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Fucoxanthin chlorophyll proteins (Fcps), the light-harvesting antennas of heterokont algae, are encoded by a multigene family and are highly similar with respect to their molecular masses as well as to their pigmentation, making it difficult to purify single Fcps. In this study, a hexa-histidine tag was genetically added to the C-terminus of the FcpA protein of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. A transgenic strain expressing the recombinant His-tagged FcpA protein in addition to the endogenous wild type Fcps was created. This strategy allowed, for the first time, the purification of a specific, stable trimeric Fcp complex. In addition, a pool of various trimeric Fcps was also purified from the wild-type cells using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. In both the His-tagged and the wild-type Fcps, excitation energy coupling between fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a was intact and the existence of a chlorophyll a/fucoxanthin excitonic dimer was demonstrated using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Mass spectrometric analyses of the trimeric His-tagged complex indicated that it is composed of FcpA and FcpE polypeptides. It is confirmed here that a trimer is the basic organizational unit of Fcps in P. tricornutum. From circular dichroism spectra, it is proposed that the organization of the pigments on the polypeptide backbone of Fcps is a conserved feature in the case of chlorophyll a/c containing algae.
Durch die Behandlung HIV-positiver Patienten mit einer Kombinationstherapie verschiedener antiviraler Substanzen (HAART = hochaktive antiretrovirale Therapie) kann die Virusreplikation über einen längeren Zeitraum unterdrückt werden. Allerdings hat diese Therapie Limitationen. Die Medikamente verursachen hohe Therapiekosten, haben zum Teil starke Nebenwirkungen und es entstehen mit der Zeit resistente Viren. Eine Alternative besteht in der somatischen Gentherapie der HIV-Infektion. Bei diesen Ansätzen werden Zellen der Patienten genetisch modifiziert, so dass sie ein antivirales Genprodukt exprimieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein membrangebundenes, antivirales C46 Peptid (maC46) sowohl in vitro in Zelllinien und primären humanen T-Zellen als auch in vivo in zwei humanisierten Mausmodellen getestet. Das C46 Peptid entstammt der C-terminalen "heptad repeat" Sequenz des HIV Hüllproteins gp41. C-Peptide wie C46 oder auch T20, welches bereits für die HAART Therapie zugelassen ist, binden während der Fusion des Virus mit der Zielzelle an gp41 und inhibieren so die Fusion. Werden T-Zelllinien oder primäre humane T-Zellen mit einem gammaretroviralen Vektor, der maC46 codiert, transduziert, können sie sehr effizient vor einer Infektion mit HIV geschützt werden [30]. Dieser Vektor wurde bereits in einer klinischen Studie mit T-Zellen von 10 HIV-positiven Patienten getestet [142]. Dabei konnte allerdings kein antiviraler Effekt der Gentherapie beobachtet werden. Hier wurde nun ein lentiviraler Vektor für maC46 (LV-maC46-GFP) verwendet. Lentivirale Vektoren transduzieren im Gegensatz zu gammaretroviralen auch ruhende Zellen, was ein kürzeres ex vivo Aktivierungs- und Transduktionsprotokoll ermöglicht. Außerdem ist für lentivirale Vektoren das Risiko der Transformation der Zelle niedriger als für gammaretrovirale. Für eine mögliche klinische Anwendung sollte es daher tolerierbar sein, für lentivirale Vektoren eine höhere MOI zu verwenden als für gammaretrovirale. Eine höhere Transduktionseffizienz sollte auf der anderen Seite auch eine effektive und langanhaltende Transgenexpression ermöglichen. Zunächst wurde gezeigt, dass sowohl die T-Zelllinie PM-1 als auch primäre humane T-Zellen nach Transduktion mit LV-maC46-GFP vor einer Infektion mit HIV geschützt waren und während der Infektion einer gemischten Kultur einen Selektionsvorteil gegenüber nicht-transduzierten Zellen hatten. Dabei konnte auch durch konfokale Mikroskopie gezeigt werden, dass das Virus die maC46-exprimierenden Zellen nicht injizieren konnte, sondern lediglich auf der Zelloberfläche gebunden wurde. Im Weiteren wurden zwei humanisierte Mausmodelle etabliert, um LV-maC46-GFP in vivo zu testen. Im humanen Immunsystem Mausmodell (HIS-Mausmodell) wurden immundefiziente Mäuse mit humanen Blutstammzellen repopuliert. In den Tieren kam es zu einer de novo Bildung von humanen, reifen T-Lymphozyten durch Thymopoese. Dabei wurden im Blut der Tiere humane, maC46- exprimierende CD4+ T-Zellen detektiert. Nach Infektion der Tiere mit HIV wurden diese T-Zellen depletiert. Es kam allerdings nicht zu einer Anreicherung oder einem selektiven Überleben der genmodifizierten T-Zellen. Eine Erklärung dafür könnte eine gestörte T-Zellhomeostase in den Tieren sein. Das zweite humanisierte Mausmodell (T-Zellmausmodell) verwendete immundefiziente Mäuse, die mit transduzierten humanen T-Zellen repopuliert wurden. Die Infektion mit HIV erfolgte entweder in vitro vor Transplantation der Zellen oder in vivo nach Repopulierung der Tiere. In beiden Fällen konnte ein selektives Überleben maC46-exprimierender CD4+ T-Zellen nach HIV-Infektion beobachtet werden. Im letzten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Weiterentwicklung von maC46, eine sekretierte Variante des C46-Peptids (iSAVE), im T-Zellmausmodell getestet. Ein sekretierter Fusionsinhibitor stellt insofern eine Weiterentwicklung des membrangebundenen dar, als nicht nur die genmodifizierten Zellen, sondern zusätzlich auch nicht-modifizierte Nachbarzellen vor einer Infektion mit HIV geschützt werden könnten. Dadurch erhöht sich auch das Spektrum an möglichen Produzentenzellen für den Fusionsinhibitor. In den hier beschriebenen Experimenten wurden humane T-Zellen entweder mit einem gammaretroviralen (RV-iSAVE) oder einem lentiviralen Vektor (LV-iSAVE) transduziert und die Experssion das iSAVE-Peptids wurde im Serum der Tiere gemessen. In beiden Ansätzen konnte iSAVE Peptid im Serum der Tiere detektiert werden. In weiteren Experimenten sollte nun untersucht werden, ob dieses in vivo sekretierte iSAVE Peptid antiviral aktiv ist und die humanisierten Mäuse vor einer Infektion mit HIV schützen kann.
Veränderungen in der akustischen Umwelt sind häufig mit Ereignissen verbunden. Diese wiederum können für ein Tier eine besondere Verhaltensrelevanz haben, im Gegensatz zu einem gleichbleibenden akustischen Hintergrund, der mit keinem positiven oder negativen Ereignis verbunden ist. Es ist also naheliegend zu spekulieren, dass Veränderungen oder neue akustische Reize im zentralen Nervensystem anders repräsentiert werden als der kontinuierliche Hintergrund und dass diese Repräsentation sowohl von der Häufigkeit der Stimuli als auch vom Unterschied zum akustischen Hintergrund abhängt. In Elektroenzaphalografie-Messungen (EEG) am Menschen wurde eine besondere Aktivitätsänderung bei auditorischen Abweichungen erstmals 1978 nachgewiesen. Dabei wurde ein akustischer Reiz über einen längeren Zeitraum regelmäßig wiederholt (Standard) und in einigen, seltenen Fällen durch einen anderen Reiz (Deviant) ersetzt. Dieser Deviant löste eine zusätzliche negative Komponente im EEG aus (Mismatch negativity), die bei den Standard-Stimuli nicht vorhanden war. Eine Voraussetzung, um MMN auszulösen, ist die Präsentation von einigen Standard-Stimuli, sodass eine neuronale Repräsentation des Stimulus aufgebaut werden kann, gegen die jeder weitere Reiz abgeglichen wird. Die zelluläre Basis von MMN und des zugrunde liegenden Mechanismus zur Detektion von auditorischen Veränderungen ist nur wenig erforscht. Als möglicher zellulärer Detektionsmechanismus akustischer Veränderungen wurde die Stimulus-spezifische Adaptation (SSA) vorgeschlagen, die zugleich der Ursprung von MMN im primären auditorischen Kortex sein könnte. SSA beschreibt die Eigenschaft von Neuronen der Hörbahn, auf die Wiederholung von identischen Reizen mit abnehmender Aktivität zu antworten und zugleich die Fähigkeit beizubehalten, andere Stimuli weiterhin mit hoher Aktivität zu repräsentieren. Die veränderte neuronale Repräsentation von Tönen mit niedriger Auftrittswahrscheinlichkeit, im Vergleich zu Tönen mit hoher Auftrittswahrscheinlichkeit, wurde bereits sehr eindrücklich im auditorischen Kortex der anästhesierten Katzen demonstriert. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, bei der Repräsentation von auditorischen Abweichungen die Lücke zwischen der Ebene aufsummierter Potenziale (EEG beim Menschen) und der Ebene einzelner kortikaler Neurone zu schließen. Gleichzeitig sollte dabei erstmalig SSA im auditorischen Kortex des wachen Tieres nachgewiesen und so eine pharmakologische Interaktion der normalerweise eingesetzten Anästhetika mit SSA ausgeschlossen werden. Der experimentelle Ansatz basierte auf elektrophysiologischen Messungen mit chronisch implantierten Mikroelektroden im wachen Tier. Die Elektroden waren im auditorischen Kortex positioniert und ermöglichten eine gleichzeitige Messung der lokalen aufsummierten Potenziale (lokale Feldpotenziale, LFP) und der Aktionspotenziale einzelner Neurone als extrazelluläre Potenzialveränderungen. Das Stimulationsparadigma bestand aus Folgen zweier Reintöne, die mit unterschiedlicher Auftrittwahrscheinlichkeit präsentiert wurden. Der Ton mit hoher Auftrittwahrscheinlichkeit bildete den akustischen Hintergrund, der Ton mit niedriger Auftrittswahrscheinlichkeit (Deviant) die akustische Abweichung. In dieser Arbeit konnte erstmalig nachgewiesen werden, dass Neurone im auditorischen Kortex der wachen Ratte akustische Abweichungen mit einer höheren Aktivität repräsentieren als den auditorischen Hintergrund (bis zu 19,5% Aktivitätsunterschied). Stimulusspezifische Adaptation ist somit auch im wachen Tier Teil der neuronalen Codierung der akustischen Umwelt. Mithilfe der Signalentdeckungstheorie konnte des Weiteren gezeigt werden, dass die unterschiedliche neuronale Repräsentation von häufigen und seltenen Stimuli auch zu einer erhöhten neuronalen Unterscheidbarkeit zwischen beiden Stimuli führte. Auf der Ebene der ereigniskorrelierten LFPs konnte SSA in zwei Komponenten nachgewiesen werden: der ersten, negativen Auslenkung und der folgenden, positiven Auslenkung. Besonders in der ersten, negativen Komponente war SSA systematisch nachzuweisen und sie war zusätzlich starkmit der Aktivität der einzelnen Neuronen korreliert, während die positive Komponente der LFPs keine Korrelation mit den Messungen der einzelnen Nervenzellen zeigte. Der Grad der SSA hing von der Auftrittwahrscheinlichkeit und dem Frequenzabstand der beiden Töne ab. Keine der Messungen hatte die besondere Charakteristik von MMN. Zusammenfassend lässt sich die Aussage treffen, dass SSA auch im wachen Tier nachgewiesen wurde, sowohl auf der Ebene einzelner Neurone als auch in der aufsummierten Aktivität, wenn auch in einer schwächeren Ausprägung als in den bisher veröffentlichten Ergebnissen in anästhesierten Tieren. Ein direkter Beitrag der kortikalen Neurone zu MMN konnte nicht gezeigt werden, es gab aber einen starken Zusammenhang zwischen den einzelnen Neuronen und den LFPs.
Metal-ion binding and metal-ion induced folding of the adenine-sensing riboswitch aptamer domain
(2007)
Divalent cations are important in the folding and stabilization of complex RNA structures. The adenine-sensing riboswitch controls the expression of mRNAs for proteins involved in purine metabolism by directly sensing intracellular adenine levels. Adenine binds with high affinity and specificity to the ligand binding or aptamer domain of the adenine-sensing riboswitch. The X-ray structure of this domain in complex with adenine revealed an intricate RNA-fold consisting of a three-helix junction stabilized by long-range base-pairing interactions and identified five binding sites for hexahydrated Mg2+-ions. Furthermore, a role for Mg2+-ions in the ligand-induced folding of this RNA was suggested. Here, we describe the interaction of divalent cations with the RNA–adenine complex in solution as studied by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Paramagnetic line broadening, chemical shift mapping and intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) indicate the presence of at least three binding sites for divalent cations. Two of them are similar to those in the X-ray structure. The third site, which is important for the folding of this RNA, has not been observed previously. The ligand-free state of the RNA is conformationally heterogeneous and contains base-pairing patterns detrimental to ligand binding in the absence of Mg2+, but becomes partially pre-organized for ligand binding in the presence of Mg2+. Compared to the highly similar guanine-sensing riboswitch, the folding pathway for the adenine-sensing riboswitch aptamer domain is more complex and the influence of Mg2+ is more pronounced.
The Nep1 (Emg1) SPOUT-class methyltransferase is an essential ribosome assembly factor and the human Bowen–Conradi syndrome (BCS) is caused by a specific Nep1D86G mutation. We recently showed in vitro that Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Nep1 is a sequence-specific pseudouridine-N1-methyltransferase. Here, we show that in yeast the in vivo target site for Nep1-catalyzed methylation is located within loop 35 of the 18S rRNA that contains the unique hypermodification of U1191 to 1-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-pseudouri-dine (m1acp3Psi). Specific 14C-methionine labelling of 18S rRNA in yeast mutants showed that Nep1 is not required for acp-modification but suggested a function in Psi1191 methylation. ESI MS analysis of acp-modified Psi-nucleosides in a DeltaNep1-mutant showed that Nep1 catalyzes the Psi1191 methylation in vivo. Remarkably, the restored growth of a nep1-1ts mutant upon addition of S-adenosylmethionine was even observed after preventing U1191 methylation in a deltasnr35 mutant. This strongly suggests a dual Nep1 function, as Psi1191-methyltransferase and ribosome assembly factor. Interestingly, the Nep1 methyltransferase activity is not affected upon introduction of the BCS mutation. Instead, the mutated protein shows enhanced dimerization propensity and increased affinity for its RNA-target in vitro. Furthermore, the BCS mutation prevents nucleolar accumulation of Nep1, which could be the reason for reduced growth in yeast and the Bowen-Conradi syndrome.
Long-range tertiary interactions determine the three-dimensional structure of a number of metabolite-binding riboswitch RNA elements and were found to be important for their regulatory function. For the guanine-sensing riboswitch of the Bacillus subtilis xpt-pbuX operon, our previous NMR-spectroscopic studies indicated pre-formation of long-range tertiary contacts in the ligand-free state of its aptamer domain. Loss of the structural pre-organization in a mutant of this RNA (G37A/C61U) resulted in the requirement of Mg2+ for ligand binding. Here, we investigate structural and stability aspects of the wild-type aptamer domain (Gsw) and the G37A/C61U-mutant (Gswloop) of the guanine-sensing riboswitch and their Mg2+-induced folding characteristics to dissect the role of long-range tertiary interactions, the link between pre-formation of structural elements and ligand-binding properties and the functional stability. Destabilization of the long-range interactions as a result of the introduced mutations for Gswloop or the increase in temperature for both Gsw and Gswloop involves pronounced alterations of the conformational ensemble characteristics of the ligand-free state of the riboswitch. The increased flexibility of the conformational ensemble can, however, be compensated by Mg2+. We propose that reduction of conformational dynamics in remote regions of the riboswitch aptamer domain is the minimal pre-requisite to pre-organize the core region for specific ligand binding.
In prokaryotes, RNA thermometers regulate a number of heat shock and virulence genes. These temperature sensitive RNA elements are usually located in the 5'-untranslated regions of the regulated genes. They repress translation initiation by base pairing to the Shine–Dalgarno sequence at low temperatures. We investigated the thermodynamic stability of the temperature labile hairpin 2 of the Salmonella fourU RNA thermometer over a broad temperature range and determined free energy, enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening of individual nucleobases by measuring the temperature dependence of the imino proton exchange rates via NMR spectroscopy. Exchange rates were analyzed for the wild-type (wt) RNA and the A8C mutant. The wt RNA was found to be stabilized by the extraordinarily stable G14–C25 base pair. The mismatch base pair in the wt RNA thermometer (A8–G31) is responsible for the smaller cooperativity of the unfolding transition in the wt RNA. Enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening events exhibit linear correlation for both RNAs. The slopes of these correlations coincide with the melting points of the RNAs determined by CD spectroscopy. RNA unfolding occurs at a temperature where all nucleobases have equal thermodynamic stabilities. Our results are in agreement with a consecutive zipper-type unfolding mechanism in which the stacking interaction is responsible for the observed cooperativity. Furthermore, remote effects of the A8C mutation affecting the stability of nucleobase G14 could be identified. According to our analysis we deduce that this effect is most probably transduced via the hydration shell of the RNA.
Aging of biological systems ultimately leads to death of the individual. In humans, organ failure as the result of functional impairments after stroke, cardio-vascular disease, tumor development, neurodegeneration and other diseases are certainly crucial in bringing life to an end. But what happens in individuals with no obvious disease or disorders?
PaMTH1 is an O-methyltransferase catalysing the methylation of vicinal hydroxyl groups of polyphenols. The protein accumulates during ageing of Podospora anserina in both the cytosol and in the mitochondrial matrix. The construction and characterisation of a PaMth1 deletion strain provided additional evidence about the function of the protein in the protection against metal induced oxidative stress. Deletion of PaMth1 was found to lead to a decreased resistance against exogenous oxidative stress and to a shortened lifespan suggesting a role of PaMTH1 as a longevity assurance factor in a new molecular pathway involved in lifespan control. Key words: Podospora anserina, knock-out, reactive oxygen species, flavonoids, ageing, O-methyltransferase
In previous investigations an impact of cellular copper homeostasis on ageing of the ascomycete Podospora anserina has been demonstrated. Here we provide new data indicating that mitochondria play a major role in this process. Determination of copper in the cytosolic fraction using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis and eGfp reporter gene studies indicate an age-related increase of cytosolic copper levels. We show that components of the mitochondrial matrix (i.e. eGFP targeted to mitochondria) become released from the organelle during ageing. Decreasing the accessibility of mitochondrial copper in P. anserina via targeting a copper metallothionein to the mitochondrial matrix was found to result in a switch from a copper-dependent cytochrome-c oxidase to a copper-independent alternative oxidase type of respiration and results in lifespan extension. In addition, we demonstrate that increased copper concentrations in the culture medium lead to the appearance of senescence biomarkers in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). Significantly, expression of copper-regulated genes is induced during in vitro ageing in medium devoid of excess copper suggesting that cytosolic copper levels also increase during senescence of HDFs. These data suggest that the identified molecular pathway of age-dependent copper dynamics may not be restricted to P. anserina but may be conserved from lower eukaryotes to humans.
Potentiation of glycine-gated NR1/NR3A NMDA receptors relieves Ca2+-dependent outward rectification
(2010)
Glycine has diverse functions within the mammalian central nervous system. It inhibits postsynaptic neurons via strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors (GlyRs) and enhances neuronal excitation through co-activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Classical Ca2+-permeable NMDA receptors are composed of glycine-binding NR1 and glutamate-binding NR2 subunits, and hence require both glutamate and glycine for efficient activation. In contrast, recombinant receptors composed of NR1 and the glycine binding NR3A and/or NR3B subunits lack glutamate binding sites and can be activated by glycine alone. Therefore these receptors are also named “excitatory glycine receptors”. Co-application of antagonists of the NR1 glycine-binding site or of the divalent cation Zn2+ markedly enhances the glycine responses of these receptors. To gain further insight into the properties of these glycine-gated NMDA receptors, we investigated their current-voltage (I–V) dependence. Whole-cell current-voltage relations of glycine currents recorded from NR1/NR3B and NR1/NR3A/NR3B expressing oocytes were found to be linear under our recording conditions. In contrast, NR1/NR3A receptors displayed a strong outwardly rectifying I–V relation. Interestingly, the voltage-dependent inward current block was abolished in the presence of NR1 antagonists, Zn2+ or a combination of both. Further analysis revealed that Ca2+ (1.8 mM) present in our recording solutions was responsible for the voltage-dependent inhibition of ion flux through NR1/NR3A receptors. Since physiological concentrations of the divalent cation Mg2+ did not affect the I–V dependence, our data suggest that relief of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ block of NR1/NR3A receptors by Zn2+ may be important for the regulation of excitatory glycinergic transmission, according to the Mg2+-block of conventional NR1/NR2 NMDA receptors. Keywords: NMDA receptor, excitatory glycine receptor, voltage block, NR3 subunit, supralinear potentiation, Zn2+, NR1 antagonist, ligand-binding domain
The editorial board of Aging reviews research papers published in 2009,which they believe have or will have a significant impact on aging research.Among many others, the topics include genes that accelerate aging or incontrast promote longevity in model organisms, DNA damage responsesand telomeres, molecular mechanisms of life span extension by calorierestriction and pharmacologic interventions into aging. The emergingmessage in 2009 is that aging is not random but determined by agenetically-regulated longevity network and can be decelerated bothgenetically and pharmacologically.
Filamentous fungi are of great importance in ecology, agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. Thus, it is not surprising that genomes for more than 100 filamentous fungi have been sequenced, most of them by Sanger sequencing. While next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized genome resequencing, e.g. for strain comparisons, genetic mapping, or transcriptome and ChIP analyses, de novo assembly of eukaryotic genomes still presents significant hurdles, because of their large size and stretches of repetitive sequences. Filamentous fungi contain few repetitive regions in their 30–90 Mb genomes and thus are suitable candidates to test de novo genome assembly from short sequence reads. Here, we present a high-quality draft sequence of the Sordaria macrospora genome that was obtained by a combination of Illumina/Solexa and Roche/454 sequencing. Paired-end Solexa sequencing of genomic DNA to 85-fold coverage and an additional 10-fold coverage by single-end 454 sequencing resulted in ~4 Gb of DNA sequence. Reads were assembled to a 40 Mb draft version (N50 of 117 kb) with the Velvet assembler. Comparative analysis with Neurospora genomes increased the N50 to 498 kb. The S. macrospora genome contains even fewer repeat regions than its closest sequenced relative, Neurospora crassa. Comparison with genomes of other fungi showed that S. macrospora, a model organism for morphogenesis and meiosis, harbors duplications of several genes involved in self/nonself-recognition. Furthermore, S. macrospora contains more polyketide biosynthesis genes than N. crassa. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that some of these genes may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from a distantly related ascomycete group. Our study shows that, for typical filamentous fungi, de novo assembly of genomes from short sequence reads alone is feasible, that a mixture of Solexa and 454 sequencing substantially improves the assembly, and that the resulting data can be used for comparative studies to address basic questions of fungal biology.
We solved the crystal structure of a novel type of c-ring isolated from Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4 at 2.5 Å, revealing a cylinder with a tridecameric stoichiometry, a central pore, and an overall shape that is distinct from those reported thus far. Within the groove of two neighboring c-subunits, the conserved glutamate of the outer helix shares the proton with a bound water molecule which itself is coordinated by three other amino acids of outer helices. Although none of the inner helices contributes to ion binding and the glutamate has no other hydrogen bonding partner than the water oxygen, the site remains in a stable, ion-locked conformation that represents the functional state present at the c-ring/membrane interface during rotation. This structure reveals a new, third type of ion coordination in ATP synthases. It appears in the ion binding site of an alkaliphile in which it represents a finely tuned adaptation of the proton affinity during the reaction cycle. Formal Correction: This article has been formally corrected to address the following errors. 1. The images for Figures S2 and S3 were incorrectly switched. The image that appears as Figure S2 should be Figure S3, and the image that appears as Figure S3 should be Figure S2. The figure legends appear in the correct order. Please view the correct... (read formal correction) 2. The images for Figures S2 and S3 were incorrectly switched. The image that appears as Figure S2 should be Figure S3, and the image that appears as Figure S3 should be Figure S2. The figure legends appear in the correct order. Please view the correct... (read formal correction)
Background: Falciparum Malaria, an infectious disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is among the leading causes of death and morbidity attributable to infectious diseases worldwide. In Gabon, Central Africa, one out of four inpatients have severe malarial anemia (SMA), a life-threatening complication if left untreated. Emerging drug resistant parasites might aggravate the situation. This case control study investigates biomarkers of enhanced hemolysis in hospitalized children with either SMA or mild malaria (MM). Methods and Findings: Ninety-one children were included, thereof 39 SMA patients. Strict inclusion criteria were chosen to exclude other causes of anemia. At diagnosis, erythrophagocytosis (a direct marker for extravascular hemolysis, EVH) was enhanced in SMA compared to MM patients (5.0 arbitrary units (AU) (interquartile range (IR): 2.2–9.6) vs. 2.1 AU (IR: 1.3–3.9), p<0.01). Furthermore, indirect markers for EVH, (i.e. serum neopterin levels, spleen size enlargement and monocyte pigment) were significantly increased in SMA patients. Markers for erythrocyte ageing, such as CD35 (complement receptor 1), CD55 (decay acceleration factor) and phosphatidylserine exposure (annexin-V-binding) were investigated by flow cytometry. In SMA patients, levels of CD35 and CD55 on the red blood cell surface were decreased and erythrocyte removal markers were increased when compared to MM or reconvalescent patients. Additionally, intravascular hemolysis (IVH) was quantified using several indirect markers (LDH, alpha-HBDH, haptoglobin and hemopexin), which all showed elevated IVH in SMA. The presence of both IVH and EVH predicted the need for blood transfusion during antimalarial treatment (odds ratio 61.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.9–427). Interestingly, this subpopulation is characterized by a significantly lowered reticulocyte production index (RPI, p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results show the multifactorial pathophysiology of SMA, whereby EVH and IVH play a particularly important role. We propose a model where removal of infected and non-infected erythrocytes of all ages (including reticulocytes) by EVH and IVH is a main mechanism of SMA. Further studies are underway to investigate the mechanism and extent of reticulocyte removal to identify possible interventions to reduce the risk of SMA development.
Proteins can be acetylated at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino acid (methionine or the penultimate amino acid after methionine removal) or at the epsilon-amino group of internal lysines. In eukaryotes the majority of proteins are N-terminally acetylated, while this is extremely rare in bacteria. A variety of studies about N-terminal acetylation in archaea have been reported recently, and it was revealed that a considerable fraction of proteins is N-terminally acetylated in haloarchaea and Sulfolobus, while this does not seem to apply for methanogenic archaea. Many eukaryotic proteins are modified by differential internal acetylation, which is important for a variety of processes. Until very recently, only two bacterial proteins were known to be acetylation targets, but now 125 acetylation sites are known for E. coli. Knowledge about internal acetylation in archaea is extremely limited; only two target proteins are known, only one of which--Alba--was used to study differential acetylation. However, indications accumulate that the degree of internal acetylation of archaeal proteins might be underestimated, and differential acetylation has been shown to be essential for the viability of haloarchaea. Focused proteomic approaches are needed to get an overview of the extent of internal protein acetylation in archaea.
Background: Current conventional vaccination approaches do not induce potent CD8 T-cell responses for fighting mostly variable viral diseases such as influenza, avian influenza viruses or HIV. Following our recent study on vaccine penetration by targeting of vaccine to human hair follicular ducts surrounded by Langerhans cells, we tested in the first randomized Phase-Ia trial based on hair follicle penetration (namely transcutaneous route) the induction of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses. Methods and Findings: We chose the inactivated influenza vaccine – a conventional licensed tetanus/influenza (TETAGRIP®) vaccine – to compare the safety and immunogenicity of transcutaneous (TC) versus IM immunization in two randomized controlled, multi-center Phase I trials including 24 healthy-volunteers and 12 HIV-infected patients. Vaccination was performed by application of inactivated influenza vaccine according to a standard protocol allowing the opening of the hair duct for the TC route or needle-injection for the IM route. We demonstrated that the safety of the two routes was similar. We showed the superiority of TC application, but not the IM route, to induce a significant increase in influenza-specific CD8 cytokine-producing cells in healthy-volunteers and in HIV-infected patients. However, these routes did not differ significantly for the induction of influenza-specific CD4 responses, and neutralizing antibodies were induced only by the IM route. The CD8 cell response is thus the major immune response observed after TC vaccination. Conclusions: This Phase Ia clinical trial (Manon05) testing an anti-influenza vaccine demonstrated that vaccines designed for antibody induction by the IM route, generate vaccine-specific CD8 T cells when administered transcutaneously. These results underline the necessity of adapting vaccination strategies to control complex infectious diseases when CD8 cellular responses are crucial. Our work opens up a key area for the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for diseases in which CD8 cells play a crucial role.