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Mitochondrial complex I is a 1MDa membrane protein complex with a central role in aerobic energy metabolism. The bioenergetic core functions are executed by 14 central subunits that are conserved from bacteria to man. Despite recent progress in structure determination, our understanding of the function of the ~30 accessory subunits associated with the mitochondrial complex is still limited. We have investigated the structure of complex I from the aerobic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica by cryo-electron microscopy. Our density map at 7.9Å resolution closely matches the 3.6-3.9Å X-ray structure of the Yarrowia lipolytica complex. However, the cryo-EM map indicated an additional subunit on the side of the matrix arm above the membrane surface, pointing away from the membrane arm. The density, which is not present in any previously described complex I structure and occurs in about 20 % of the particles, was identified as the accessory sulfur transferase subunit ST1. The Yarrowia lipolytica complex I preparation is active in generating H2S from the cysteine derivative 3-mercaptopyruvate, catalyzed by ST1. We thus provide evidence for a link between respiratory complex I and mitochondrial sulfur metabolism.
Aims: The primary safety and efficacy endpoints of the randomized FIRE AND ICE trial have recently demonstrated non-inferiority of cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency current (RFC) catheter ablation in patients with drug-refractory symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of the current study was to assess outcome parameters that are important for the daily clinical management of patients using key secondary analyses. Specifically, reinterventions, rehospitalizations, and quality-of-life were examined in this randomized trial of cryoballoon vs. RFC catheter ablation.
Methods and results: Patients (374 subjects in the cryoballoon group and 376 subjects in the RFC group) were evaluated in the modified intention-to-treat cohort. After the index ablation, log-rank testing over 1000 days of follow-up demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences in favour of cryoballoon ablation with respect to repeat ablations (11.8% cryoballoon vs. 17.6% RFC; P = 0.03), direct-current cardioversions (3.2% cryoballoon vs. 6.4% RFC; P = 0.04), all-cause rehospitalizations (32.6% cryoballoon vs. 41.5% RFC; P = 0.01), and cardiovascular rehospitalizations (23.8% cryoballoon vs. 35.9% RFC; P < 0.01). There were no statistical differences between groups in the quality-of-life surveys (both mental and physical) as measured by the Short Form-12 health survey and the EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire. There was an improvement in both mental and physical quality-of-life in all patients that began at 6 months after the index ablation and was maintained throughout the 30 months of follow-up.
Conclusion: Patients treated with cryoballoon as opposed to RFC ablation had significantly fewer repeat ablations, direct-current cardioversions, all-cause rehospitalizations, and cardiovascular rehospitalizations during follow-up. Both patient groups improved in quality-of-life scores after AF ablation.
Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01490814.
CryoEM at IUCRJ: a new era
(2016)
Cryptochromes are a ubiquitous group of blue-light absorbing flavoproteins that in the mammalian retina have an important role in the circadian clock. In birds, cryptochrome 1a (Cry1a), localized in the UV/violet-sensitive S1 cone photoreceptors, is proposed to be the retinal receptor molecule of the light-dependent magnetic compass. The retinal localization of mammalian Cry1, homologue to avian Cry1a, is unknown and it is open whether mammalian Cry1 is also involved in magnetic field sensing. To constrain the possible role of retinal Cry1, we immunohistochemically analysed 90 mammalian species across 48 families in 16 orders, using an antiserum against the Cry1 C-terminus that in birds labels only the photo-activated conformation. In the Carnivora families Canidae, Mustelidae and Ursidae and in some Primates, Cry1 was consistently labeled in the outer segment of the shortwave-sensitive S1 cones. This finding would be compatible with a magnetoreceptive function of Cry1 in these taxa. In all other taxa, Cry1 was not detected by the antiserum that likely also in mammals labels the photo-activated conformation, although Western blots showed Cry1 in mouse retinal cell nuclei. We speculate that in the mouse and the other negative-tested mammals Cry1 is involved in circadian functions as a non-light-responsive protein.
The title fluorinated bisbenzoxazine, C18H18F2N2O2, crystallizes with one half-molecule in the asymmetric unit, which is completed by inversion symmetry. The fused oxazine ring adopts an approximately half-chair conformation. The two benzoxazine rings are oriented anti to one another around the central C-C bond. The dominant intermolecular interaction in the crystal structure is a C-H...F hydrogen bond between the F atoms and the axial H atoms of the OCH2N methylene group in the oxazine rings of neighbouring molecules. C-H...[pi] contacts further stabilize the crystal packing.
The title benzoxazine molecule, C18H18Br2N2O2, was prepared by a Mannich-type reaction of 4-bromophenol with ethane-1,2-diamine and formaldehyde. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a centre of inversion located at the mid-point of the C-C bond of the central CH2CH2 spacer. The oxazinic ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The structure is compared to those of other functionalized benzoxazines synthesized in our laboratory. In the crystal, weak C-H...Br and C-H...O hydrogen bonds stack the molecules along the b-axis direction.
Crystal structure of 1,3-bis(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-1,3-diazinan-5-ol monohydrate
(2016)
In the title hydrate, C28H42N2O3·H2O, the central 1,3-diazinan-5-ol ring adopts a chair conformation with the two benzyl substituents equatorial and the lone pairs of the N atoms axial. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 19.68 (38)°. There are two intramolecular O-H...N hydrogen bonds, each generating an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, classical O-H...O hydrogen bonds connect the 1,3-diazinane and water molecules into columns extending along the b axis. The crystal structure was refined as a two-component twin with a fractional contribution to the minor domain of 0.0922 (18).
The title Schiff base, C19H22N2O3, was synthesized via the condensation reaction of 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde using water as solvent. The molecule exists in an E,E conformation with respect to the C=N imine bonds and the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 37.25 (15)°. In the crystal, O-H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite C(5) chains propagating along the a-axis direction. The packing of these chains is consolidated by C-H...O interactions and C-H...[pi] short contacts, forming a three-dimensional network.
In the title compound, C7H14N4·2C6H5ClO, which crystallized with two crystallographically independent 4-chlorophenol molecules and one 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane (TATU) molecule in the asymmetric unit, the independent components are linked by two O-H...N hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen-bond acceptor sites are two non-equivalent N atoms from the aminal cage structure, and the tricyclic system distorts by changing the C-N bond lengths. In the crystal, these hydrogen-bonded aggregates are linked into chains along the c axis by C-H...N hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure also features C-H...[pi] contacts.
The excellent results of dispersion‐corrected density functional theory (DFT‐D) calculations for static systems have been well established over the past decade. The introduction of dynamics into DFT‐D calculations is a target, especially for the field of molecular NMR crystallography. Four 13C ss‐NMR calibration compounds are investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, molecular dynamics and DFT‐D calculations. The crystal structure of 3‐methylglutaric acid is reported. The rotator phases of adamantane and hexamethylbenzene at room temperature are successfully reproduced in the molecular dynamics simulations. The calculated 13C chemical shifts of these compounds are in excellent agreement with experiment, with a root‐mean‐square deviation of 2.0 ppm. It is confirmed that a combination of classical molecular dynamics and DFT‐D chemical shift calculation improves the accuracy of calculated chemical shifts.