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Evaluating model fit in nonlinear multilevel structural equation models (MSEM) presents a challenge as no adequate test statistic is available. Nevertheless, using a product indicator approach a likelihood ratio test for linear models is provided which may also be useful for nonlinear MSEM. The main problem with nonlinear models is that product variables are non-normally distributed. Although robust test statistics have been developed for linear SEM to ensure valid results under the condition of non-normality, they have not yet been investigated for nonlinear MSEM. In a Monte Carlo study, the performance of the robust likelihood ratio test was investigated for models with single-level latent interaction effects using the unconstrained product indicator approach. As overall model fit evaluation has a potential limitation in detecting the lack of fit at a single level even for linear models, level-specific model fit evaluation was also investigated using partially saturated models. Four population models were considered: a model with interaction effects at both levels, an interaction effect at the within-group level, an interaction effect at the between-group level, and a model with no interaction effects at both levels. For these models the number of groups, predictor correlation, and model misspecification was varied. The results indicate that the robust test statistic performed sufficiently well. Advantages of level-specific model fit evaluation for the detection of model misfit are demonstrated.
Families are central to the social and emotional development of youth, and most families engage in musical activities together, such as listening to music or talking about their favorite songs. However, empirical evidence of the positive effects of musical family rituals on social cohesion and emotional well-being is scarce. Furthermore, the role of culture in the shaping of musical family rituals and their psychological benefits has been neglected entirely. This paper investigates musical rituals in families and in peer groups (as an important secondary socialization context) in two traditional/collectivistic and two secular/individualistic cultures, and across two developmental stages (adolescence vs. young adulthood). Based on cross-sectional data from 760 young people in Kenya, the Philippines, New Zealand, and Germany, our study revealed that across cultures music listening in families and in peer groups contributes to family and peer cohesion, respectively. Furthermore, the direct contribution of music in peer groups on well-being appears across cultural contexts, whereas musical family rituals affect emotional well-being in more traditional/collectivistic contexts. Developmental analyses show that musical family rituals are consistently and strongly related to family cohesion across developmental stages, whereas musical rituals in peer groups appear more dependent on the developmental stage (in interaction with culture). Contributing to developmental as well as cross-cultural psychology, this research elucidated musical rituals and their positive effects on the emotional and social development of young people across cultures. The implications for future research and family interventions are discussed.
In self-organized critical (SOC) systems avalanche size distributions follow power-laws. Power-laws have also been observed for neural activity, and so it has been proposed that SOC underlies brain organization as well. Surprisingly, for spiking activity in vivo, evidence for SOC is still lacking. Therefore, we analyzed highly parallel spike recordings from awake rats and monkeys, anesthetized cats, and also local field potentials from humans. We compared these to spiking activity from two established critical models: the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld model, and a stochastic branching model. We found fundamental differences between the neural and the model activity. These differences could be overcome for both models through a combination of three modifications: (1) subsampling, (2) increasing the input to the model (this way eliminating the separation of time scales, which is fundamental to SOC and its avalanche definition), and (3) making the model slightly sub-critical. The match between the neural activity and the modified models held not only for the classical avalanche size distributions and estimated branching parameters, but also for two novel measures (mean avalanche size, and frequency of single spikes), and for the dependence of all these measures on the temporal bin size. Our results suggest that neural activity in vivo shows a mélange of avalanches, and not temporally separated ones, and that their global activity propagation can be approximated by the principle that one spike on average triggers a little less than one spike in the next step. This implies that neural activity does not reflect a SOC state but a slightly sub-critical regime without a separation of time scales. Potential advantages of this regime may be faster information processing, and a safety margin from super-criticality, which has been linked to epilepsy.
Changes in vitamin D serum levels have been associated with inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis (MS), atherosclerosis, or asthma. Genome- and transcriptome-wide studies indicate that vitamin D signaling modulates many inflammatory responses on several levels. This includes (i) the regulation of the expression of genes which generate pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenases or 5-lipoxygenase, (ii) the interference with transcription factors, such as NF-κB, which regulate the expression of inflammatory genes and (iii) the activation of signaling cascades, such as MAP kinases which mediate inflammatory responses. Vitamin D targets various tissues and cell types, a number of which belong to the immune system, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) as well as B- and T cells, leading to individual responses of each cell type. One hallmark of these specific vitamin D effects is the cell-type specific regulation of genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes and the interplay between vitamin D signaling and other signaling cascades involved in inflammation. An important task in the near future will be the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses by vitamin D on the molecular level by the use of techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), ChIP-seq, and FAIRE-seq.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in root nodules of grain legumes such as chickpea is a highly complex process that drastically affects the gene expression patterns of both the prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic interacting cells. A successfully established symbiotic relationship requires mutual signaling mechanisms and a continuous adaptation of the metabolism of the involved cells to varying environmental conditions. Although some of these processes are well understood today many of the molecular mechanisms underlying SNF, especially in chickpea, remain unclear. Here, we reannotated our previously published transcriptome data generated by deepSuperSAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) to the recently published draft genome of chickpea to assess the root- and nodule-specific transcriptomes of the eukaryotic host cells. The identified gene expression patterns comprise up to 71 significantly differentially expressed genes and the expression of twenty of these was validated by quantitative real-time PCR with the tissues from five independent biological replicates. Many of the differentially expressed transcripts were found to encode proteins implicated in sugar metabolism, antioxidant defense as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses of the host cells, and some of them were already known to contribute to SNF in other legumes. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study represent candidates that can be used for further characterization of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying SNF in chickpea.
Understanding the role of structure and social aspects regarding heat stress of people in urban areas requires an interdisciplinary scientific approach that connects methods from both natural sciences and social sciences. In this study, we combine three approaches to provide an interdisciplinary analysis of the structure and social components of heat stress in the city of Aachen, Germany. First, we assess the overall spatial structure of the urban heat island using spatially distributed measurements from mobile air temperature recordings on public transport units combined with spatially distributed geo-statistical data. The results indicate that the time of day matters: During the afternoon, areas with a relative low building density, like the industrial area northeast of the inner city, are the warmest, while surfaces in high-building-density areas like the inner city heat up faster during the evening. Second, we combine these measurements with place-based survey data collected in 2010 from residents aged 50 to 92 regarding their individual housing conditions, medical history and social integration to examine the match among heat-based stress of older residents, social conditions and elevated temperatures in their residential quarter. We identify disadvantaged areas for specific already-disadvantaged demographic groups in the city, pointing to a cumulation of inequalities, including heat stress among the most vulnerable. Third, we compare data of biometeorological measurements on urban public squares during the afternoon with results of the micrometeorological model ENVI-met to examine the spatial variability of the inner-city heat load. We complement the modelling results with on-site interviews to evaluate people’s heat perception at the same public places. A simulation shows that additional vegetation would increase thermal comfort at these public places, whereby the heat load assessed using the predicted mean vote (PMV) value would decrease by approximately 60 %. Furthermore, we demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of heat stress simulation. ENVI-met allows for an overall reasonable representation of heat load during stable atmospheric conditions. However, due to the setup and structure of ENVI-met, large-scale atmospheric changes that occur during the day cannot readily be integrated into ENVI-met simulations.
Aim. To compare the efficacy, safety, and patient’s perception of two prostaglandin E2 application methods for induction of labour.
Method. Above 36th weeks of gestation, all women, who were admitted to hospital for induction of labour, were prospectively randomised to intravaginal 1 mg or intracervical 0.5 mg irrespective of cervical Bishop score. The main outcome variables were induction-to-delivery interval, number of foetal blood samples, PDA rate, rate of oxytocin augmentation, rate of vaginal delivery, and patient’s perception using semantic differential questionnaire.
Results. Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in this study. There was no statistical significant difference between the two groups in regard to perceptions of induction. The median induction delivery time using intravaginal versus intracervical administration was 29.9 versus 12.8 hours, respectively (). No statistically difference between the groups was detected in regard to parity, gestation age, cervical Bishop score, number of foetal blood samples, PDA rate, rate of oxytocin augmentation, and mode of birth.
Summary. Irrespective of the cervical Bishop Score, intracervical gel had a shorter induction delivery time without impingement on the women’s perception of induction.
Altered microRNA (miRNA) expression is a hallmark of many cancer types. The combined analysis of miRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles is crucial to identifying links between deregulated miRNAs and oncogenic pathways. Therefore, we investigated the small non-coding (snc) transcriptomes of nine clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) and adjacent normal tissues for alterations in miRNA expression using a publicly available small RNA-Sequencing (sRNA-Seq) raw-dataset. We constructed a network of deregulated miRNAs and a set of differentially expressed genes publicly available from an independent study to in silico determine miRNAs that contribute to clear cell renal cell carcinogenesis. From a total of 1,672 sncRNAs, 61 were differentially expressed across all ccRCC tissue samples. Several with known implications in ccRCC development, like the upregulated miR-21-5p, miR-142-5p, as well as the downregulated miR-106a-5p, miR-135a-5p, or miR-206. Additionally, novel promising candidates like miR-3065, which i.a. targets NRP2 and FLT1, were detected in this study. Interaction network analysis revealed pivotal roles for miR-106a-5p, whose loss might contribute to the upregulation of 49 target mRNAs, miR-135a-5p (32 targets), miR-206 (28 targets), miR-363-3p (22 targets), and miR-216b (13 targets). Among these targets are the angiogenesis, metastasis, and motility promoting oncogenes c-MET, VEGFA, NRP2, and FLT1, the latter two coding for VEGFA receptors.
Physics at its core is an experimental pursuit. If one theory does not agree with experimental results, then the theory is wrong. However, it is becoming harder and harder to directly test some theories of fundamental physics at the high energy/small distance frontier exactly because this frontier is becoming technologically harder to reach. The Large Hadron Collider is getting near the limit of what we can do with present accelerator technology in terms of directly reaching the energy frontier. The motivation for this special issue was to try and collect together ideas and potential approaches to experimentally probe some of our ideas about physics at the high energy/small distance frontier. Some of the papers in this special issue directly deal with the issue of what happens to spacetime at small distance scales. In the paper by A. Aurilia and E. Spallucci a picture of quantum spacetime is given based on the effects of ultrahigh velocity length contractions on the structure of the spacetime. The work of P. Nicolini et al. further pursues the idea that spacetime has a minimal length. The consequences of this minimal length are investigated in terms of the effects it would have on the gravitational collapse of a star to form a black hole. In the article by G. Amelino-Camelia et al. the quantum structure of spacetime is studied through the Fermi LAT data on the Gamma Ray Burst GRB130427A. The article by S. Hossenfelder addressed the question of whether spacetime is fundamentally continuous or discrete and postulates that in the case when spacetime is discrete it might have defects which would have important observational consequences. ...
This paper studies the geometry and the thermodynamics of a holographic screen in the framework of the ultraviolet self-complete quantum gravity. To achieve this goal we construct a new static, neutral, nonrotating black hole metric, whose outer (event) horizon coincides with the surface of the screen. The spacetime admits an extremal configuration corresponding to the minimal holographic screen and having both mass and radius equalling the Planck units. We identify this object as the spacetime fundamental building block, whose interior is physically unaccessible and cannot be probed even during the Hawking evaporation terminal phase. In agreement with the holographic principle, relevant processes take place on the screen surface. The area quantization leads to a discrete mass spectrum. An analysis of the entropy shows that the minimal holographic screen can store only one byte of information, while in the thermodynamic limit the area law is corrected by a logarithmic term.
Background. Depression is the most common type of mental disorder in Germany. It is associated with a high level of suffering for individuals and imposes a significant burden on society. The aim of this study was to estimate the depression related costs in Germany taking a societal perspective.
Materials and Methods. Data were collected from the primary care monitoring for depressive patients trial (PRoMPT) of patients with major depressive disorder who were treated in a primary care setting. Resource utilisation and days of sick leave were observed and analysed over a 1-year period.
Results. Average depression related costs of €3813 were calculated. Significant differences in total costs due to sex were demonstrated. Male patients had considerable higher total costs than female patients, whereas single cost categories did not differ significantly. Further, differences in costs according to severity of disease and age were observed. The economic burden to society was estimated at €15.6 billion per year.
Conclusion. The study results show that depression poses a significant economic burden to society. There is a high potential for prevention, treatment, and patient management innovations to identify and treat patients at an early stage.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important cause of vision loss around the world, being the leading cause in the population between 20 and 60 years old. Among patients with DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most frequent cause of vision impairment and represents a significant public health issue. Macular photocoagulation has been the standard treatment for this condition reducing the risk of moderate visual loss by approximately 50%. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in DR and DME pathogenesis has been demonstrated in recent studies. This review addresses and summarizes data from the clinical trials that investigated anti-VEGF for the management of DME and evaluates their impact on clinical practice. The literature searches were conducted between August and October 2013 in PubMed and Cochrane Library with no date restrictions and went through the most relevant studies on pegaptanib, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept for the management of DME. The efficacy and safety of intravitreal anti-VEGF as therapy for DME have recently been proved by various clinical trials providing significantly positive visual and anatomical results. Regarding clinical practice, those outcomes have placed intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF as an option that must be considered for the treatment of DME.
In this article, I review select institutional and analytical traditions of Legal History in 20th century Germany, in order to put forth some recommendations for the future development of our discipline. A careful examination of the evolution of Legal History in Germany in the last twenty-five years, in particular, reveals radical transformations in the research framework: Within the study of law, there has been a shift in the internal reference points for Legal History. While the discipline is opening up to new understandings of law and to its neighboring disciplines, its institutional position at the law departments has become precarious. Research funding is being allocated in new ways and the German academic system is witnessing ever more internal differentiation. Internationally, German contributions and analytic traditions are receiving less attention and are being marginalized as new regions enter into a global dialogue on law and its history. The German tradition of research in Legal History had for long been setting benchmarks internationally; now it has to reflect upon and react to new global knowledge systems that have emerged in light of the digital revolution and the transnationalization of legal and academic systems. If legal historians in Germany accept the challenge these changing conditions pose, thrilling new intellectual and also institutional opportunities emerge. Especially the transnationalization of law and the need for a transnational legal scholarship offers fascinating perspectives for Legal History.
For centuries, it may have seemed as if standards of normative thinking now valid across the globe had first been instituted in Europe. These normative orders form the foundations of our verdicts that define and distinguish right and wrong, good and bad or even beautiful and ugly. But in order to better understand the global presence of such normative orders that evolved from within the European horizon, the history and implications of European expansion in the early modern era cannot be swept under the rug. ...
Complexin-1 and foxp1 expression changes are novel brain effects of
alpha-synuclein pathology
(2014)
As the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder of the aging population, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive deficits in spontaneous movement, atrophy of dopaminergic midbrain neurons and aggregation of the protein alpha-synuclein (SNCA). To elucidate molecular events before irreversible cell death, we studied synucleinopathy-induced expression changes in mouse brain and identified 49 midbrain/brainstem-specific transcriptional dysregulations. In particular complexin-1 (Cplx1), Rabl2a and 14-3-3epsilon (Ywhae) downregulation, as well as upregulation of the midbrain-specific factor forkhead box P1 (Foxp1) and of Rabgef1, were interesting as early mRNA level effects of alpha-synuclein triggered pathology. The protein levels of complexin-1 were elevated in midbrain/brainstem tissue of mice with A53T-SNCA overexpression and of mice with SNCA-knockout. The response of CPLX1 and Foxp1 levels to SNCA deficiency supports the notion that these factors are regulated by altered physiological function of alpha-synuclein. Thus, their analysis might be useful in PD stages before the advent of Lewy pathology. Because both alpha-synuclein and complexin-1 modulate vesicle release, our findings support presynaptic dysfunction as an early event in PD pathology.
Reciprocal exchanges can be understood as the updating of an initial belief about a partner. This initial level of trust is essential when it comes to establishing cooperation with an unknown partner, as cooperation cannot arise without a minimum of trust not justified by previous successful exchanges with this partner. Here we demonstrate the existence of a representation of the initial trust level before an exchange with a partner has occurred. Specifically, we can predict the Investor’s initial investment—i.e. his initial level of trust toward the unknown trustee in Round 1 of a standard 10-round Trust Game—from resting-state functional connectivity data acquired several minutes before the start of the Trust Game. Resting-state functional connectivity is, however, not significantly associated with the level of trust in later rounds, potentially mirroring the updating of the initial belief about the partner. Our results shed light on how the initial level of trust is represented. In particular, we show that a person’s initial level of trust is, at least in part, determined by brain electrical activity acquired well before the beginning of an exchange.
Talking about emotion and sharing emotional experiences is a key component of human interaction. Specifically, individuals often consider the reactions of other people when evaluating the meaning and impact of an emotional stimulus. It has not yet been investigated, however, how emotional arousal ratings and physiological responses elicited by affective stimuli are influenced by the rating of an interaction partner. In the present study, pairs of participants were asked to rate and communicate the degree of their emotional arousal while viewing affective pictures. Strikingly, participants adjusted their arousal ratings to match up with their interaction partner. In anticipation of the affective picture, the interaction partner’s arousal ratings correlated positively with activity in anterior insula and prefrontal cortex. During picture presentation, social influence was reflected in the ventral striatum, that is, activity in the ventral striatum correlated negatively with the interaction partner’s ratings. Results of the study show that emotional alignment through the influence of another person’s communicated experience has to be considered as a complex phenomenon integrating different components including emotion anticipation and conformity.
Jugend und Welt : zwei Jugend-Jahrbücher, herausgegeben von Rudolf Arnheim und Edith Jacobsohn
(2014)
1928 und 1929 erschienen zwei Jahrbücher für Kinder und Jugendliche unter dem Titel 'Jugend und Welt', herausgegeben von Rudolf Arnheim und, unter ihrem Geburtsnamen E. L. Schiffer, von Edith Jacobsohn; zu den Herausgebern zählte im ersten Jahrgang zudem noch Cläre With, die vor allem durch Beschreibungen ferner Länder und während der Nazi-Jahre als Schriftleiterin der Zeitschrift 'Koralle' bekannt wurde. Ausgeliefert wurden die Bücher, wie die beiden Rezensionen in der Weltbühne zeigen, offenbar schon Ende 1927 und 1928, damit sie noch in den Weihnachtsverkauf kommen konnten. Kinder- und Jugendliteratur wurden sehr lange als eine Art niedriger und dem klassischen Kanon nicht zugehörige Literatur angesehen. Fast könnte man sagen, sie sei als eine Art Gebrauchsliteratur angesehen worden, wurden die Bücher doch von den Kindern oft bemalt, wenig pfleglich behandelt und später sehr oft einfach weggeworfen. Nur selten fanden diese Bücher den Weg in eine öffentliche Bibliothek, auf dem Antiquariatsmarkt waren dagegen gut erhaltene Exemplare für Liebhaber sehr teuer - was auch für die beiden Bände 'Jugend und Welt' gilt. Dennoch überrascht es, dass sie in das außerordentlich umfangreiche Gesamtverzeichnis der deutschen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur, das Aiga Klotz 1990 bis 2000 herausgegeben hat, nicht aufgenommen wurden. Einige Texte bekannter Personen aus Literatur und Publizistik, die hier zu finden sind, wurden inzwischen nachgedruckt oder bibliographisch erfasst, die Jahrbücher selbst aber blieben unbeachtet.
"Eigentlich können wir auf nichts verzichten, wir vertauschen nur eines mit dem andern; was ein Verzicht zu sein scheint, ist in Wirklichkeit eine Ersatz- oder Surrogatbildung." Die kühne Behauptung, mit der Sigmund Freud in seiner Abhandlung 'Der Dichter und das Phantasieren' (1908) dem Leser entgegentritt, fand er unter anderem im Rauchen bestätigt. Es sei ein Ersatz für die Onanie, den Prototyp aller Süchte, so erklärte er, der Raucher par excellence, der bereits in jungen Jahren nikotinabhängig war und es bis zum Ende seines Lebens bleiben sollte - und dies, obgleich er im Alter von 67 Jahren, aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach seines exzessiven Tabakkonsums wegen, an Gaumenkrebs erkrankte. Infolgedessen musste er sich zahlreichen, zum Teil schweren Operationen unterziehen, bei denen eine Resektion des größeren Teils des rechten Oberkiefers, eines beträchtlichen Teils des Unterkiefers, des rechten weichen Gaumens sowie der Backen- und Zungenschleimhaut vorgenommen wurde. Seitdem musste Freud eine Kieferprothese tragen, die für ihn zu einer niemals versiegenden Quelle von Schmerzen und anderem Ungemach wurde.
Angesichts seiner leidigen Erfahrungen mit dem "Ungeheuer" dürfte kein allzu großer Zweifel daran bestehen, dass Freud sehr genau wusste, was er unter einer Prothese zu verstehen hatte - und zwar das, was auch die landläufige Meinung in ihr erkennt: einen künstlichen Ersatz, der an das unwiederbringlich verloren gegangene Ersetzte nicht im Mindestens heranreicht, es durch seine Defizienz ihm gegenüber jedoch stetig präsent hält und somit gleichsam zum Anwesend-Abwesenden werden lässt. Dass der Prothese eine auf Ergänzung, Erweiterung oder gar Verbesserung des Bestehenden abzielende Qualität innewohnen könnte - immerhin geht der Begriff nicht zuletzt auf das griechische prósthesis ("das Hinzufügen") zurück -, bleibt hierbei komplett außen vor. Und doch fällt, wenn ebendiese Qualität zur Sprache kommt bzw. vom so genannten prosthetic impulse die Rede ist, mit schöner Regelmäßigkeit der Name Freuds, was sich einer Passage, oder vielleicht sollte man besser sagen: einer Lesart einer Passage aus dessen 1930 erschienenem Spätwerk 'Das Unbehagen in der Kultur' verdankt, in welcher der mit seinen technischen "Hilfsorgane[n]" ausgestattete Mensch als "eine Art Prothesengott" tituliert wird.
Engel : Figuren der Sprache
(2014)
Engel sprechen. Sie sind, in allen ihren Erscheinungsformen und in beinahe allen Religionen, stets An- und Verkündiger, Vermittler und Boten. Somit besteht ein tiefer Zusammenhang zwischen Engelfiguren und den Problemen der Vermittlung und der Übertragung, der Relationalität und der Medialität, die die Sprache ausmachen.
Deshalb möchte ich im Folgenden verschiedene Engelfiguren als Figuren der Sprache betrachten. Dafür werde ich in drei Schritten vorgehen und anhand verschiedener theoretischer und literarischer Texte untersuchen, wie die Engelfiguren in ihnen jeweils spezifische Probleme der Sprache verkörpern. Zunächst soll unter Rückgriff auf Michel de Certeaus Essay 'Le parler angélique' (1985) anhand einer Verkündigungsszene aus dem neutestamentlichen Evangelium nach Matthäus deutlich gemacht werden, dass sich die Rede des Engels als Figuration des Sprechaktes selbst lesen lässt. Sodann werde ich die Tradition des angelus interpres, des Deute-Engels, anhand des biblischen Prophetenbuches Sacharja und in der apokryphen Metatron-Sage im sog. Hebräischen Henochbuch umreißen.
Abschließend soll ausgehend von Michel Serres' philosophisch-literarischem Werk 'La légende des anges' (1993) dargestellt werden, dass die Engelrede auch im Wortsinn als Sprach-Figur verstanden werden kann, nämlich als die rhetorische Figur der Prosopopöie, und dass sie als solche zutiefst literarisch ist.