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Integration and social advancement in our time without a solid language skills are no longer possible. What has not been done for decades, they now try through the integration abroad and in Germany make up very successful. But German is unfortunately only the first, though perhaps the most important step for a successful integration. The next question should now be: Lack of integration in spite of good knowledge of German - why?
Une atmosphère toute de silence et d'éclat, de frisson et de plus haute tension, telle est l'oeuvre de Rainer Maria Rilke. Il n'est pas vain de noter que, dans son expression, elle recourt à une double voix, de préciser le sens d'un écart à l'intérieur d'une oeuvre grande et douloureuse dans sa construction, de montrer la nécessité de ce qui est pour finir mieux qu'un écart ; pour cela, il faut aussi, chemin faisant, embrasser la destinée poétique de Rilke dans sa globalité. Ce qu'il importe alors de considérer, c'est à la fois cette étrangeté et ce paradoxe que sont les poèmes français de Rilke. De temps en temps, à intervalles réguliers, tel ou tel esprit revient sur cette question, tourne autour d'elle, évoquant l'un de ses aspects, parfois plusieurs, sans jamais pouvoir totalement se soustraire à l'énigme qui se déploie dans la modestie d'une apparente récréation. Avec sa rectitude et son sens de la pondération nuancée, Philippe Jaccottet s'est approché mieux que tout autre du foyer de cette question, ce n'en est pas moins resté pour lui comme pour tous une réflexion ouverte et ce n'est pas moi qui mettrai un point final à ce mystère qui ne demande qu'à se prolonger comme tel et doit simplement être aperçu pour briller dans la lumière qui lui est due.
Türkische Germanistik: Alternativen für eine realitätsnahe, inhaltliche und methodische Gestaltung
(2010)
It seems that philologies function as the centers for teaching foreign language from the angle of society. Although this kind of idea is not totally true, some problems in practice take attention. Theoretical knowledge is given in the linguistics and literature classes, but analytical and critical suggestions are rarely made in the lectures. This situation creates a contradiction between the students and the transfer of scientific idea and knowledge. If the lessons are not student-centered they will not motivate students. Shortly, the relation between theory and practice should take its place in teaching.
For making students think critically in literature and linguistics classes, from the respect of method and content, the subjects in the lessons should be questioned and discussed. But historical prejudices belonging to cultures should not be evaluated radically. Turkish Germanistics should be shaped in the respect of theory and content by thinking globally but not violating the essential principles of germanistics.
The present study, based on a typological survey of ca. 70 languages, offers a systematization of consonantal insertions by classifying them into three main types: grammatical, phonetic, and prosodic insertions. The three epenthesis types essentially differ from each other in terms of preferred sounds, domains of application, the role of segmental context, their occurrence cross-linguistically, the extent of variation and phonetic explication.
The present investigation is significantly different from other analyses of consonantal epentheses in the sense that it neither invokes markedness nor diachronic state of the processes under discussion. Instead, it considers the different nature of the epenthetic segments by referring to the representational levels and/or domains which are relevant for their appearance.
In Turkey currently there are about 20 Translation Studies departments with over 4000 students in six different languages. All these departments generally include a final project in their curriculum in the last two semesters, where the students have to prove their translation competence. In the literature and at the web sites of the Translation Studies departments in Turkey and abroad there is very little teaching material about these final projects while these projects are invaluable for the prospective translators. Therefore these projects have to be arranged as very functional, effective and representative of the translation reality. While the connection to the real translation market is assured, the students have to demonstrate their translation competence. Thus all Translation Studies departments have to consider these conditions and to organize this course under the real conditions of translation market and taking into consideration translation theory as well.
The paper sketches out the framework of a transcultural model of language learning and teaching. In doing so it illuminates linguistic, psycholinguistic, hermeneutical und didactic aspects of the complex field of language learning rather than limiting itself to discussing mere methodological phenomena. The paper argues that the language learning and teaching profession can only advance by taking transcultural concepts of language acquisition, of linguistic systems, of language processing and of media use into account and by integrating them into a coherent system of language didactics.
"The documentation of... descriptive generalizations is sometimes clearer and more accessible when expressed in terms of a detailed formal reconstruction, but only in the rare and happy case that the formalism fits the data so well that the resulting account is clearer and easier to understand than the list of categories of facts that it encodes.... [If not], subsequent scholars must often struggle to decode a description in an out-of-date formal framework so as to work back to... the facts.... which they can re-formalize in a new way. Having experienced this struggle often ourselves, we have decided to accommodate our successors by providing them directly with a plainer account." (Akinlabi & Liberman 2000:24)
Theater und Serie
(2010)
Soaps machen dumm. So ein permanent aktualisiertes Vorurteil. Gegen die Wiederholung des Immergleichen durch standardisierte Serienproduktion bemüht man gerne das Theater - und das heißt letztlich die Mutter aller Fernsehserien: den Guckkasten. Doch längst führt das Theater vor, was sich vom Fortsetzungsformat der Seifenoper lernen lässt: die exponierte Wiederholbarkeit eines auf das Personalisieren angelegten Schemas. So kann gerade der Bezug auf die Soap Opera im Theater der potenziellen Reflexion von Form und Funktion des Dramas dienen. In diesem Sinn akzentuiert René Polleschs Arbeit eine noch kaum erforschte, gleichwohl paradigmatische Form nicht protagonistischer Darstellung. Wie kein anderer mobilisiert er jenes Serienprinzip, das die einzelne Episode nicht mehr als geschlossenes Ganzes betrachtet, für ein politisches Theater der Gegenwart. Was Polleschs "Soap-Theater" zur Sprache bringt, besteht aus recyceltem Material. Die Aufführungen selbst sind immer wieder als Fortsetzungen angelegt. Polleschs Markenzeichen ist denn auch das schnelle Auf-Anschluss-Sprechen. Die in seinen Stücken nichtdialogisch angelegte Rede springt von Darstellerin zu Darsteller. Dabei wird nicht nur das Gesprochene, sondern ebenso die sprechende Figur als populärkulturelles Zitat ausgewiesen. So zeugt die Übersetzung des Soapformats auf die Bühne von den praktisch-reflexiven Umgangsmöglichkeiten mit fortgesetzten Wiederholungen. Die Instanz der Rede ins Serielle überführend, zielt Pollesch präzise auf jene personale Darstellungsfunktion des Sprechtheaters, die die Kritiker der Massenkultur als Residualbereich individuellen Ausdrucks verklären. Seine Inszenierungen unterlaufen mithin das dem Drama zugrunde liegende protagonistische Modell, das von der evidenzstiftenden personalen Darstellung einer literarisch vorgegebenen - singulären - Figur im Hier und Jetzt ausgeht. Der absoluten Gegenwartsfolge innerhalb eines geschlossenen Ganzen widerstreitend, stellt Pollesch durch den Einsatz des Serienprinzips jenes Spannungsverhältnis aus, das die verschränkte Zeitlichkeit des Theaters immer schon kennzeichnet: die Relation zwischen der physischen Präsenz des Darstellers, dem körperbildlichen Herbeizitieren einer bestimmten gesellschaftlichen Position und der Fiktion einer im Zitat szenisch herzustellenden sprechenden 'persona'. Im Verweis auf diese Grundelemente des Sprechtheaters, deren Fügung die dramatische Gestalt produziert und die allererst die Voraussetzung ihrer Repräsentationsfunktion ist, wendet sich Polleschs Arbeit gegen eine gängige Form der Ästhetisierung von Politik. Denn gerade durch seinen spezifischen Einsatz des Serienprinzips treten die Darstellerinnen und Darsteller auf der Bühne nicht als authentifizierende Repräsentanten einer Figur, sondern als leibhaftiger Verfremdungseffekt hervor. Physisch präsent und zugleich reflexiv zitierend, machen sie so auf die latent gehaltene Serialität jener vom Theater herkommenden Darstellungsform aufmerksam, die mit ihren eigenen Voraussetzungen auch die ihr inhärente politische Funktion verstellt. Polleschs 'Tod eines Praktikanten' - 2007 auf dem Prater, der kleinen Spielstätte der Berliner Volksbühne, aufgeführt - zeigt exemplarisch, worin die Schlagkraft einer offensiven Fusion von Theater und Serie besteht.
The article offers a philosophical reading of Mazen Kerbaj's sound piece "Starry Night". Recorded in 2006 during the bombing of Beirut by the Israeli Air Force, the piece stages an acoustic encounter between the improvised sounds of the trumpet and live bomb explosions. Arguing for a formal examination of the ways in which Kerbaj stages the problem of the genesis of musical order in the exchange between trumpet and bombs, the article draws parallels with explorations of the problems of the State and of political contradiction in the Marxist tradition. Three common points are identified: the contingency of the appearance of order, its inseparability from an excess of violence, and its spatializing function. The last part delineates parallels between Kerbaj's subversive aesthetic strategies and Badiou's elaboration of the concept of the subject as the interruption of a repetitive logic of placement.
In this paper I investigate the usage of the adverb and particle 'so' in spontaneous speech (interviews) collected from 21 speakers of the urban multi-ethnolectal youth language Kiezdeutsch. Speakers from the neighborhoods Kreuzberg and Wedding in Berlin are ranging in age from 14 to 18. The 1454 tokens of so available in the corpus (about 5 hours of speech) were classified into 10 different categories; some were structurally defined while others were defined along dimensions of meaning. Our current results indicate that there are differential usages patterns depending on the speaker's gender and age for some of these categories. Further, it appears that some patterns that have been attributed grammatical meaning may not appear frequently enough to establish a separate meaningful grammatical category. Rather, most instances of this kind of use of so appear to have a hedging function, indicating speakers' non-commitance to a specific circumstance.
Writing a positive account of utopias has always been a difficult and risky task. Utopias have always already been out of fashion and outside of time. Since 1989 at the latest, visions of utopia appear to have come to an end. Twenty years after Fukayama's 'end of history', this article re-assesses the potentially fruitful roles for utopia’s out-of-timeness. Focusing on the critical potential of utopias through the concept of tension, it argues that utopian thought must be conceptualized through its tensile connections both to the status quo of a given society and to its possible futures.
The morpho-syntax of relative clauses in Sotho-Tswana is relatively well-described in the literature. Prosodic characteristics, such as tone, have received far less attention in the existing descriptions. After reviewing the basic morpho-syntactic and semantic features of relative clauses in Tswana, the current paper sets out to present and discuss prosodic aspects. These comprise tone specifications of relative clause markers such as the demonstrative pronoun that acts as the relative pronoun, relative agreement concords and the relative suffix. Further prosodic aspects dealt with in the current article are tone alternations at the juncture of relative pronoun and head noun, and finally the tone patterns of the finite verbs in the relative clause. The article aims at providing the descriptive basis from which to arrive at generalizations concerning the prosodic phrasing of relative clauses in Tswana.
Símákonde is an Eastern Bantu language (P23) spoken by immigrant Mozambican communities in Zanzibar and on the Tanzanian mainland. Like other Makonde dialects and other Eastern and Southern Bantu languages (Hyman 2009), it has lost the historical Proto-Bantu vowel length contrast and now has a regular phrase-final stress rule, which causes a predictable bimoraic lengthening of the penultimate syllable of every Prosodic Phrase. The study of the prosody / syntax interface in Símákonde Relative Clauses requires to take into account the following elements: the relationship between the head and the relative verb, the conjoint / disjoint verbal distinction and the various phrasing patterns of Noun Phrases. Within Símákonde noun phrases, depending on the nature of the modifier, three different phrasing situations are observed: a modifier or modifiers may (i) be required to phrase with the head noun, (ii) be required to phrase separately, or (iii) optionally phrase with the head noun.
Símákonde is an Eastern Bantu language (P23) spoken by immigrant Mozambican communities in Zanzibar and on the Tanzanian mainland. Like other Makonde dialects and other Eastern and Southern Bantu languages (Hyman 2009), it has lost the historical Proto-Bantu vowel length contrast and now has a regular phrase-final stress rule, which causes a predictable bimoraic lengthening of the penultimate syllable of every Prosodic Phrase. The study of the prosody / syntax interface in Símákonde Relative Clauses requires to take into account the following elements: the relationship between the head and the relative verb, the conjoint / disjoint verbal distinction and the various phrasing patterns of Noun Phrases. Within Símákonde noun phrases, depending on the nature of the modifier, three different phrasing situations are observed: a modifier or modifiers may (i) be required to phrase with the head noun, (ii) be required to phrase separately, or (iii) optionally phrase with the head noun.
This paper tests three current theories of the phonology-syntax interface – Truckenbrodt (1995), Pak (2008) and Cheng & Downing (2007, 2009) – on the prosody of relative clauses in Chewa. Relative clauses, especially restrictive relative clauses, provide an ideal data set for comparing these theories, as they each make distinct predictions about the optimal phrasing. We show that the asymmetrical phase-edge based approach developed to account for similar Zulu prosodic phrasing by Cheng & Downing also best accounts for the Chewa data.
From the very outset of European expansion, scholars have been preoccupied with the impact of proselytization and colonization on non-European societies. Anthropologists such as Margaret Mead and Bronislaw Malinowski, who witnessed these processes at the beginning of the twentieth century while at the same time benefitting from the colonial structure, were convinced that the autochthonous societies could not possibly withstand the onslaught of the dominant European cultures, and thus were doomed to vanish in the near future. The fear of losing their object of research, which had just recently been discovered, hung above the heads of the scholars like a sword of Damocles ever since the establishment of anthropology as a discipline. They felt hurried to document what seemed to be crumbling away. Behind these fears there was the notion that the indigenous cultures were comparatively static entities that had existed untouched by any external influences for many centuries, or even millennia, and were unable to change. This idea was shared by proponents of other disciplines; in religious studies, for example, up to the late 1980s the view prevailed that the contact between the great world religions and the belief systems of small, autochthonous societies doomed the latter to extinction. However, more recent studies have shown that this assumption, according to which indigenous peoples have not undergone any changes in the course of history, is untenable. It became apparent that groups supposedly living in isolation have extensive contact networks, and that migration, trade, and conquest are not privileges of modern times. Myths and oral traditions bore witness of journeys to faraway regions, new settlements founded in unknown territories, or the arrival of victorious foreigners who introduced new ways and customs and laid claim to a place of their own within society.
The Fugue of Chronotope
(2010)
As the survey by Nele Bemong and Pieter Borghart introducing this volume makes clear, the term chronotope has devolved into a veritable carnival of orismology. For all the good work that has been done by an ever-growing number of intelligent critics, chronotope remains a Gordian knot of ambiguities with no Alexander in sight. The term has metastasized across the whole spectrum of the human and social sciences since the publication of FTC in Russian in 1975, and (especially) after its translation into English in 1981. As others have pointed out, one of the more striking features of the chronotope is the plethora of meanings that have been read into the term: that its popularity is a function of its opacity has become a cliché. In the current state of chronotopic heteroglossia, then, how are we to proceed? The argument of this essay is that many of the difficulties faced by Bakhtin’s critics derive from ambiguities with which Bakhtin never ceased to struggle. That is, instead of advancing yet another definition of my own, I will investigate some of the attempts made by Bakhtin himself to give the term greater precision throughout his long life. In so doing, I will also hope to cast some light on the foundational role of time-space in Bakhtin’s philosophy of dialog as it, too, took on different meanings at various points in his thinking.
In this contribution, I would like to examine the way in which Bakhtin, in the two essays dedicated to the chronotope, lays the foundations for a theory of literary imagination. […] His concept of the chronotope may be interpreted as a contribution to a tradition in which Henri Bergson, William James, Charles Sander Peirce and Gilles Deleuze have been key figures. Like these four authors, Bakhtin is a philosopher in the school of pragmatism. His predilection for what Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson have called “prosaics” puts him right at the heart of a philosophical family that calls forth multiplicity against metaphysical essentialism, and prefers the mundane to the universal. It seems wise to proceed carefully in the attempt to reconstruct Bakhtin’s theory of imagination. In this contribution to the debate, I choose to develop a philosophical dialogue between Bakhtin and the above-mentioned philosophical family. More specifically, it seems to me that the ideal point of departure for examining the way in which Bakhtin attempts to get to the bottom of the mysteries of literary imagination is Gilles Deleuze’s synthesis of Bergson’s epistemological view on knowledge as “the perception of images”, as well as Peirce’s theory of experience based on a typology of images. In the following, I show that Bakhtin’s view of the temporal-spatial constellations in literature demonstrates a strong affinity to the Bergsonian view that perception of the spatial world is colored by the lived time experienced by the observer. Based on this observation, I then develop a typology of images which places the concept of the chronotope in a more systematic framework.
Bakhtin and Dostoevsky shared the conviction that human life must be understood in terms of temporality. Both thinkers were obsessed with time’s relation to life as people experience it. For each, a rich sense of humanity demanded a chronotope of open time. In many respects, the views of Bakhtin and Dostoevsky coincide. Theologically speaking, one could fairly call them both heretics, as we shall see. Their differences reflect their different starting points. Bakhtin began with ethics, whereas Dostoevsky thought about life first and foremost in terms of psychology. For Bakhtin, any viable view of the world had first of all to give a rich meaning to moral responsibility. Dostoevsky could accept no view that was false to his sense of how the human mind thought and felt.