação pela dureza.
Este artigo confronta a tentativa habermasiana de dar continuidade ao projeto racionalista da modernidade com a crítica de Michael Hardt e Antonio Negri de que este projeto se torna obsoleto na atual época pós-moderna, dominada pelo "Império". De início, trata-se de uma crítica desses autores à concepção habermasiana de racionalidade e práxis: não há razão comunicativa (contraposta à razão estratégica) que não seja instrumentalizada pelo Império. Em seguida, uma crítica à teoria habermasiana de sociedade: não há mundo da vida (contraposto ao sistema) que não seja tomado pelo Império. Por fim, Hardt e Negri criticam a noção de transformação histórica: não o progresso nas instituições e na constituição formal, mas apenas a força vital da multitude - o poder constituinte, articulado conforme a constituição material da sociedade - pode provocar rupturas na história.
In Hoffmann’s tales, visual references and optical devices play an important role as thematic and structural components. This article will analyze this subject in a historical context where the social differentiation and the optical media result in a questioning of observation and perspective. Hoffmann’s writing may therefore be conceived, at least partially, through his position towards visibility. This paper will first provide a general look at the interrelations between Hoffmann’ s texts and certain painting styles and then take a closer look at “The Sandman” as a keywork for romantic perspectivism.
This article points out facts that help to explain why Franz Kafka was not awarded the Nobel Prize.
The poem "Zurich, zum Storchen" by Paul Celan is often read as a document on the tension between Celan and Nelly Sachs, which resulted particularly from their different attitudes to the Shoah. However if the poem is read in connection with the cycle "Die Niemandsrose" and with Celan’s poetological thinking at this time, Celan’s opposite standpoint means much more than a theological discussion: it serves for the affirmation of human presence.
The article studies the German-speaking poetess Nelly Sachs, who received the Nobel-Prize for literature in 1966, together with Shmuel Agnon. In order to shed light upon the behind the decision of the jury, an overview on life and work of the author will be given and a number of poems will be analyzed.
A learner's mother tongue influences the acquisition or learning of another language, regardless of whether we are dealing with a second or a foreign language. But there are other factors influencing these processes. One can therefore only analyze these interferences by taking into account certain factors which include elements transferred from the mother tongue, elements from other languages that the learner has already learned, and elements coming from the language being learned or acquired. Moreover, these so-called interferences do not only occur at the linguistic level, but also at the extralinguistic level. This paper describes and discusses these factors in order to describe the process of learning German as a foreign language in Brazil and its peculiarities with regard to bilingual education. Through the description and analysis of empirical data and on the basis of the theory of the "great hypotheses", this text aims at better understanding the relationship between first and foreign/second language and their mutual interferences.
This article deals with experimentation in contemporary German theatre, making a survey of experimental elements in German and Brazilian stagings, particularly of Shakespearean texts, which took place from 1990 to the present. The survey has been based on the analysis of reviews published in newspapers and magazines in both countries, and also on video recordings of two German and one Brazilian stagings. The article describes the concepts of experimentation and convention developed in the study, presents the results of the research and discusses the appropriation of these elements, especially the experimental ones, in the contemporary Brazilian and German Theater.
This article takes a new look at the novels of the Austrian Jewish writer Adolf Dessauer (1849-1916). Dessauer wrote an ironic chronicle of his contemporaries' world in turn-of-the-century Vienna. A banker by profession and an amateur novelist, he published two novels in his lifetime ("Götzendienst", in 1896, and "Großstadtjuden", in 1910), both taking place in the Habsburg capital, which was then undergoing a process of rapid economic and social change. Though his books are nowadays virtually forgotten, Dessauer was a very accurate chronicler of the customs of the social class which ascended with economic liberalism, and which became increasingly close to the empire's declining aristocracy, mimicking its tastes and habits.
As opposed to what happened in other European nations, the bourgeoisie in the Habsburg Empire never attempted to construct its own aesthetic and cultural repertoire, but consistently imitated the aristocratic patterns of its time. Dessauer makes a biting and ironical portrait of this class and its attempt at aristocratic appearances.
He also shows how Karl Lueger's Christian anti-Semitic party in Austria recruited its voters from the impoverished class of artisans, which had lost space as a consequence of the establishment of a new economic order. Lueger's political campaign was directed towards this growing class, and he identified the rise of liberal capitalism with Jews and Judaism.
In "Großstadtjuden" Dessauer looks at the same phenomena, but does so from a strictly Jewish point of view. His second novel portrays the reactions of a number of Jewish families from Vienna to rising anti-Semitism. This historical aspect of the Viennese Jewish community, which was Europe's numerically largest after Warsaw's, is a striking prelude to the history of European Jewry in the 20th.century, thus giving Dessauer's work an unexpected afterlife.
The article traces the development of Günter Grass's work with special emphasis on his reception in Germany and his being awarded the Nobel Prize. It shows how Grass employs traditional narrative strategies, particularly that of the fairy-tale, and how he represents the recent German past in figures of the unreal. By these means his texts are able to show the grotesqueness of historical reality in the 20th century.
A língua como pátria
(2006)
It is our aim to focus on certain aspects of the complex relationship between language – particularly German – and homeland/identity as seen in the work of a number of Jewish poets and authors. Initially we wish to point out this conflicting relationship in the work of Paul Celan and Rose Ausländer, two Jewish poets born in Romania. The examples of Viktor Klemperer and Ruth Klüger emphasize the complexity of this specific characteristic in the biography/work of German authors of Jewish origin. Elias Canetti, the Nobel Laureate born in Bulgaria, is a literary personality whose biography shows the importance of German culture influence in Eastern Europe at the beginning of the Twentieth Century: Canetti considers himself a German poet who belongs to the German-speaking cultural and literary world.
As linguist, we always have to deal with terms like First, Second and Foreign Languages, but many times we don’t notice, how peculiars they are and how specific and difficult are their definitions. In Brazil, we have peculiar situations of immigrant languages, which are spoken in some groups of people in some communities in their day-by-day. There is much controversy related to the denomination we give to these linguistic varieties, what concerns its status and its relationship with the other neighbor or concurrent varieties. In this paper, we intend to discuss theoretically the terms above, transporting the denomination and its application to the reality of some bilingual communities from Rio Grande do Sul, in which people speak minority languages of Germanic origins. On the basis of empirical tests, we aim to give here a profile of the socio linguistic situation of these minority varieties what concerns its speakers, the foreign language teachers (specially of the High-German) and the community in general.
In "Das Jahr Lazertis" Günter Eich works with the concept of "lost word" on multiple levels with mythological, historical, geographical, psychological, sociologic and poetical implications. This article pretends to investigate the textual constructions of these semantic configurations.
German immigration to Brazil starts in the 19th century. In Brazil, the German Immigration Literature has already been a subject of many studies. Nevertheless, what was produced in Germany during the period of the great emigration by the land people of these emigrates is still unknown by the Brazilian people and also by the German folk. This article shows the results of a careful bibliographic research, that was made in German libraries and archives. In this article there is an important work: one narrative from Amalia Schoppe, Die Auswanderer nach Brasilien oder die Hütte am Gigitonhonha. They present interesting aspects about Brazil and about Germany at the e(im)migation context in the 19th century.
Considering the European mentality of the first half of the 19th century, this article discusses the important role of E. T. A. Hoffmann in the literature of that period. The text deals specially with Hoffmann’s critique of the superiority of reason over imagination. Cultivating the grotesque and the supernatural, Hoffmann criticizes the bourgeois attitudes towards an unquestioned belief in the reason as the unique savior of mankind.
Photographs, articles and documents related to Herbert Caro.
Erico Verissimo’s letters to Herbert Caro, during the 1950s, offer a portrait of the translator of Thomas Mann, revealing his taste for music and movies as well as an insights in his role as a critic and confident of the Brazilian author.
This article offers a general view on the historical circumstances regarding the exile of Herbert Caro in Brazil. It also informs on his intellectual and professional background, based on official documents and research material as well as on an interview that the author realized with Herbert Caro in 1988.
This text offers a closer look on the personal environment of Herbert Caro, especially in regard to the role of his wife Nina Caro.
This text offers a closer look at Herbert Caro’s life, habits and his role as one of the founders of the Jewish Foundation SIBRA in Porto Alegre.
Introduction of the seminar dedicated to Herbert Caro, held on the 16th of October 2006 at the Goethe-Institute Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Herbert Caro
(2007)
A introductory text on Herbert Caro, his background and his activities in the Brazilian exile.
This article analyzes two oral narratives produced in a school in Santa Maria do Herval (RS). These narratives are peculiar because of the frequent code switching, sometimes from Portuguese to standard German, sometimes from standard Portuguese to the dialectal variety spoken in that particular community. The first narrative to be analyzed is produced in the story telling time, in which the librarian tells the children a story from a picture book, switching the code between Portuguese and German. The second narrative is a story told by the class teacher during talking in circle, also based on a picture book. The code switching in this narrative involves teacher/pupils interaction directly. The use of both languages is, as mentioned by Breunig (2005), a cultural responsive pedagogy, since the language spoken at home by most children is being positively valued at school. Furthermore, teachers’ practices are close to those carried out by the children at home.
This article draws a parallel between Jakob Wassermann's interest in the history of Kaspar Hauser, which led him to write a novel still considered as the most eloquent literary rendering of this episode, and his own situation as an outsider in German culture. Wassermann's feeling of alienation towards his own country is expressed in his autobiography, titled “Mein Weg als Deutscher und Jude” and his “Kaspar Hauser” is seen here a kind of "estrangement novel", a term which is a counterpoint to the traditional German concept of Bildungsroman. In this respect, it displays some striking analogies with works by later authors, who have drawn this specifically Jewish-German genre to a kind of paroxysm, such as Franz Kafka and Elias Canetti. A novel by an author usually seen as a conservative thus reveals an unexpected avant-garde aspect, which in certain ways foresees the future development of Jewish-German literature. On the other hand, Wassermann's critique to the Bismarckian mentality, which dominated Germany in the first half of the19th. Century, appears to detect some tendencies crucial to the development of German political life in the early 20th, century.
Considering that the German dramatist Heiner Müller has treated several times the subject of the angel of history, this essay proposes a comparison between Müller’s first angel (Der glücklose Engel) from 1958 and the original “angel of history” (Engel der Geschichte), a seminal text written by Walter Benjamin in 1940. Benjamin’s work reflects the author’s thoughts on the corruption of history and the dangerous notion of progress. Müller’s angel, on the contrary, despite his beliefs in the destructive force of the history, sees the future in a positive perspective.
Augusto Boal and Raduan Nassar are two important figures of Brazilian culture who reflected their country inside its borders as well as beyond them. In two of the writings that are part of the book 'Lateinamerikaner über Europa', which was organized by Curt Meyer-Clason, both of them write what they think about Europe. In “Um índio desterrado. Carta a um amigo” (A banished Indian. Letter to a friend), by Augusto Boal, one can see the reflection of a person who thinks about the relationship between Brazil and Europe from the perspective of theatrical activity, and, most specifically, the perspective of the “Theatre of the Oppressed”. Likewise, in “Imitação e valorização própria” (Imitation and self valorization), Raduan Nassar undertakes a socioeconomic reading of the relationship between the European continent and Brazil on a historical basis.
Fifteen years after his death in 1991 one can trace a certain tendency to turn the person and personality of Herbert Caro into a legendary figure where his work as a recognized translator mingles with episodes related to his passion for music as well as his specific kind of humour. It is therefore of no surprise that Caro himself turned into a literary character of the novel As Confissões de Lúcio by Brazilian writer Fernando Monteiro.
This article will provide a general look on modern literature as partially configured by medial history. It parts from the impact of Gutenberg’s invention on social differentiation and the romantic literary concepts, and then looks on photography as an important reference for the realistic aesthetics as well as the initial struggle of film against the domination of the traditional literary medium. It closes with a brief historical overview on what one may call precursors of the hyperlink in literary communication.
The main character in Kleist's "Michael Kohlhaas" novella sacrifices himself in order to guarantee his survival. Nonetheless, as the reader will eventually notice, his fight produces no new reality at all, but only reaffirms a law that was already in force. A magic and natural law wich will send him on a journey of vengeance and justice. At the end of it, the man who laboured to ratify himself as an autonomous subject ends up serving as an object. But the result will be as well one of confirmation from the order wich gave birth to this subject. A strange order where contradictory elements (rule of law/lawlessness; violence/peace; justice/injustice; myth/history; heaven/hell; etc.) affirm themselves mutually.
The parallel between the novels "Berlin Alexanderplatz" and "Grande Sertão: Veredas" was first drawn within the Brazilian literary criticism in a comment made by Davi Arrigucci Jr. With the intent of pursuing the discussion raised by the author, this article proposes a more detailed analysis of the elements which define both texts as representative works of the modern novel discourse. The analysis focuses on the movements which characterize the trajectories taken by the protagonists Franz Biberkopf and Riobaldo, with a view on the characters' transit in space, as well as emotionally, and also in regard to the transit that operates the narration within both novels. In this light, the article outlines the particularities which situate both novels within the tradition that associates them with the books "Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre" and "L’Éducation Sentimentale".
A fortuna crítica sobre Franz Kafka é pródiga em relacionar o modo de o escritor construir sua narrativa e algo dos próprios temas com a produção kleistiana. Como uma forma de refletir sobre isso, atentarei para dois críticos que expuseram aspectos desta relação em solo brasileiro: Otto Maria Carpeaux e Luiz Costa Lima. Distados várias décadas, os dois parecem, contudo, possuir certas linhas de confluência na abordagem kleistiana da obra de Franz Kafka. Após expor aspectos da relação Kleist-Kafka nos recortes da crítica brasileira, buscarei referências a Kleist em textos não literários de Kafka com a finalidade de encontrar neles um fundamento para o que é afirmado pelos críticos tratados neste ensaio.
Interjeições e onomatopéias recebem pouca atenção dentro dos estudos lingüísticos, e gramáticas e dicionários freqüentemente restringem-se a apresentar uma definição estereotipada e alguns poucos exemplos. Desprezadas pela literatura tradicional, essas expressões encontram seu "habitat natural" nas histórias em quadrinhos, nas quais se tornam elementos imprescindíveis da linguagem própria desse gênero textual. Este breve experimento sobre interjeições e onomatopéias presentes em mangás (histórias em quadrinhos japonesas) traduzidos para alemão e português mostra que, embora haja padrões fonéticos básicos comuns de acordo com o que representam (riso, passos etc.), as interjeições e onomatopéias da amostra diferem muito em ambas as línguas, o que ressalta sua condição de signos lingüísticos, mesmo que diferenciados em relação aos demais elementos do léxico.
O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma amostra de pesquisas com a língua alemã nos trabalhos de grau da pós-graduação (nível de mestrado) envolvendo a tradução. Seguindo uma tradição que, na Universidade de São Paulo, remonta aos anos de 1960, tais trabalhos têm por objetivo apresentar a tradução de textos inéditos, acompanhados de notas e comentários, e – ao contrário dos trabalhos realizados àquela época – são ancorados numa perspectiva teórica dos Estudos da Tradução (Translation Studies na nomenclatura internacional). A partir de três relatos de pesquisas em andamento, procura-se revelar os bastidores do trabalho com os textos, bem como a fase de análise do texto a ser traduzido, que é pautada e aprofundada por leituras teóricas e realizada paralela e concomitantemente à fase de tradução propriamente dita. Esta última, empreendida em várias etapas, enfoca a cada vez uma dificuldade específica dos diferentes níveis da análise lingüística – e, dependendo do caso, também literária – e sugere a redação de notas, comentários e diferentes tentativas de reescritura. Ao final do processo, as notas e comentários são selecionados e relacionados com a perspectiva teórica, para que só então se processe a redação final da Dissertação, cuja diretriz é construída numa direção que vai da prática de traduzir para a reflexão.
Nesse trabalho, será mostrado que fórmulas dão evidência de padrões convencionais de interação e também os inicializam. Esses padrões de interação não são universais, mas são configurados por cada comunidade lingüística. Conhecê-los faz parte da competência idiomática. Um dicionário bilíngüe semasiológico e onomasiológico pode contribuir tanto para a aquisição de fórmulas, quanto transmitir o conhecimento de padrões de interação.
Para além da influência geral de Rousseau na constituição do ideário estético do Romantismo, as relações mais diretas que o ligam ao grande romântico alemão E. T. A. Hoffmann são merecedoras de um estudo detalhado. Um tal estudo deveria confrontar não só as obras, mas as próprias vidas, já que são notáveis os paralelos biográficos entre os dois autores. Neste trabalho limito-me a examinar um único texto de Hoffmann, o conto de fadas "Das fremde Kind", buscando mostrar que os ecos rousseaunianos nessa obra são bem mais profundos do que uma mera re-elaboração do desgastado e superficial clichê do "bom selvagem".
Conhecendo Herbert Caro
(2007)
Herbert Caro has been known for his translations and musical knowledge. This article focuses on his musical conception in his articles: “Romance de Capa sem Espada”, published in 1977, and the literary aspect in “A mãe brasileira de Thomas Mann” from 1976.
Klaus Oliven relembra
(2007)
This text shows, besides Herbert Caro’s many accomplishments in his various activities, also some personal traces of his life. In this way the reader may obtain some insights into the personality of this outstanding intellectual.
This text offers statements of former colleagues and friends of Herbert Caro.
This paper discusses the assessment of German language learners in classes for beginners in a context gathering monolingual Portuguese speakers and bilingual speakers of Portuguese and Hunsrückisch, a German dialect derived from the contact of an immigration language and Portuguese. One of the challanges faced by the teachers of these heterogeneous classes is to assess learners’ classroom achievement once dialect speakers’ needs are considerably different from novice learners’. It is suggested that teachers make a compromise between the course objectives and the learners’ different proficiencies and needs to assess their language progress, incorporating and valuing students’ multicultural and experiential backgrounds.
Esse trabalho parte do pressuposto de que o jogo eletrônico influencia a formação cultural das crianças na contemporaneidade. Essa afirmação fundamenta-se na teoria crítica da sociedade, sobretudo, em um de seus principais pensadores, T. W. Adorno, que, em conjunto com M. Horkheimer, cunhou o conceito de indústria cultural em 1947. Elemento desta indústria, o jogo eletrônico, como produto de consumo, constitui-se como um instrumento de lazer e entretenimento, cujo alcance é cada vez mais amplo nas brincadeiras infantis. Isso significa que o conteúdo desses jogos e a identificação com seus personagens são vetores importantes de referência para analisar a constituição da identidade infantil e a emergência de valores na sociedade atual.
Em defesa de Adorno: a propósito das críticas endereçadas por Giorgio Agamben à dialética adorniana
(2007)
Pensador dos mais instigantes da atualidade, Giorgio Agamben explora, em boa parte de seus ensaios filosóficos, a significação excepcional que apresenta Auschwitz para a compreensão de nossa modernidade esclarecida, significação esta que Adorno foi um dos primeiros a acusar. Sob o pano de fundo dessa convergência temática existente entre os dois pensadores, empreende-se aqui uma apreciação das críticas que Agamben endereça à filosofia de Adorno. Seria justo recriminar a dialética negativa adorniana por não ter sido capaz de se libertar do pendor idealista da dialética hegeliana? Seria justo censurá-la por ter sucumbido a uma espécie de estetização do messianismo, como sentencia Agamben? Essas questões são respondidas em defesa de Adorno.
O ensaio investiga os pressupostos filosóficos e críticos de dois modos de conceber a representação literária dos sonhos, contrapondo as obras de André Breton ao livro de protocolos oníricos de Adorno, com o objetivo de refletir sobre o sentido do surrealismo e as relações entre arte, sociedade e psicanálise.
This paper discusses a foundation for writing Hunsrückisch as a German immigrant language in contact with Brazilian Portuguese. This foundation brings together the main conclusions obtained by the Group for the Studies of Hunsrückisch Writing (Grupo de Estudos da Escrita do Hunsrückisch – ESCRITHU). This group was formed at the Language Institute at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with the goal of proposing not only a system of orthographic norms for a language that exists mostly just in oral forms, but also to encourage research on and linguistic education for speakers of this immigrant language. An already extant literature in Hunsrückisch includes journal and magazine texts such as Sankt Paulusblatt or the Brummbär-Kalendar, published between 1931 and 1935, as well as texts by authors such as Rambo (2002 [1937-1961]), Gross (2001), and Rottmann (1889 [1840]). From these texts various writing formats, guidelines, and goals for an orthographic norm are analyzed, be they for the written expression of the speakers or for useful instruments in the transliteration of ethnotexts within the ALMA-H project (Linguistic- Contactual Atlas of the German Minorities in the La Plata Basin: Hunsrückisch), with which ESCRITHU collaborates.
Unlike cultural studies and their tendency to read literary texts as epistemological discourses, the target of this study is to develop the potential of difference between fictional and non-fictional texts, in view of Heinrich von Kleist's novella "Die Verlobung in St. Domingo". In this perspective, not only does Kleist's text use colonialist, racist, historiographic discourses, but also explicitly deals with them from the very beginning. Colonialist dualism and individual encounter, racist stereotypes and narrative contingency, historiographic discourse and unexpected event are connected in a paradoxical manner. Although the discourse effects seem to prevail, the literary text asserts itself in the process of narration by undermining and challenging the power of the discourses.
Syntactic negation and particularly the position of the negative particle 'nicht' are challenging themes not only for learners of German as a foreign language, but also for teachers and researchers of the grammar of German. This paper gives an overview of recent studies related to negation in Modern German. In its main part, it presents results of empirical research on the relationship between syntax and prosody in the field of negation.
This paper investigates the role of Hunsrückisch, a dialect spoken by German descendents in South Brazil, in regard to the performance of high school students in the proficiency exam Deutsches Sprachdiplom (DSD-I). The article will first discuss the concept of bilinguism and then analyzes the performance of bilingual students (Portuguese/German) from the Instituo de Educação Ivoti in DSD-I exams over the last 5 years.
This paper discusses the role of German Jesuit priests in the conquest of the lower amazon area in the 17th century. The Luxemburg missionary John Philip Bettendorff, founder of the second largest city of Pará, Santarém, was one of the most important figures while colonizing the Estate of Maranhão e Great-Pará. His chronicle is not only an important testimony of the settlements’ history but also of the Jesuit activities as handicraft workers and artists while catechizing this region. Thus, it comprehends a part of the rich cultural memory of colonial Brazil.
This paper offers a description of the contemporary German lexicography using dictionary taxonomy. The parameters used for the classification of dictionaries are the number of languages (monolingual against bilingual dictionaries), the user’s perspective (how useful is each kind of dictionary for the Brazilian scholar) and the two perspectives of the act of speech (text reception against text production).
Based on the bilingualism and ethnolinguistic identity research, this study aims to observe the role identity and linguistic attitudes play in a minority mother language’s maintenance or shifting process in early bilingualism cases in a societal bilingualism situation. The analyzed context comprises native speakers of essentially bilingual communities that migrate to an urban center like Porto Alegre, where the opportunities for minority mother language use are drastically restrained by the monolingual Portuguese context. It’s asked how this language was maintained and what is the identity and linguistic attitude after the removal of the original context identified as more rural, isolated and ethnic and culturally different. The data collection derives from semi-structured interviews, recorded and subsequently transcribed. The data analysis suggests that the ‘geographic’ factor isn’t so relevant to the maintenance/shifting of a minority language than the speaker’s ‘micro-decisions’ to preserve the cultural and affectionate ties with their origin group, the family. Besides family group, community, school and government should be called to come together to construct new ways for the linguistic and cultural preservation of the bilingual community in Brazil. In that sense, this research intends to contribute to a wider understanding of the identity and linguistics attitudes’ role in the languages’ teaching and learning in general.