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Purpose: Every physician must be able to sufficiently master medical emergencies, especially in medical areas where emergencies occur frequently such as in the emergency room or emergency surgery. This contrasts with the observation that medical students and young residents often feel insufficiently prepared to handle medical emergencies. It is therefore necessary to train them in the treatment of emergency patients. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of the assignment of manikin versus simulated patients during a training for undergraduate medical students on learning outcomes and the perceived realism.
Methods: The study had a prospective cross-over design and took place in a 3-day emergency medicine training for undergraduate medical students. Students completed three teaching units (‘chest pain’, ‘impaired consciousness’, ‘dyspnea’), either with manikin or simulated patient. Using a questionnaire after each unit, overall impression, didactics, content, the quality of practical exercises, and the learning success were evaluated. The gained competences were measured in a 6-station objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) at the end of training.
Results: 126 students participated. Students rated simulated patients as significantly more realistic than manikins regarding the possibility to carry out examination techniques and taking medical history. 54.92% of the students would prefer to train with simulated patients in the future. Regarding the gained competences for ‘chest pain’ and ‘impaired consciousness’, students who trained with a manikin scored less in the OSCE station than the simulated patients-group.
Conclusion: Simulated patients are rated more realistic than manikins and seem to be superior to manikins regarding gained competence.
Due to the continued high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, there is a need to develop new strategies for the quick, precise, and valuable recognition of presenting injury pattern in traumatized and poly-traumatized patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to facilitate intercellular communication processes between cells in close proximity as well as distant cells in healthy and disease organisms. miRNAs and proteins transferred by EVs play biological roles in maintaining normal organ structure and function under physiological conditions. In pathological conditions, EVs change the miRNAs and protein cargo composition, mediating or suppressing the injury consequences. Therefore, incorporating EVs with their unique protein and miRNAs signature into the list of promising new biomarkers is a logical next step. In this review, we discuss the general characteristics and technical aspects of EVs isolation and characterization. We discuss results of recent in vitro, in vivo, and patients study describing the role of EVs in different inflammatory diseases and traumatic organ injuries. miRNAs and protein signature of EVs found in patients with acute organ injury are also debated.
Background: Surgical methods have profited from the exchange of knowledge among different specialties. Endoscopy which was introduced by gynecologists, surgeons, and internists is used now by all disciplines, and most of yesterday's laparotomies have now endoscopic alternatives. However, laparotomies are still needed, and there is no agreement among surgeons about what is the optimal abdominal incision. The Joel-Cohen incision which is used by gynecologists and obstetricians could become a valid alternative to the methods in use.
Method: The Joel-Cohen Method, which was evolved for abdominal hysterectomy is described here in detail. Only two instruments are used to open the abdomen, usually with no need for hemostasis.
Conclusion: The Joel-Cohen incision is suggested as a valid alternative for any emergency or elective surgical or urological abdominal operation. Its benefits are short operation time diminished blood loss and less need for analgesics.
Die Bestimmung von ACE im Serum oder Heparinplasma stellt einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der Diagnostik, Verlaufskontrolle und Therapieüberwachung von benignen Lungenerkrankungen dar. ACE ist ein Marker, der bei Sarkoidose wertvolle Aussagen zur Diagnosefindung ermöglicht. Hier zeichnet er sich durch hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität aus.
Microsurgical free flap reconstruction in acute burn care offers the option of reconstructing even challenging defects in a single stage procedure. Due to altered rheological and hemodynamic conditions in severely burned patients, it bears the risk of a higher complication rate compared to microsurgical reconstruction in other patients. To avoid failure, appropriate indications for free flap reconstruction should be reviewed thoroughly. Several aspects concerning timing of the procedure, individual flap choice, selection and preparation of the recipient vessels, and perioperative measures must be considered. Respecting these specific conditions, a low complication rate, comparable to those seen in microsurgical reconstruction of other traumatic limb defects, can be observed. Hence, the free flap procedure in acute burn care is a relatively safe and reliable tool in the armamentarium of acute burn surgery. In reconstructive burn care, microsurgical tissue transfer is routinely used to treat scar contractures. Due to the more robust perioperative condition of patients, even lower rates of complication are seen in microsurgical reconstruction.
The conventional approach of looking down a microscope to perform microsurgical procedures is associated with occupational injuries, anti-ergonomic postures, and increased tremor and fatigue, all of which predispose microsurgeons to early retirement. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) visualization of real-time microscope magnification has been developed as an alternative. Despite its commercial availability, no supermicrosurgical procedures have been reported using this technology to date. Lymphovenous anastomoses (LVAs) often require suturing vessels with diameters of 0.2–0.8 mm, thus representing the ultimate microsurgical challenge. After performing the first documented LVA procedure using 3D-augmented visualization in our unit and gaining experience with this technique, we conducted an anonymized in-house survey among microsurgeons who had used this approach. The participants considered that 3D visualization for supermicrosurgery was equivalent in terms of handling, optical detail, depth resolution, and safety to conventional binocular magnification. This survey revealed that team communication, resident education, and ergonomics were superior using 3D digital hybrid visualization. Postoperative muscle fatigue, tremor, and pain were also reduced. The major drawbacks of the 3D visualization microscopic systems are the associated costs, required space, and difficulty of visualizing the lymphatic contrast used.
Ein 7 Monate alter weiblicher Säugling wurde mit Kontaktverbrennungen 2. Grades an beiden Beinen von seinen Eltern in der Notaufnahme eines Krankenhauses vorgestellt. Die Eltern berichteten, das Kind sei unbeaufsichtigt und nur mit einem Body bekleidet gegen den Nachtspeicherofen im Kinderzimmer gekrabbelt. Bei der 10 Tage später durchgeführten klinisch-rechtsmedizinischen Untersuchung zeigten sich streifige, teils parallel zueinander gestellte und gelenkübergreifende Verbrennungen an der rechten Oberschenkelaußen- und Unterschenkelrückaußenseite, an beiden Fußrücken und den Zehen sowie ein flächenhaftes Verbrennungsareal an der linken Unterschenkelaußenseite mit abgrenzbaren streifigen Anteilen.
Im Rahmen einer Ortsbegehung der elterlichen Wohnung mit Vermessung und Begutachtung der in der Wohnung befindlichen 3 Nachtspeicheröfen konnte zunächst festgestellt werden, dass sich die Verbrennungsmuster an den Beinen des Kindes mit dem Luftauslassgitter der beiden Nachtspeicheröfen im Wohn- und im Elternschlafzimmer (jeweils identisches Modell), hingegen nicht mit dem des Nachtspeicherofens im Kinderzimmer in Deckung bringen ließen. Für die Begutachtung konnte durch ergänzende Informationen eines technischen Sachverständigen zu den entsprechenden Nachtspeicheröfen und durch eine Literaturrecherche ein möglicher Geschehensablauf rekonstruiert werden.
Dieser Fall verdeutlicht zum einen, welche Gefahr für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder von Nachtspeicheröfen ausgehen kann, wenn diese nicht regelrecht gesichert und die Kinder unbeaufsichtigt sind. Zum anderen wird die Bedeutung einer detaillierten und – wenn nötig – interdisziplinären Rekonstruktion, inklusive einer Ortsbegehung, zur Abgrenzung eines möglichen Unfallhergangs von einer Kindesmisshandlung unterstrichen.
Background: Depression and anxiety are the most prevalent mental health difficulties in the workplace, costing the global economy $1 trillion each year. Evidence indicates that symptoms may be reduced by interventions in the workplace. This paper is the first to systematically review psychosocial interventions for depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and behaviours in small-to medium-size enterprises (SMEs).
Methods: A systematic search following PRISMA guidelines, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020156275), was conducted for psychosocial interventions targeting depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation/behaviour in SMEs. The PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and two specific occupational health databases were searched, as well as four databases for grey literature, without time limit until 2nd December 2019.
Results: In total, 1283 records were identified, 70 were retained for full-text screening, and seven met the inclusion criteria: three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), three before and after designs and one non-randomised trial, comprising 5111 participants. Study quality was low to moderate according to the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Five studies showed a reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms using techniques based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), two reported no significant change.
Limitations: Low number and high heterogeneity of interventions and outcomes, high attrition and lack of rigorous RCTs.
Conclusions: Preliminary evidence indicates CBT-based interventions can be effective in targeting symptoms of depression and anxiety in SME employees. There may be unique challenges to implementing programmes in SMEs. Further research is needed in this important area.