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The level of capital tax gains has high explanatory power regarding the question of what drives economic inequality. On this basis, the authors develop a simple, yet micro-founded portfolio selection model to explain the dynamics of wealth inequality given empirical tax series in the US. The results emphasize that the level and the transition of speed of wealth inequality depend crucially on the degree of capital taxation. The projections predict that – continuing on the present path of capital taxation in the US – the gap between rich and poor is expected to shrink whereas “massive” tax cuts will further increase the degree of wealth concentration.
Eine neuere Entscheidung des Bundesgerichtshofs zu den Anforderungen an die Mitteilung nach § 20 AktG über die Mitteilung eines Beteiligungserwerbs2 gibt Anlass zu Überlegungen zu den Rechtsfolgen einer Verletzung von Mitteilungspflichten durch mittelbar beteiligte Gesellschafter.
Der Bundesgerichthof hat, ohne auf abweichende Ansichten einzugehen, die h.M.3 bestätigt, nach der bei Verletzungen einer Mitteilungspflicht durch ein herrschendes Unternehmen die Rechtsfolge des Rechtsverlustes das unmittelbar beteiligte Tochterunternehmen selbst dann trifft, wenn dieses seine eigene Mitteilungspflicht ordnungsgemäß erfüllt hat.4 Im Hinblick auf den (zeitweiligen) Verlust von Dividendenansprüchen, um die es in dem vom BGH entschiedenen Fall ging, dürfte die in der Sache entscheidende Erwägung sein, dass anderenfalls dem herrschenden Unternehmen die mittelbaren Folgen der Gewinnausschüttung auch dann erhalten blieben, wenn es den eigenen Verstoß gegen die Mitteilungspflicht und den daraus folgenden temporären Wegfall des Gewinnbezugsrechts kannte oder kennen musste.
Asymmetric social norms
(2017)
Studies of cooperation in infinitely repeated matching games focus on homogeneous economies, where full cooperation is efficient and any defection is collectively sanctioned. Here we study heterogeneous economies where occasional defections are part of efficient play, and show how to support those outcomes through contagious punishments.
Monetary policy communication is particularly important during unconventional times, because high uncertainty about the economy, the introduction of new policy tools and possible limits to the central bank’s toolkit could hamper the predictability of policy actions. We study how monetary policy communication should and has worked under such circumstances. Our main results relate to announcements of asset purchase programmes and the use of forward guidance. We show that announcements of asset purchase programmes have lowered market uncertainty, particularly when accompanied by a contextual release of implementation details such as the envisaged size of the programme. We also show that forward guidance reduces uncertainty more effectively when it is state‐contingent or when it provides guidance about a long horizon than when it is open‐ended or covers only a short horizon, and that the credibility of forward guidance is strengthened if the central bank also has embarked on an asset purchase programme.
We propose a 2-country asset-pricing model where agents' preferences change endogenously as a function of the popularity of internationally traded goods. We determine the effect of the time-variation of preferences on equity markets, consumption and portfolio choices. When agents are more sensitive to the popularity of domestic consumption goods, the local stock market reacts more strongly to the preferences of local agents than to the preferences of foreign agents. Therefore, home bias arises because home-country stock represents a better investment opportunity for hedging against future fluctuations in preferences. We test our model and find that preference evolution is a plausible driver of key macroeconomic variables and stock returns.
The international diffusion of technology plays a key role in stimulating global growth and explaining co-movements of international equity returns. Existing empirical evidence suggests that countries are heterogeneous in their attitude toward innovation: Some countries rely more on technology adoption while other countries rely more on internal technology production. European countries that rely more on adoption are also typically characterized by lower fiscal policy exibility and higher labor market rigidity. We develop a two-country model – where both countries rely on R&D and adoption – to study the short-run and long-run effects of aggregate technology and adoption probability shocks on economic growth in the presence of the aforementioned asymmetries. Our framework suggests that an increase in the ability to adopt technology from abroad stimulates economic growth in the country that benefits from higher adoption rates but the beneficial effects also spread to the foreign country. Moreover, it helps explaining the differences in macro quantities and equity returns observed in the international data.
Die Verknüpfung des Fahrrades mit dem Öffentlichen Verkehr (ÖV) kann den Umweltverbund stärken, den Übergang von einem Verkehrssystem auf das andere erleichtern und eine attraktive Alternative zum motorisierten Individualverkehr schaffen. Die vorliegende Arbeit repräsentiert den ersten umfassenden Projektbericht innerhalb des Forschungsprojektes „Verbesserte Integration des Fahrrads in den öffentlichen Verkehr – Systematische Erschließung von Handlungsoptionen und Bewertung von Best-Practices“. Ziel dieser Publikation ist eine aktuelle Aufarbeitung des Standes der Forschung und der Praxis zu diesem Thema.
Nach einer systematischen Darstellung wichtiger Forschungsstränge, werden zunächst Ergebnisse aus dem „Mobilität in Deutschland“-Datensatz hinsichtlich intermodaler Rad‐ÖV‐Nutzungsmuster präsentiert. Aufbauend darauf werden Datengrundlagen und generelle Erfordernisse an Erhebungsmethoden diskutiert, um die inter- und multimodale Verkehrsmittelnutzung tatsächlich beurteilen zu können. Die Darstellung des aktuellen Standes in der Praxis wird anhand von drei Schwerpunkt-Feldern vorgenommen: Bike and Ride Abstellanlagen an Haltestellen des ÖV, Radmitnahme in den Fahrzeugen des ÖV und Fahrradverleihsysteme. Dabei werden sowohl infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen als auch Betreiberkonzepte und Marketingaspekte behandelt. Ein weiteres Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit den Chancen und Herausforderungen im Zuge der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung und der Verbreitung von mobilen Endgeräten.
Commodity connectedness
(2017)
We use variance decompositions from high-dimensional vector autoregressions to characterize connectedness in 19 key commodity return volatilities, 2011-2016. We study both static (full-sample) and dynamic (rolling-sample) connectedness. We summarize and visualize the results using tools from network analysis. The results reveal clear clustering of commodities into groups that match traditional industry groupings, but with some notable differences. The energy sector is most important in terms of sending shocks to others, and energy, industrial metals, and precious metals are themselves tightly connected.
Recent work has analyzed the forecasting performance of standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models, but little attention has been given to DSGE models that incorporate nonlinearities in exogenous driving processes. Against that background, we explore whether incorporating stochastic volatility improves DSGE forecasts (point, interval, and density). We examine real-time forecast accuracy for key macroeconomic variables including output growth, inflation, and the policy rate. We find that incorporating stochastic volatility in DSGE models of macroeconomic fundamentals markedly improves their density forecasts, just as incorporating stochastic volatility in models of financial asset returns improves their density forecasts.
We study the general equilibrium implications of different fiscal policies on macroeconomic quantities, asset prices, and welfare by utilizing two endogenous growth models. The expanding variety model features only homogeneous innovations by entrants. The Schumpeterian growth model features heterogeneous innovations: "incremental" innovations by incumbents and "radical" innovations by entrants. The government levies taxes on labor income and corporate profits and supplies subsidies to consumption, capital investment, and investments in research and development by entrants and, if applicable, incumbents. With these models at hand, we provide new insights on the interplay of innovation dynamics and fiscal policy.