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Background: Three genes have been confirmed as major joint susceptibility genes for endocrine autoimmune disease:human leukocyte antigen class II, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22. Recent studies showed that a genetic variation within the interferon induced helicase domain 1 (IFIH1) locus (rs1990760 polymorphism) is an additional risk factor in type 1 diabetes and Graves' disease (GD). Methods: The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the rs1990760 polymorphism within the IFIH1 gene in German patients with GD (n=258), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT,n=106), Addison's disease (AD,n=195) and healthy controls (HC,n=227) as well as in 55 GD families (165 individuals, German) and 100 HT families (300 individuals, Italian). Furthermore, the interaction between rs1990760 polymorphism with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) risk haplotype DQ2(DQA*0501-DQB*0201), the risk haplotypes DQ2/DQ8 (DQA*0301-DQB*0302) and the status of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) in patients and families were analysed. Results:No significant differences were found between the allele and genotype frequencies for rs1990760 IFIH1 polymorphism in patients with GD, HT, AD and HC. Also no differences were observed when stratifying the IFIH1 rs1990760 polymorphism for gender, presence or absence of thyroid antibodies (GD:TRAb and HT:TPOAb/TgAb) and HLA risk haplotypes (DQ2:for GD and HT, DQ2/DQ8:for AD). Furthermore the transmission analysis in GD and HT families revealed no differences in alleles transmission for rs1990760 IFIH1 from parents with or without HLA risk haplotype DQ2 to the affected offspring. In contrast, by dividing the HT parents according to the presence or absence of thyroid Ab titers, mothers and fathers both positive for TPOAb/TgAb overtransmitted the allele A of IFIH1 rs1990760 to their HT affected offspring (61.8% vs 38.2%;p=0.05;corrected p [pc]=0.1). However, these associations did not remain statistically significant after correction of the p-values. Conclusion: In conclusion, our data suggest, no contribution from IFIH1 rs1990760 polymorphism to the pathogenesis of either Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Addison's disease in our study populations. However, in order to exclude a possible influence of the studied polymorphism in specified subgroups within patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, further investigations in larger populations are needed.
This thesis describes the structural characterization of interactions between biological relevant ribonucleic acid biomacromolecules (RNAs) and selected ligands to optimize the methodologies for the design of pharmacological lead compounds. To achieve this aim, not only the structures of the RNA, the ligand and their complexes need to be known, but also information about the inherent dynamics, especially of the target RNA, are necessary. To determine the structure and dynamics of these molecules and their complexes, liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is a suitable and powerful method. The necessity for these investigations arises from the lack of knowledge in RNA-ligand interactions, e.g. for the development of new medicinal drugs targeting crucial RNA sequences. In the first chapters of this thesis (Chapters II to IV), an introduction into RNA research is given with a focus on RNA structural features (Chapter II), into the interacting molecules, the biology of the specific RNA targets and the further development of their ligands (Chapter III) and into the NMR theory and methodologies used within this thesis (Chapter IV). Chapter II begins with a description of RNA characteristics and functions, placing the focus on the increasing attention that these biomacromolecules have attracted in recent years due to their diverse biological functionalities. This is followed by a detailed description of general structural features of RNA molecules. The biological functions of the RNAs investigated in this thesis (Human immunodeficiency virus PSI- and TAR-RNA and Coxsackievirus B3 Stemloop D in the 5’-cloverleaf element), together with their known structural characteristics are introduced in Chapter III. Furthermore, a description of the investigated ligands is given, focusing on the methods how their affinity and specificity were determined. The introduction is completed in Chapter IV, where the relevant NMR theory and methodologies are explained. First, kinetics and thermodynamics of ligand binding are summarized from an NMR point of view. Subsequently, a detailed description of the resonance assignment procedures for RNAs and peptidic ligands is given. This procedure mainly concentrates on the assignment of the proton resonances, which are essential for the later structure calculation from NMR restraints. The procedure for NMR structure calculation of RNA and its complexes follows with a short introduction into the programs ARIA and HADDOCK. The final part of this chapter explains the relaxation theory and the methodology to extract dynamic information from autocorrelated relaxation rates via the model-free formalism. In the Chapters V to VII of this thesis, the original publications are included and grouped into three topics. Chapter V comprehends the publications on the investigations of HIV PSI-RNA and its hexapeptidic ligand. These three publications[1-3] focus on the characterization of the ligand and its binding properties, its structure and the optimization of its composition aiming to improve its usage for further spectroscopic investigations.
Human mimicry
(2009)
Human mimicry is ubiquitous, and often occurs without the awareness of the person mimicking or the person being mimicked. First, we briefly describe some of the major types of nonconscious mimicry -verbal, facial, emotional, and behavioral- and review the evidence for their automaticity. Next, we argue for the broad impact of mimicry and summarize the literature documenting its influence on the mimicry dyad and beyond. This review highlights the moderators of mimicry as well, including the social, motivational, and emotional conditions that foster or inhibit automatic mimicry. We interpret these findings in light of current theories of mimicry. First, we evaluate the evidence for and against mimicry as a communication tool. Second, we review neuropsychological research that sheds light on the question of how we mimic. What is the cognitive architecture that enables us to do what we perceive others do? We discuss a proposed system, the perception-behavior link, and the neurological evidence (Le., the mirror system) supporting it. We will then review the debate on whether mimicry is innate and inevitable. We propose that the architecture enabling mimicry is innate, but that the behavioral mimicry response may actually be (partly) a product of learning or associations. Finally. we speculate on what the behavioral data on mimicry may imply for the evolution of mimicry.
The high sensitivity of male reproductive cells to high temperatures may be due to an inadequate heat stress response. The results of a comprehensive expression analysis of HsfA2 and Hsp17-CII, two important members of the heat stress system, in the developing anthers of a heat-tolerant tomato genotype are reported here. A transcriptional analysis at different developmental anther/pollen stages was performed using semi-quantitative and real-time PCR. The messengers were localized using in situ RNA hybridization, and protein accumulation was monitored using immunoblot analysis. Based on the analysis of the gene and protein expression profiles, HsfA2 and Hsp17-CII are finely regulated during anther development and are further induced under both short and prolonged heat stress conditions. These data suggest that HsfA2 may be directly involved in the activation of protection mechanisms in the tomato anther during heat stress and, thereby, may contribute to tomato fruit set under adverse temperatures. Key words: Anther development, heat stress, HsfA2, Hsp17-CII, pollen, tomato
The aim of the study was to investigate the role of the CX3C chemokine FKN in the role of platelet adhesion. The presence of the FKN receptor CX3CR1 in platelets is demonstrated and G-protein dependent activation of platelets with soluble FKN results in the increased adhesion of platelets to collagen and fibrinogen under flow 228 and adhesion of leucocytes to firmly attached platelets 231. Whether membrane-bound FKN is capable to promote the direct adhesion of platelets in flowing blood analogue to leucocytes was completely unknown. The adhesion mechanisms of FKN in mediating the adhesion of leucocytes under flow are well characterised and represent a novel unique mechanism of leucocyte capture and firm adhesion: FKN is responsible for immediate arrest of flowing CX3CR1 expressing leucocytes without the participation of additional adhesion receptors and ligands. This is in contrast to the classical leucocyte adhesion pathways, which are multistep processes involving leucocyte arrest, rolling and subsequent cell activation prior to firm arrest. In leucocytes, the FKN – CX3CR1 axis is sufficient to allow rapid arrest of leucocytes at low shear flow conditions 67, 101, 115, 122, 261. The set of data from this study demonstrates that immobilised FKN was capable to mediate the adhesion of platelets under low shear conditions, whereas there was no interaction in the absence of shear flow. In the presence of vWf in the adhesion matrix, FKN mediated the potent increased adhesion of platelets. This was in parts due to the activation of flowing platelets via CX3CR1 and the augmented translocation of platelets on FKN via the vWf receptor GPIbα. With respect to platelet activation, the function of endothelial FKN was comparable to leucocytes: in both cell types, the FKN dependent activation is mediated by its cognate receptor CX3CR1. This is in contrast to the adhesive capacity: in leucocytes, FKN dependent adhesion is mediated by CX3CR1, whereas in platelets, the adhesive capacity was mostly mediated by the vWf receptor GPIbα with only minor contribution from CX3CR1. In platelets, activation and adhesion by FKN were mediated by two distinct receptors, whereas in leucocytes, CX3CR1 is solely responsible for FKN dependent activation and adhesion. The presented results point out to a role of platelets in early stage of atherosclerosis. The in vivo expression of both, FKN and vWf is regulated by TNF-α, which is released in early stages of inflammation. The presence of vWf and FKN in the endothelial lining of blood vessels during these conditions is sufficient to initiate the capturing and translocation of platelets on the tunica interna. The rolling of platelets on the endothelium can induce endothelial damage and inflammation of the vessel, which might advance to the generation of clinically significant atherosclerotic plaques and fibrous atheroma.
Methanosarcina acetivorans kann Kohlenmonoxid (CO) als Kohlenstoff- und Energiequelle nutzen. Als Endprodukte entstehen bei der Verwertung von CO neben Methan signifikante Mengen an Azetat und Formiat sowie Dimethylsulfid (DMS). In dieser Arbeit sollten verschiedene Aspekte dieses außergewöhnlichen CO-Stoffwechsels analysiert werden. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: 1) Weder die Methanogenese, noch die Bildung eines der anderen Metaboliten wird durch hohe CO-Partialdrücke gehemmt. Inhibitorstudien mit BES belegen, dass die CO-Oxidation und die Bildung von Azetat, Formiat und DMS nicht an die Methanogenese gekoppelt sind. Inhibitorstudien legen nahe, dass die Methanogenese aus CO am Aufbau eines Na+-Gradienten beteiligt ist und das Vorhandensein eines vom Protonenpotential-abhängigen Schrittes. 2) Eine neue, kostengünstige Transformationsmethode mittels Polyethylenglykol (PEG) konnte für M. acetivorans etabliert werden. Die Transformationshäufigkeit betrug ca. 1,1 x 107 Transformanden/μg DNA und liegt damit im Bereich von der der bisher etablierten Liposomen-vermittelten Transformationsmethode. 3) Mutantenanalysen und physiologische Studien belegen eine Beteiligung der Mts-Proteine in der DMS-Bildung und DMS-Verwertung, da in ihrer Abwesenheit kein DMS aus CO gebildet, kein Methan aus DMS produziert wird, und M. acetivorans nicht mehr auf DMS als Energiequelle wachsen kann. Die Mts-Proteine sind für das carboxidotrophe Wachstum jedoch nicht essentiell. Immunologische Analysen belegen eine substratabhängige Regulation von MtsF und weisen auf genetische Interaktionen der einzelnen Loci oder der Isoformen selbst hin. 4) Die monofunktionellen CODH-Isoformen von M. acetivorans sind am carboxidotrophen Wachstum beteiligt, jedoch nicht essentiell. Die beiden Isoformen der bifunktionellen CODH/ACS sind funktionell, und wenigstens eine von ihnen ist für autotrophes als auch carboxidotrophes Wachstum notwendig. Eine mögliche posttranslationale Modifikation von Cdh1 weist auf unterschiedliche physiologische Funktion und/oder Lokalisation hin. 5) Die F420H2-Dehydrogenase ist essentiell für methylotrophes, nicht jedoch für carboxidotrophes Wachstum.
Im Jahr 2006 kam es in Deutschland lt. der Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik zu 4584 illegalen Schusswaffeneinsätzen. Daher ist die Entwicklung verbesserter technischer Untersuchungsverfahren die zu einer Aufklärung dieser Straftaten beitragen könnten vordringlich. Mikrosensorsysteme wie der DL 1000 bieten die Möglichkeit die Abbrandgase/Schmauchgase verschiedener Munitionstypen zu analysieren und mit Hilfe eines neuronalen Netzes zu unterscheiden. Zunächst wurden 2000 Treibsätze von 10 verschiedenen Munitionstypen verbrannt und die Profile in dem neuronalen Netz gespeichert. In einem zweiten Schritt wurden mit jedem Munitionstyp je 2 relative Nahschüsse auf Schweinefüße abgegeben und das olfaktorische Profil des Waffenlaufs und der Einschusswunden analysiert. Bei Analyse der Abbrandgase unbekannter Treibsätze konnte der entsprechende Muntionstyp in ca. 84 % der Fälle identifiziert werden. Während auch die olfaktorische Analyse des Gases im Waffenlauf wenige Minuten nach der Schussabgabe noch zu sehr hohen Wiedererkennungsraten führte, sanken diese an der Einschusswunde deutlich ab. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Abbrandgase von verschiedenen Munitionstypen mit dem verwendeten Analysesystem mit hoher Sicherheit identifiziert werden können. Der Überlagerung der Abbrandgase durch Körper- oder Fäulnisgasgerüche wird vor allem durch eine Erweiterung der Datenbasis des neuronalen Netzes zu begegnen sein.
Pflanzliche Biomasse bietet sich hervorragend als billiges und in großen Mengen verfügbares Ausgangssubstrat für biotechnologische Fermentationsprozesse an. Für die Herstellung von Bioethanol ist die Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae der wichtigste Produktionsorganismus. Allerdings kann S. cerevisiae die in Biomasse in großer Menge enthaltenen Pentosen Xylose und Arabinose nicht verwerten. Für einen ökonomisch effizienten Fermentationsprozess ist es daher essentiell, das Substratspektrum der Hefe entsprechend zu erweitern. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen, den bereits in Hefe etablierten bakteriellen Arabinose-Stoffwechselweg signifikant zu verbessern. Genetische und physiologische Analysen ergaben, dass eines der heterolog produzierten Enzyme, die L-Arabinose-Isomerase aus Bacillus subtilis, einen limitierenden Schritt innerhalb des Stoffwechselweges darstellte. In einem genetischen Screening konnte ein aktiveres Isoenzym aus Bacillus licheniformis gefunden werden. Zusätzlich wurde der Codon-Gebrauch aller heterologen bakteriellen Gene dem Codon-Gebrauch der hoch-exprimierten glykolytischen Gene von S. cerevisiae angepasst. Mit diesem rationalen Ansatz konnte die Ethanolproduktivität aus Arabinose um mehr als 250% erhöht werden, der Ethanolertrag wurde um über 60% gesteigert. Dies stellte die erste erfolgreiche Verbesserung eines heterologen Stoffwechselwegs in S. cerevisiae über Codon-optimierte Gene dar. In einem breit angelegten Screening wurde zum ersten Mal eine prokaryontische Xylose-Isomerase gefunden, die in S. cerevisiae eine hohe Aktivität aufweist. Durch das Einbringen des xylA-Gens aus Clostridium phytofermentans in verschiedene Hefe-Stämme wurden diese in die Lage versetzt, Xylose als alleinige Kohlenstoffquelle zu nutzen. Zusätzlich konnte damit die Vergärung von Arabinose und Xylose in einem einzigen S. cerevisiae-Stamm kombiniert werden. Vorherige Versuche, einen Pentose-vergärenden Stamm zu konstruieren, der einen bakteriellen Arabinose-Stoffwechselweg mit dem eukaryontischen Xylose-Reduktase/Xylitol-Dehydrogenase-Weg kombinierte, scheiterten an der unspezifischen Umsetzung der Arabinose durch die Xylose-Reduktase zu dem nicht weiter verstoffwechselbaren Arabitol. Für einen industriellen Einsatz der rekombinanten Hefen war es unerlässlich, die Eigenschaften für die Pentose-Umsetzung in Industrie-relevante Hefe-Stämme zu übertragen. Durch die Etablierung von genetischen Methoden und Werkzeugen ist es in dieser Arbeit gelungen, Industrie-Stämme zu konstruieren, die in der Lage sind, Arabinose oder Xylose zu metabolisieren. Dabei wurden die heterologen Gene stabil in die Chromosomen der Stämme integriert. Diese wurden mit Hilfe von „Evolutionary Engineering“ so optimiert, dass sie die Pentose-Zucker als alleinige Kohlenstoffquellen zum Wachstum nutzen konnten. Fermentationsanalysen zeigten eine effiziente Umsetzung der Pentosen zu Ethanol in diesen Stämmen. Damit ist ein neuer Startpunkt für die Konstruktion von industriellen Pentose-fermentierenden Hefe-Stämmen markiert, der zukünftig effizientere Bioethanol-Produktion ermöglichen wird.
Osteoporotische Frakturen sind mit erheblichen medizinischen, psychosozialen und ökonomischen Folgen belastet. Für die Betroffenen resultieren in einem hohen Maße Einbußen an Lebensqualität, Folgemorbidität, Pflegebedürftigkeit und erhöhte Mortalität. Osteoporotische Frakturen entstehen durch ein inadäquates Trauma und können jeden Knochen betreffen, am häufigsten sind das Hüftgelenk, die Wirbelkörper und der distale Radius betroffen. Es ist von großer Bedeutung Patienten mit einem hohen Osteoporoserisiko frühzeitig zu identifizieren, über Präventionsmaßnahmen aufzuklären und bereits Erkrankte rechtzeitig zu diagnostizieren und zu therapieren, da eine bereits stattgehabte Fraktur das größte Risiko für eine Folgefraktur ist. Trotz der Verfügbarkeit einer Anzahl von effektiven diagnostischen und therapeutischen Möglichkeiten ist die Osteoporose weiterhin unterdiagnostiziert und unterbehandelt, vor allem in der Hochrisikogruppe von Patienten mit einer früheren Fraktur. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen aus Europa, den USA, Australien und Neuseeland zeigten dass im Mittel nur 17% der Patienten die aufgrund einer osteoporotischen Fraktur stationär aufgenommen wurden eine spezifische antiosteoporotische Therapie erhielten. Die bisher in Deutschland durchgeführten Studien bezüglich der Versorgungssituation von Patienten mit osteoporotischer Fraktur beruhen zumeist auf Krankenkassendaten. Es werden daher nur diagnostizierte Erkrankungen erfasst. Hierbei ergibt sich das Problem dass eine mögliche Dunkelziffer von nicht als osteoporotisch erkannten Frakturen nicht in die Berechnung einbezogen werden. Ziel dieser Studie war es daher, die Dunkelziffer an nicht bezüglich Osteoporose diagnostizierten Patienten zu erfassen, aber auch die Einleitung von Diagnostik und Therapie nach osteoporotischen Frakturen im Allgemeinen und unter dem Einfluß von Risikofaktoren zu analysieren. In einer retrospektiven Beobachtungsstudie an orthopädischen und unfallchirurgischen Abteilungen im Rhein-Main-Gebiet wurde eine Analyse der Jahre 2003 und 2004 durchgeführt. Eingeschlossen wurden Patienten im Alter von >50 Jahren mit einer ICD-verschlüsselten Fraktur als Aufnahmediagnose. Die in der Krankenakte enthaltenden Daten wurden nach zuvor erlittenen Frakturen, nach für den Knochen-Stoffwechsel und für die Knochen-Stabilität relevanten Grunderkrankungen, einer vorbekannten Osteoporose, durchgeführter Diagnostik zur Sicherung oder Widerlegung der Diagnose einer Osteoporose , der Diagnosestellung einer Osteoporose und ggf. erfolgter Therapieeinleitung und -empfehlung nach einem vorliegenden Erhebungsbogen systematisch ausgewertet. Insgesamt wurden 2142 Patienten älter als 50 Jahre mit einer Fraktur ausgewertet. 1544 (72,1%) waren weiblich und 598 (27,9%) männlich. Davon wurde bei 1460 (68,2%) der Patienten die Fraktur als osteoporotisch eingestuft, 1215 (83,2%) waren weiblich und 245 (16,8%) männlich. 80,3% der Patienten mit osteoporotischer Fraktur waren älter als 70 Jahre. Die häufigste Traumaursache war der Sturz aus dem Stand. Die Hüftfraktur (55,2%) war die häufigste Frakturlokalisation, gefolgt von der Wirbelkörperfraktur (14%). 79,4% erhielten eine operative Therapie. Eine frühere Fraktur gaben 14% (n=205) in der Anamnese an, dies waren vor allem Patienten mit einer neuen Wirbelkörperfraktur. Von diesen Patienten mit einer Fraktur in der Vorgeschichte war bei 20% (n=41) eine Osteoporose bereits bei Aufnahme bekannt, aber nur 9,8% (n=20) erhielten zu diesem Zeitpunkt eine antiosteoporotische Therapie. Insgesamt nur bei 29,9% der Patienten wurde eine Osteoporose als Ursache der Fraktur diagnostiziert. Ein geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied lag nicht vor, allerdings erfolgte die Diagnosestellung bei Patienten älter als 85 Jahre deutlich seltener. Bei 67,2% der osteoporotischen Wirbelkörperfrakturen wurde die Osteoporose erkannt, jedoch nur bei 16,3% der osteoporotischen Hüftfrakturen. Zum Zeitpunkt der Entlassung wurden 6,6% der Patienten mit einem antiosteoporotischen Medikament therapiert und bei 5,1% wurde diesbezüglich eine Empfehlung im Entlassungsbrief ausgesprochen. In den meisten Fällen war die Therapie eine Kombination aus Bisphosphonaten, Vitamin D und Calcium. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass bei 70% der Patienten die Diagnosestellung einer Osteoporose versäumt und dass 88,3% der Patienten ohne eine spezifische antiosteoporotische Therapie oder einer Therapieempfehlung aus dem Krankenhaus entlassen wurden. Somit zeigt sich eine deutliche Versorgungslücke zwischen evidenzbasierter Medizin und alltäglicher Praxis. Frakturen bei älteren Menschen führen selten zur einer Diagnostik oder Therapie bezüglich Osteoporose. Ein möglicher Weg zur Therapieoptimierung könnten strukturierte Weiterbildungsprogrammen für den behandelnden Arzt sein, im Sinne von Fachartikeln, Internetlernprogrammen und Seminaren. Zusätzlich sollten klinische Leitpfade zur Erkennung und Behandlung von Patienten mit Frakturen etabliert werden. Von Seiten des Patienten können Informationsbroschüren und Aufklärungsprogramme helfen, die Compliance zu verbessern. Die umfangreichen Möglichkeiten für verbesserte diagnostische und therapeutische Interventionen sollten genutzt werden um Frakturraten, Krankheit, Sterblichkeit und Gesundheitskosten zu senken.
Generic reassignment of species in the tribe Cephaloleiini Chapuis, 1875 (Coleoptera: Cassidinae)
(2009)
Thirty-one species of Cephaloleiini are assigned to new genera, creating new combinations: 19 to Parimatidium Spaeth, 10 to Stilpnaspis Weise, and two to Demotispa Baly. Demotispa peruana membrata Uhmann, 1957 is raised to full species status. As the transfer of Cephaloleia limbatum Pic to Demotispa creates a homonymy, the species is renamed Demotispa pici nomen novum.
The published beetle fauna of the island of St. Lucia is summarized. It contains 135 genera, and 175 species in 25 families. Four species are accidentally introduced by human activities. Twenty three species are endemic (restricted) to the island. Twenty seven species on St. Lucia are shared only with other islands of the Lesser Antilles, and 22 species are widespread Antilles endemics. The remaining 56.6% of the fauna is otherwise mostly one which is widely distributed in the Antilles and the Neotropics. This suggests that it is mostly an immigrant fauna originating in the continental Neotropics. Undoubtedly, the actual numbers of species on St. Lucia are many times higher than now reported and may originally have been as high as around 1400 species. Of the St. Lucia species known to occur on other islands, the largest numbers are shared with Guadeloupe (102), St. Vincent (79), and Martinique (55).
With documentation of an unidentifiable adult female and juvenile Tingupidae (Chordeumatida), Kodiak Island, Alaska, becomes the westernmost indigenous diplopod locality in North America including continental islands. The northernmost and most proximate locality, Yakutat, lies ca. 935 mi (1,496 km) to the eastnortheast, while Haines, the type locality of Tingupa tlingitorum Shear and Shelley, some 1,196 mi (1,914 km) in this direction, is the most proximate familial site. Kodiak is also one of the most remote indigenous milliped localities in the Pacific, the most proximate ones to the west and south, Kamchatka, Russia, and the Hawaiian Islands, United States, being over 3,300 mi (5, 280 km) distant. Tingupidae is recorded for the first time from Canada excluding the Queen Charlotte Islands, and geographically remote, ostensibly indigenous records from the North Pacific Ocean and environs are tabulated.
Distribution and habitat information are provided for 1578 adult specimens of Odonata representing 127 species in 70 genera and 16 families that were collected from 143 locations throughout Thailand. Of the species collected, 25 (20%) were represented by a single specimen, and 40 (31%) were collected from a single location. Collections were made at 49 lentic and 85 lotic sites, and an average of 6.9 and 6.6 species were collected at each site in each habitat, respectively.
The Southeast Asian scarab beetle genus Peltonotus Burmeister (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) is associated with aroid flowers and possesses a unique, articulated maxillary tooth. We describe five new species of Peltonotus: P. animus and P. cybele from Sumatra, P. favonius from Vietnam, P. mushiyaus from Borneo, and P. tigerus from Thailand. The circumscription of P. karubei Muramoto is broadened to include new color variation, and the body size range for the genus is increased with Peltonotus mushiyaus, n. sp., now being the smallest member of the genus. We provide an amended key to species, distribution maps, diagnoses and accompanying comparative images, and discuss classification of the genus within the Scarabaeidae.
Two species of Xyloryctes occur in the United States: X. jamaicensis (Drury) and X. thestalus Bates. Identification and distribution of these species has long been confused but is reviewed and clarified here. Xyloryctes jamaicensis occurs only in the eastern half of the U.S. and not in the southwestern U.S. as previously thought, while X. thestalus occurs in Guatemala and southern Mexico northwards to the southwestern United States. This hypothesis is corroborated by biogeographical and host plant data. Three new synonyms are listed for X. thestalus: X. faunus Casey 1915, X. hebes Casey 1915, and X. thestalus borealis Endrödi. The decline of Fraxinus spp., the food plant of Xyloryctes species, as a result of damage caused by the introduced emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Buprestidae) in the United States might portend a similar decline for Xyloryctes species in North America.
Six species of the tribe Oryctini, one species of Agaocephalini, and two species of Dynastini are presently recorded from the Cayo district of western Belize. The following five species are newly recorded from Belize: Heterogomphus mniszechi (Thomson), Strategus longichomperus Ratcliffe, S. jugurtha Burmeister, Spodistes mniszechi (Thomson), and Dynastes hercules (Linnaeus). The following two species are newly recorded from Cayo: Enema endymion Chevrolat and Strategus aloeus (Linnaeus). Biological and distributional comments relating to these records are presented and briefly discussed.
The first New World amber member of the family Lucanidae is described from the Dominican Republic. Its age is presumed to be Miocene (20-30 million YBP). It is also the fourth known amber species, the second Miocene fossil species, the second fossil species in the subfamily Syndesinae, and the first species (fossil or extant) of Lucanidae from the entire Caribbean. It is especially interesting because it is a member of the Australasian genus Syndesus MacLeay. Other such disjunct Dominican amber insect fossils are also discussed.
I provide the first record for the recently described hangingfly, Bittacus monastyrskiyi Bicha, 2007, from Há Tay Province (Ba Vi National Park), Vietnam, along with new seasonal, altitudinal, and habitat data. This is the only described species of bittacid from Vietnam, and this new record extends its range 100 km northnorthwest from its type locality in Cuc Phuong National Park, Thanh Hoa Province.
Novel host records and feeding behaviors are reported for five species in three genera of two cassidine beetle tribes, Hemisphaerotini and Imatidiini, from Ecuador. Carludovica Ruiz and Pav. (Cyclanthaceae) is reported as a new plant family and genus host for two species of Spaethiella Barber and Bridwell. Calathea G. Mey (Marantaceae) is reported as the first host record for Aslamidium capense (Herbst) and Calathea lutea Schult. and Calathea majestica (Linden) H. Kenn. are reported as the first host records for Aslamidium semicirculare (Olivier). Immature stages of Demotispa elaeicola (Aslam) are reported for the first time; larvae are external folivores and both larvae and pupae are solitary and lack exuvio-fecal shields. The adults and larvae of D. elaeicola feed by rasping palm fruits, a rare feeding pattern in Cassidinae.
Geographic variation and subspecific taxonomy of United States populations of the tiger beetle Cicindela obsoleta Say are reviewed. Study of primary types and 1,424 museum specimens indicates that four subspecific entities are present in the U.S., for which the valid names are C. o. obsoleta Say, C. o. santaclarae Bates, C. o. vulturina LeConte, and C. o. neojuvenilis Vogt. All four subspecies are illustrated, including many color variants. ArcView Geographic Information System (GIS) computer software is used to study the distribution of these subspecies in the United States. Cicindela o. obsoleta and C. o. santaclarae are only partially allopatric, with extensive areas in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas where their distributions overlap. Specimens intermediate in their elytral markings between C. o. obsoleta and C. o. santaclarae are reported from localities in New Mexico and Texas where these two subspecies co-occur. In contrast, C. o. vulturina and C. o. neojuvenilis are largely allopatric and show little intergradation with the C. o. obsoleta - C. o. santaclarae complex. It has been suggested recently that disjunct (but as yet unnamed) populations of C. o. vulturina in Missouri and Arkansas may represent a separate subspecies of C. obsoleta. However, the color and elytral pattern characteristics which have been interpreted as diagnostic features of these disjunct populations are also found in many Texas populations of C. o. vulturina, suggesting that the Arkansas and Missouri populations do not merit recognition as a separate subspecies on the basis of these characters alone.
An annotated list is presented for 81 species of lady beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) that occur in the state of Iowa, U.S.A., based on literature searches and a review of over 3500 specimens in institutional and private collections. The list includes new state records for Scymnus tenebrosus Mulsant, Diomus debilis (LeConte), Hyperaspis lateralis Mulsant, Hyperaspis deludens Gordon, Epilachna borealis (F.), and Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata (L.), as well as county records for the non-native species, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). Collection records are discussed for Nephaspis oculatus (Blatchley), Hyperaspidius militaris (LeConte), Coccinella californica Mannerheim, and S. vigintiquatuorpunctata, which have Iowa records that are disjunct from their larger geographic distributions in North America. I also discuss collection records and the need for additional collecting of coccinellids in Iowa, especially Adalia bipunctata (Schneider), Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown, and Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, which were once common and widespread but have declined drastically over much of North America, including Iowa.
A taxonomic overview for the fritillary genus Speyeria Scudder (= Argynnis Fabricius) and its placement within the Heliconiinae (Nymphalidae) is presented. Taxonomic accounts, type images, and relevant literature for the 25 subspecies within the Speyeria atlantis (Edwards) and Speyeria hesperis (Edwards) complexes and the 16 nominate Speyeria species are included. Errors in nomenclature are identified, taxonomic, life history, and distributional information are updated, and type locality information is discussed. Images of primary type specimens for all 16 Speyeria species and the 25 subspecies in the atlantis - hesperis complexes appear together in color here for the first time. One new combination of a species-subspecies is created: Speyeria hesperis hanseni Emmel, Emmel, and Matoon, 1998, new combination, which was previously Speyeria atlantis hanseni Emmel, Emmel, and Matoon.
Thirteen species of skippers (six newly described; Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini) from higher elevations of Mexico and Central America are reviewed. These are included in four genera (one newly described), some with proposed new combinations. Onespa Steinhauser, 1974, originally described as monotypic, is shown to include three species in addition to its type species, Onespa nubis Steinhauser, 1974. One of these, Atrytone gala Godman, 1900, that has been misplaced in several genera since its description, represents a new combination. The other two species, distributed in montane habitats in northwestern Mexico and in Costa Rica, are described as new. Buzyges Godman, 1900, distributed in Mexico and Central America and also formerly considered monotypic, is shown to embrace four species. Besides the type species, Buzyges idothea Godman, 1900, two species long placed in Poanes Scudder, 1872, Pamphila rolla Mabille, 1883, and Poanes benito Freeman, 1979, are included as new combinations. Another species, known only from Costa Rica, is described as new. These are united by several superficial characters, but especially by genital morphology of both sexes. Librita Evans, 1955, was described to include three species of which one, Librita raspa Evans, 1955, was subsequently removed. Augiades heras Godman, 1900 is here also removed from Librita and placed in a new genus with three previously undescribed species. This completes the disintegration of Librita, which is now monotypic. The four genera, although exhibiting similarities suggesting potential alliance, differ in their unique combinations of several superficial and genital traits from each other and other hesperiine skippers.
New distribution records for the State of Florida are given for several genera and species of water beetles. These include Dytiscidae: Acilius confusus Bergsten; Dytiscus carolinus Aubé; Matus bicarinatus (Say); Elmidae: Oulimnius nitidulus LeConte; Stenelmis mera Sanderson; S. morsei White; Hydrophilidae: Laccobius minutoides d’Orchymont; Scirtidae: Sarabandus robustus (LeConte); Scirtes oblongus Guérin-Méneville. Additional information is provided on the distribution, morphology and three color forms of S. oblongus which is considered to be a senior synonym of Scirtes sexlineatus Chevrolat and S. interruptus Chevrolat.
We provide new county records for four species of panorpids (Panorpa americana Swederus, Panorpa lugubris Swederus, Panorpa sp. undetermined, and one undescribed species from the Panorpa rufescens Rambur species group) and two species of bittacids (Bittacus pilicornis Westwood, Bittacus punctiger Westwood), and call attention to a previously published county record for another species, Panorpa rufa Gray, in Florida. Additionally, we reject a previously published record for the scorpionfly Panorpa claripennis Hine in Florida, which we overlooked in our 2008 preliminary checklist of Florida mecopterans. The record for P. lugubris in Miami-Dade County is the southernmost record for any panorpid in the continental United States.
The class Diplopoda, represented by the families Spirostreptidae (Spirostreptida) and Paradoxosomatidae (Polydesmida), is recorded from Saudi Arabia for the first time. Archispirostreptus transmarinus Hoffman, 1965 (Spirostreptidae) inhabits the Jabal Al-Hijaz Mountains in the southwest, and the Paradoxosomatidae, represented by an unidentifiable, indigenous female, occurs in a “wadi” in the center of the country. Other Middle Eastern familial records are documented, and occurrences in the Arabian Peninsula are mapped. Males, necessary to identify the paradoxosomatid, may be encountered if samplings are timed to coincide with seasonal rains.
Megatharsis buckleyi Waterhouse, 1891 is newly recorded from Brazil, extending its distributional range beyond Ecuador and Peru. A further new provincial record from Ecuador is presented in detail, and the species’ distribution and habitat is discussed. Color variation within the species, with a possible geographic correlation, is reported here for the first time.
The formerly monotypic weevil genus Platytenes Pascoe (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae: Cryptorhynchini: Cryptorhynchina) as treated here, includes two commonly encountered and broadly distributed species in the eastern Indo-Australian region. Label data indicate that both species are associated with semicultivated betel palm (Areca catechu L., Arecaceae) and human mediated dispersal is suggested to have influenced their present-day distribution. Herein, we provide a diagnosis for Platytenes and redescribe its type species, P. varius Pascoe. We also describe P. occultus Setliff and Larson, a new species from the Solomon Islands. New host and locality records are provided, including the first records of the genus occurring on Ambon Island, the Bismarck Archipelago, D’Entrecasteaux Islands, and many previously unreported localities on New Guinea. A full bibliography, key to species, and distribution map for the genus are also provided.
Recent extensive and intensive field work by the team of M. A. Ivie on the Lesser Antillean island of Montserrat suggests that a mean of 827 beetle species may be expected on that island. This datum makes possible the generation of hypotheses of the probable beetle species diversity on other islands of the Lesser Antilles as a function of the areas of the islands. Figures are given for the presently known, estimated total, and estimated number of unknown species for each principal island. This predicts that many hundreds (if not thousands) of beetle species remain to be discovered. This is of importance to land management and conservation interests on these rapidly changing and ecologically fragile islands.
The classification of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole, 1991, is reviewed and the five known species diagnosed. The genus is essentially restricted to the New World, although one species M. biloba (Stephens) is migratory and has occasionally straggled to western Europe. A new species (Megalographa talamanca Lafontaine and Sullivan) endemic to the Talamanca Mountain Range in Costa Rica is described. Adults and genitalia are illustrated.
A taxonomic revision was performed on the New World scarabaeoid genus Aegidinus Arrow (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae). Twelve new species and three previously described species are included in the revision. Keys to New World genera, species of the genus Aegidinus, and distribution maps are provided. Phylogenetic analyses of the world genera of the Orphninae were conducted using 30 adult, morphological characters from representatives of 13 of the 14 genera and three out-group taxa. The subfamily Orphninae is a strongly supported monophyletic group (bootstrap support 88-90%) with respect to the chosen out-group. Characters that support the Orphninae are: mandibles not sickle shaped, molar surface on the mandibles present, lacinia present, and stridulatory comb present. Separate Old and New World lineages are also supported by the phylogeny, when two genera, Goniorphnus Arrow and Stenosternus Karsch, are excluded from the analysis. The new species described are: Aegidinus cornutus Colby, A. crypticus Colby, A. howdenorum Colby, A. howeae Colby, A. oreibates Colby, A. petrovi Colby, A. simulatus Colby, A. sunidgea Colby, A. teamscaraborum Colby, A. tricornis Colby, A. unicus Colby, and A. venezuelensis Colby.
The New World genus Dysmerus Casey, currently with one valid species, is revised. Lectotypes are designated for two species, Dysmerus caseyi (Grouvelle), new status, and Dysmerus sulcicollis Grouvelle, new status. Both are revived from synonymy with D. basalis Casey. Twelve new species are described: Dysmerus boliviensis Thomas, new species, Dysmerus curvicornis Thomas, new species, Dysmerus genaspinosus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus hamaticornis Thomas, new species, Dysmerus impolitus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus skelleyi Thomas, new species, Dysmerus mexicanus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus monstrosus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus politus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus rondoniensis Thomas, new species, Dysmerus symphilus Thomas, new species, and Dysmerus trinidadensis Thomas, new species. A key to adults of the species and illustrations are provided.
The beetle fauna of the island of Barbados is summarized. It is now known to contain 202 genera, and 254 species (in 40 families), of which 232 are named at the species level. Undoubtedly, the actual numbers of species on Barbados are much higher than now known. Nine species are possibly endemic to the island, 15 have been intentionally introduced, and 51 have probably been accidentally introduced through human activity. The remaining 157 named species may occur naturally as a result of natural over-water dispersal processes. These species mostly have a wide distribution in the Antilles and Latin America. The total named fauna is thus about 72% naturally occurring, and 28% the result of human-aided dispersal.
Review of the Natural History of the Handsome Fungus Beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae)
(2009)
The literature pertaining to natural history of Endomychidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) is reviewed. One hundred fungal host records are provided for 32 endomychid species. Twenty-three records of endomychid yeast endosymbionts are compiled. Summaries are also presented for feeding preferences, interactions with natural enemies, non-lethal symbiotic relationships, and pest activity within the family. Unusual endomychid behaviors and habitats are reviewed, with particular attention to gregariousness and defensive strategies within Endomychidae.
Two samples of the chordeumatidan family Rhiscosomididae (Rhiscosomides mineri Silvestri, 1909) and 35 of the Conotylidae establish these taxa in the Alexander Archipelago and continental parts of the Alaskan Panhandle, USA, and northern coastal British Columbia (BC), Canada. Rhiscosomides mineri is also recorded from southwestern BC and, for the first time, from Washington State, USA. Two conotylids were recovered, a juvenile male of ?Bollmanella Chamberlin, 1941, and 3 males and 33 females of a possibly parthenogenetic form of Taiyutyla Chamberlin, 1952, conforming generally to T. shawi and T. lupus, both by Shear, 2004, on Vancouver Island. Diplopoda are predicted to inhabit the southern Yukon Territory.
This study provides a species-level phylogeny and morphological characterization for the Neotropical brassoline genus Dasyophthalma Westwood, 1851. A revised generic definition is given, and two species groups are proposed. Diagnoses and illustrations of habitus and genitalia are provided for all species. Wing color, male scent organs, and male and female genitalic morphology are characterized and discussed.
Identification of caddisfly specimens from Vietnam collected by scientific field staff of the Royal Ontario Museum and the American Museum of Natural History revealed 19 new country records. All but one species were reported from other Oriental region countries, particularly Thailand and Indonesia. However, Goera kawamotonis Kobayashi 1987 was only known from the East Palaearctic region (Japan and Russian Far East). The total number of species now recorded from Vietnam is 400.