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Introduction
(2020)
This paper examines and rejects two normative justifications for low-fee private schools (LFPS), whose expansion throughout the Global South in recent years has been significant. The first justification – what I shall call the ideal thesis – contends that LFPS are the best mechanism to expand access to quality education, particularly at the primary level, and that the premise of their success is that they reject educational equality and state intervention in educational affairs, traditionally associated with public schools, embracing instead educational adequacy and unregulated markets for education. Against this thesis, the paper argues that an ideal educational arrangement must not do away with educational equality and some degree of state interference. The other justification for LFPS – the secondbest thesis – contends that although LFPS do not represent the ideal state of affairs, they nonetheless bring us a step closer to the ideal of universal primary education; they are a ‘realistic’ approximation to that goal. Against the second-best thesis, the paper argues that this justification commits the approximation fallacy: by deviating from the ideal educational arrangement LFPS may obstruct rather than facilitate its achievement.
Die zunehmende Nutzung von Online-Kommunikationskanälen vereinfacht nicht nur den alltäglichen, zwischenmenschlichen Austausch, sondern eröffnet auch der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Forschung neue Möglichkeiten. Gleichzeitig stehen Chancen wie der Reichweitenerhöhung von Forschungsaktivitäten auch Herausforderungen bspw. im Bereich der Validität gegenüber. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht der Beitrag der Frage nach, ob sich diese Nachteile durch die methodologisch fundierte Kombination von Offline- und Online-Umgebungen kompensieren lassen. Anhand eines Forschungsszenarios werden drei verschiedene Designs konzipiert, die auf genau diese Herausforderung eingehen. Dazu wird eine Mixed Methods Perspektive eingenommen, um verschiedene Möglichkeiten aufzuzeigen, die einzelne Schwächen der Methoden adäquat ausgleichen oder sogar Synergieeffekte erzielen.
O presente trabalho, de natureza teórica, analisa fragmentos dos escritos de Theodor W. Adorno (1903-1969) e Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) e destaca reflexões para a pesquisa sociológica no campo da Educação, considerando a inflexão que ambos propõem em “direção ao sujeito”. De modo mais específico, realizamos uma leitura de como cada autor refletiu sobre sua própria infância e educação, buscando articular a reflexão autobiográfica que cada um realiza, de diferentes formas, ao núcleo duro de suas concepções teóricas. Ao observarmos como cada autor, na condição de adulto, rememora de forma sistematizada (na filosofia ou na literatura) sua própria infância, refletindo, entre outros aspectos, sobre a condição social de suas famílias e da classe burguesa, a relação com os adultos e com os artefatos (culturais e tecnológicos) de sua época, incluindo a escolarização, podemos também perceber elementos de suas concepções teóricas sobre a subjetividade e de suas análises sobre as vicissitudes do sujeito no contemporâneo. Enquanto que, para Sartre, a infância emerge no âmbito de uma concepção restauradora da narrativa como mediadora da experiência, em um processo, sempre ainda aberto, de transformação da existência, para Adorno, a rememoração sobre sua infância se articula às temáticas da pátria (não como território, mas como humanidade) e da utopia e se coloca como possibilidade de releitura das singularidades das experiências infantis como forma de confrontação e atualização das promessas contidas no passado.
O artigo trata da “Filosofia da Nova Música” de Theodor Adorno e tem como problema de investigação saber quais são os valores estéticos apresentados pelo autor para identificar Schoenberg como o representante do progresso musical. Como objetivos específicos para esse trabalho foram definidos: a identificação das principais características estéticas nas obras musicais de Stravinsky e de Schoenberg e apontar alguns fundamentos filosóficos para diferenciar progresso e regressão na estética musical de Adorno. Ao caracterizar sua concepção estética como filosofia da arte, Adorno toma a produção e a recepção como expressões de uma relação dialética com o meio social e tece críticas especialmente a indústria cultural e a arte burguesa que tinham como propósito agradar o ouvido e permitir que os produtores e receptores estabelecessem uma relação de troca no mercado capitalista. Por isso, sua estética está assentada na crítica e na possibilidade de criação dissonante e autônoma, análises que foram realizadas no âmbito desta investigação que tem como foco a questão da música enquanto objeto estético de progresso ou regressão da audição.
It is difficult to think of another area of literary discourse in which a critic has brought such a profound influence to bear, as Theodor W. Adorno has, in the area of literature concerning the Shoah. It is also difficult to think of another area of literary discourse in which a critic’s pronouncements have been misinterpreted so often and to such a degree as have Adorno’s reflections concerning the status of art after the Shoah. Reference here is of course being made to Adorno’s (supposed) ‘dictum’ concerning the barbarity of poetry after Auschwitz. The principle aims of this paper are to restore his reflections to their argumentative context and to restore the dialectical tension conferred on them in the original text. I will examine what I have termed the “after-Auschwitz” aporia, so evident in Adorno’s reflections on post-Shoah art and yet overlooked all too frequently in the research literature. Defined as an irresolvable impasse as a result of equally plausible yet inconsistent premises the term “aporia” succinctly captures the essence of Adorno’s deliberations on post-Shoah art: the imperative to represent the egregious crimes and the impossibility of doing so. I will demonstrate that Adorno’s pronouncements were never meant as silence-inducing taboos, but rather as concrete theoretical reflections upon the moral status of art in the aftermath of the Shoah and as warnings of the moral peril involved in the artistic rendering of mass extermination.
In ethnographic research and analysis, reflexivity is vital to achieving constant coordination between field and concept work. However, it has been conceptualized predominantly as an ethnographer’s individual mental capacity. In this article, we draw on ten years of experience in conducting research together with partners from social psychiatry and mental health care across different research projects. We unfold three modes of achieving reflexivity co-laboratively: contrasting and discussing disciplinary concepts in interdisciplinary working groups and feedback workshops; joint data interpretation and writing; and participating in political agenda setting. Engaging these modes reveals reflexivity as a distributed process able to strengthen the ethnographer’s interpretative authority, and also able to constantly push the conceptual boundaries of the participating disciplines and professions.
This reading of Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park suggests that the semantic framework of the novels is provided by the contrast between two meanings of the word consequence, the archaic meaning of social or emotional importance and the common and garden meaning of effect of a cause. It also suggests that the narrative structure of the novels is that of a game of consequences, a game that was played at the time of Jane Austen.
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar comparativamente as semelhanças contidas nas críticas à democracia liberal presentes em alguns trabalhos selecionados de Carl Schmitt (1888-1985) e Robert Kurz (1943-2012). A despeito da estreita associação do primeiro autor com o regime nazista após 1933 e do segundo ser normalmente caracterizado como um pensador marxista (embora bastante crítico ao marxismo “ortodoxo”), são verificáveis inúmeras similitudes entre ambos quando se propõem a analisar as características do liberalismo parlamentar das democracias do século XX. Uma hipótese que pode explicar tais semelhanças seria a influência exercida por Schmitt sobre diversos teóricos da escola de Frankfurt, com os quais Kurz frequentemente dialoga em seus escritos e que foram inspiradores de algumas de suas reflexões – em especial, Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno e Max Horkheimer, embora Schmitt também tenha influenciado Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, Karl Korsch e Herbert Marcuse. Outra via de interpretação abordada aqui se refere à possibilidade de Schmitt ter encontrado, em suas teorias sobre o Estado e sobre o direito, os limites epistemológicos do liberalismo moderno, o que constitui o principal objeto de pesquisa de Kurz e foi tema recorrente nos escritos dos teóricos de Frankfurt.
A concepção de indivíduo na sociedade administrada é analisada por Horkheimer e Adorno (1973), no ensaio Indivíduo no livro Temas Básicos da Sociologia, cujo método de exposição instiga à reflexão sobre a concepção de indivíduo e as possibilidades de formação e educação na sociedade administrada, demonstrando que a concepção de indivíduo na Filosofia ora tendia para uma ênfase na subjetividade em detrimento das condições objetivas sociais, ora tendia à totalidade social, negligenciando a singularidade do indivíduo. Em seguida, estabelecem articulações entre as diferentes esferas complementares (indivíduo e sociedade) e as consequências sobre a formação do indivíduo e a educação na contemporaneidade, problematizadas por Adorno (2000), em sua obra Educação e Emancipação, quanto às suas possibilidades e limites na sociedade administrada.
This essay argues for the philosophical standing of Walter Benjamin’s early work and posits a deeper continuity between this early work as a philosopher and the subsequent development of his work as a writer. When these fragments are read in proper relation to each other, they reveal for the first time many of the key innovations of Benjamin as a philosopher, as well as his points of influence on Horkheimer and Adorno. His early ‘Program’ critiques the Enlightenment conception of experience as a means for gaining empirical knowledge, and announces the need for a new concept of experience. Benjamin follows through on this program with a method of philosophical enquiry that is by turns fragmentary and constellational, developing a series of provisional notions of experience, which form a constellation with one another: perception, mimesis, language as a medium of experience, observation and memory.
Neste artigo trataremos de entender quais foram as principais propostas de Theodor W. Adorno, filósofo alemão e membro da Escola de Frankfurt, para a educação de seu tempo. A partir de uma análise, mesmo que marginal, de parte do conjunto substancial de seus escritos, palestras, entrevistas e debates, sobretudo da obra em conjunto com Horkheimer, “Dialética do Esclarecimento” e dos ensaios de “Educação e Emancipação”, este texto evidencia os pressupostos do pensamento adorniano, pautado na teoria crítica da sociedade, e elucida suas reflexões na tentativa de propor que a educação fosse mais política e baseada no esclarecimento e na emancipação. Modicamente, buscamos pensar a atualidade e a urgência de suas reflexões para o campo educacional contemporâneo.
O presente objeto de pesquisa busca proceder ao estudo e identificação dos traços essenciais envolvidos na abordagem teórica das relações sociais e políticas trazidas na obra O Direito da Liberdade do filósofo alemão Axel Honneth. Faz-se uma análise da influência hegeliana sobre o conceito de liberdade, assim como dos fatores relacionados com o suprimento das carências subjetivas, mediadas pelas diferentes “esferas” sociais. Honneth, assim, procura trazer à tona a compreensão de um novo modelo de liberdade advindo da Filosofia do Direito de Hegel, o qual se distingue substancialmente dos modelos tradicionais. O autor busca evidenciar a limitação das teorias da justiça de tradição liberal, invocando a necessidade de uma visão integrada das relações sociais experimentadas nas esferas referidas por Hegel, concebendo-se uma experiência concreta de liberdade social. Nesse sentido, evidencia-se o caráter interdisciplinar e emancipatório do método de reconstrução normativa como base teórica para a justificação pública nas sociedades modernas.
Th. W. Adorno’s aesthetics represents a comprehensive reflection on a number of important topics in aesthetic research. Among them is the issue of the aesthetic experience generated by the beauty of nature. In the perspective of Adorno’s theory, the experience of natural beauty is described as a quality that forms in an immanent relation to the historical and social reality of humans. In the first place, one can observe the fundamental dependence of natural beauty on the degree of social domination of nature. By failing to reflect on this social mediation, the experience of natural beauty appears to be immediate and creates the deceptive fantasy of the primordial form of nature. At the same time, however, Adorno uncovers a positive potential in the experience of natural beauty – it lies in the ability to transcend a power-based subjectivity that reduces reality to the substrate of the domination. By means of the transcendence of subjectivity, the experience of natural beauty opens up the possibility to perceive and approach reality in the unreduced fullness of its qualities while also anticipating a reconciliation of man with nature in an allegorical way. The aim of my study is to describe the sketched aspects of the experience of natural beauty.
Eleştirel Kuram, 20. yüzyılın başlarında, daha sonra Frankfurt Okulu olarak bilinecek olan “Frankfurt Toplumsal Araştırmalar Enstitüsü” adı altında, bir grup akademisyen tarafından oluşturulmuş bir düşünce akımıdır. Bu düşünsel yaklaşımda, farklı dönemlerde farklı görüşler benimsenmiş olmakla birlikte, özünde pozitivizm ve araçsal akıl başta olmak üzere, modern kapitalist toplumsal düzen eleştirilmektedir. Aydınlanmanın, modernizmin ve modern aklın, kapitalizmin hizmetine girdiğinden yakınılmakta, bireylerin yaşamlarının kontrol edildiği ve onların belirli kalıplar içerisinde davranmaya zorlandığı bir sistemin varlığına karşı çıkılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, diğer kuramsal yaklaşımlardan ve ideolojilerden negatif ve eleştirel bir bakış açısına sahip olması nedeniyle farklılaşan Eleştirel Kuram’, Kamu Yönetimi disiplini ile ilişkilendirerek açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Kuramsal tartışmaların, analitik bir biçimde sistematize edilerek kurgulanmasıyla oluşturulacak metodoloji, çalışmanın inşa edilmesinde temel yöntem olarak kullanılacaktır.
Day-to-day art criticism and art theory are qualitatively distinct. Whereas the best art criticism entails a closeness to its objects which is attuned to particularity, art theory inherently makes generalized claims, whether these claims are extrapolated from the process of art criticism or not. However, this article argues that these dynamics are effectively reversed if we consider the disparity between the criticism of so-called political art and attempts over the last century to elaborate theory which accounts for the political in art qua art. Art theory has located the political force of art precisely in the way that its particularity opposes or resists the status quo. Art criticism, on the other hand, tends to treat artwork as a text to be interpreted whose particularity may as well dissolve when translated into discourse. Drawing from the work of Theodor W. Adorno, this article argues that political art theory calls for art criticism more attuned to experience if it is to elucidate art’s critical valence.
Goals and pathways to achieve sustainable urban development have multiple interlinkages with human health and wellbeing. However, these interlinkages have not been examined in depth in recent discussions on urban sustainability and global urban science. This paper fills that gap by elaborating in detail the multiple links between urban sustainability and human health and by mapping research gaps at the interface of health and urban sustainability sciences. As researchers from a broad range of disciplines, we aimed to: 1) define the process of urbanization, highlighting distinctions from related concepts to support improved conceptual rigour in health research; 2) review the evidence linking health with urbanization, urbanicity, and cities and identify cross-cutting issues; and 3) highlight new research approaches needed to study complex urban systems and their links with health. This novel, comprehensive knowledge synthesis addresses issue of interest across multiple disciplines. Our review of concepts of urban development should be of particular value to researchers and practitioners in the health sciences, while our review of the links between urban environments and health should be of particular interest to those outside of public health. We identify specific actions to promote health through sustainable urban development that leaves no one behind, including: integrated planning; evidence-informed policy-making; and monitoring the implementation of policies. We also highlight the critical role of effective governance and equity-driven planning in progress towards sustainable, healthy, and just urban development.
The policy studies literature is divided on how information processing takes place in policy processes. Punctuated equilibrium theory claims that policymakers tend to process information disproportionately, giving more weight to some incoming signals than to others. By contrast, thermostatic models of policymaking argue that policymakers respond in a more proportionate way. In this paper, we analyse information processing in the adoption of Total Allowable Catches (TACs) under the European Union’s (EU) Common Fisheries Policy. Based on a novel measure for the proportionality of information processing, it shows that over time TACs have become more closely aligned with incoming signals about fish stocks. This development can be explained through a combination of changing discourses around fisheries conservation and institutional adjustments in EU fisheries policy. This analysis has implications for the debate between punctuated equilibrium and thermostatic models of policymaking and our understanding of the effectiveness of EU fisheries policies.
The Spanish reproductive bioeconomy has bloomed in the last few decades. There are now over three hundred fertility clinics in Spain, which has become one of the main destinations for what is often called “reproductive tourism” in the European context. The phenomenon of assisted reproduction has been extensively studied within English-speaking countries of the global North, but not so much in the cluster of Spanish-speaking countries, with a few interesting exceptions. Following the invitation to collaborate in this special issue around reproduction in Latin America and Spain, we offer an analysis of how Spanish oocyte provision and domestic work function as part of global care chains (GCC). We will compare the results of two major projects: one focusing on domestic work and the other on egg donation programs, both in Spain. We will introduce different perspectives around care and GCC, discussing how transference of oocytes can be viewed as a type of feminized labor involving affective-care work, clinical work, and biological work. The framework of GCC, a concept used to unpack unjust power relations embedded in transferences of care in current neoliberal and globalized socio-economic arrangements, can help to enable a conversation on how transferences of reproductive capacity might be reinforcing the stratification of reproduction.
Carl von Clausewitz’ Denken über den Krieg steht paradigmatisch für ein instrumentelles Verständnis von Gewalt in der Politik. Gewalt ist für Clausewitz ein Mittel, das im Krieg verwendet wird, um politische Zwecke zu erreichen. Seit dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts ist jedoch die Ansicht weit verbreitet, dass Clausewitz’ Überlegungen keine Gültigkeit mehr besitzen. Gegenwärtige Formen des Krieges seien zwar gewaltsam, aber nicht mehr politisch, weil sie nicht allein von Staaten oder aus einer eng verstandenen Staatsräson heraus geführt werden. Der Einwand missversteht jedoch Clausewitz’ Begriff der Politik. Dieser soll im vorliegenden Aufsatz systematisch rekonstruiert werden. Dem zu entwickelnden Interpretationsvorschlag zufolge bezeichnet „Politik“ in Clausewitz’ theoretischem System zunächst einmal nur ganz allgemein eine Interaktion von zwei oder mehr Akteuren, die jeweils ihren Willen realisieren wollen, deren Willen sich jedoch nicht vollständig vereinen lassen. Krieg ist für Clausewitz dann solche Politik, die mit gewaltsamen Mitteln betrieben wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird argumentiert, dass Clausewitz’ Theorie des Krieges einen fruchtbaren Analyserahmen bietet, mit dem sich die Transformationen der politischen Gewalt von den Kabinettskriegen des 18. Jahrhunderts bis zu den „neuen Kriegen“ unserer Zeit nachvollziehen lassen.
Blockchain verspricht, Intermediäre wie Banken überflüssig zu machen und durch dezentrale Peer-to-Peer-Netzwerke zu ersetzen. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Frage nach der Realisierbarkeit dieser Ankündigung sowie danach, welche gesellschaftlichen Implikationen damit verbunden sind. Eine historisch informierte theoretische Analyse zeigt, dass die Erzeugung von Kreditgeld durch Banken ein für kapitalistische Gesellschaften existenzieller Vorgang ist. Die Fiktion des Geldwerts bedarf ihrerseits glaubwürdiger Intermediäre, die dauerhaft in der Lage sind, die zeitliche und räumliche Stabilität des Geldes zu inszenieren. Explorative Interviews mit Akteuren im Finanzsektor in Kombination mit einer inhaltsanalytischen Auswertung von einschlägigen Blogs, White Papers und Artikeln der Wirtschaftspresse lassen vermuten, dass Blockchain Intermediäre keineswegs ausschaltet, sondern diejenigen mächtiger werden lässt, die in der Lage sind, die Technologie ihren Bedürfnissen entsprechend umzugestalten.
Disagreement among philosophers over the proper justification for political institutions is far from a new phenomenon. Thus, it should not come as a surprise that there is substantial room for dissent on this matter within democratic theory. As is well known, instrumentalism and proceduralism represent the two primary viewpoints that democrats can adopt to vindicate democratic legitimacy. While the former notoriously derives the value of democracy from its outcomes, the latter claims that a democratic decision-making process is inherently valuable. This article has two aims. First, it introduces three variables with which we can thoroughly categorise the aforementioned approaches. Second, it argues that the more promising version of proceduralism is extrinsic, rather than intrinsic, and that extrinsically procedural accounts can appeal to other values in the justification of democracy without translating into instrumentalism. This article is organised as follows. I present what I consider to be the ‘implicit view’ in the justification of democracy. Then, I analyse each of the three variables in a different section. Finally, I raise an objection against procedural views grounded in relational equality, which cannot account for the idea that democracy is a necessary condition for political legitimacy.
This paper contributes to the clarification of the concept of “typicality” discussed in contemporary philosophy of physics by conceiving the nomological status of a typical behaviour such as that expressed in the Second Law of Thermodynamics as a “minutis rectis law”. A brief sketch of the discovery of “typicality” shows that there were ideas of typical behaviour not only in physics but also in sociology. On this basis and in analogy to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is shown that the nomological status of sociological laws such as Gresham’s Law can also be conceived as “minutis rectis laws”.
Dieser Beitrag reflektiert und ergänzt die aktuelle Diskussion über die Empfehlungen des Wissenschaftsrats zur Weiterentwicklung der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. Wir richten dabei den Blick auf die vom Wissenschaftsrat attestierten Schwachstellen im Bereich empirisch-analytischer Methoden und erläutern ihre Auswirkungen auf Interdisziplinarität, Internationalität und Politikberatung der deutschen Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. Wir argumentieren, unter Verweis auf den Bericht des Wissenschaftsrats, dass eine breitere Methodenausbildung und -kenntnis von großer Bedeutung für interdisziplinäre und internationale Zusammenarbeit, aber auch für die Politikberatung ist. Zukünftige Initiativen innerhalb der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung sollten die Methodenvielfalt des Forschungsbereichs angemessen berücksichtigen und einen besonderen Fokus auf die Ausbildung im Bereich empirisch-analytischer Methoden legen, um das Forschungsfeld in diesem Bereich zu stärken. Unser Beitrag entspringt einer Diskussion innerhalb des Arbeitskreises „Empirische Methoden der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung“ der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Friedens- und Konfliktforschung.
Der Akteurscharakter der BRICS-Staaten : eine qualitative Untersuchung mit der Grounded Theory
(2020)
Die Abschlussarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der zentralen Fragestellung: Welchen Akteurscharakter besitzen die BRICS-Staaten? Zur Beantwortung ist mit der Grounded Theory eine rekonstruktionslogische Herangehensweise gewählt worden, um das Phänomen zu untersuchen. Für den Forschungsprozess ist auf die Software MAXQDA zurückgegriffen worden. Als Ergebnis werden die BRICS-Staaten als „Kooperationsmodell der Nichteinmischung“ betitelt.
Diese Masterarbeit fragt nach Anschlussmöglichkeiten der Schriften Bruno Latours an die Postwachstumsdiskussion an der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. Im ersten Schritt wird die Jenaer Debatte um Degrowth in der Tradition der kritischen Theorie verortet und inhaltlich anhand der Begriffe der »Wachstumskritik« und der »sozial-ökologischen Transformation« rekonstruiert. Zweitens folgt die Rekonstruktion Latours anhand dreier Werkphasen seit Anfang der 90ger Jahre. Im dritten Schritt geht es darum, Latour mit der Jenaer Debatte ins Gespräch zu bringen. Dabei stößt der Autor auf einen sozial-theoretischen Graben zwischen beiden Denkschulen. Das darf allerdings nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass Latours Werke viele praktische Anknüpfungspunkte bereithalten, wie eine sozial-ökologische Transformation im Sinne der Postwachstumsdebatte gelingen kann.
As a network researcher, sociologist Professor Christian Stegbauer also deals with communication in social media. That people prefer to stay in a bubble with like-minded others rather than get to grips with different opinions and ways of thinking was in his view inherent to digital communication from the outset. He considers many of the utopian ideas of a digital culture of participation to be exaggerated.
Interview mit dem Soziologen Christian Stegbauer: Der Soziologe Prof. Christian Stegbauer beschäftigt sich als Netzwerkforscher auch mit Kommunikation in Social Media. Dass sich Menschen lieber in einer Blase gleichdenkender Akteure aufhalten, anstatt sich mit anderen Meinungen und Denkformen zu beschäftigen, war seiner Ansicht nach der digitalen Kommunikation von Anfang an inhärent. Viele der utopischen Vorstellungen von einer digitalen Partizipationskultur hält er für übertrieben.
We analyze the relations between ethnographic data and theory through an examination of materiality in research practices, arguing that data production is a form of material theorizing. This entails reviewing and (re-)applying practice-theoretical discussions on materiality to questions of ethnography, and moving from understanding theory primarily as ideas to observing theorizing in all steps of research practice. We introduce “pocketing” as a heuristic concept to analyze how and when ethnographic data materializes: the concept defines data’s materiality relationally, through the affective and temporal dimensions of practice. It is discussed using two examples: in a study on everyday architectural experience where ethnographic data materialized as bodies affected by architecture; and in a study on digital cooperation where research data’s materialization was distributed over time according to the use of a company database. By conceptualizing data’s materiality as practice-bound, “pocketing” facilitates understanding the links between data and theory in ethnographic data production.
Türkisch-russische Zentralasienpolitik : geopolitische Rivalität oder strategische Partnerschaft?
(2020)
Die türkisch-russische Geschichte ist eine Geschichte der Rivalitäten. Sie wird wegen 15 Kriege zwischen den beiden Staaten als konflikthaft bezeichnet. Ihren 1. Krieg führten die beiden Staaten wegen Zentralasien, um das Khanat Astrachan (1568–1570). Der Untersuchungszeitraum dieser Dissertation erstreckt sich von diesem Datum bis zum Ende 2019. In diesem Zeitraum rivalisierten die Türkei und Russland geopolitisch in Zentralasien. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die türkisch-russische Zentralasienpolitik, bzw. darauf, wie die Türkei und Russland auf ihre gegenseitige Zentralasienpolitik reagieren, warum sie in Zentralasien geopolitisch rivalisieren (1. Forschungsfrage) und ob in Zukunft eine türkisch-russische strategische Partnerschaft in Zentralasien möglich ist (2. Forschungsfrage). Politikwissenschaftlich sind diese Fragen von großer Relevanz, weil eine mögliche türkisch-russische strategische Partnerschaft die gesamten Machtverhältnisse der Welt verändern würde.
Der Sammelband widmet sich dem Verhältnis von Erziehungswissenschaft, Medienpädagogik und Online-Forschung. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet die Frage, welche Bedeutung die umfassende Mediatisierung und Digitalisierung beinahe aller Lebensbereiche für Gesellschaft und Individuen aus einer erziehungswissenschaftlichen Perspektive hat. In den Fokus gerückt werden hier die mit dem digitalen Wandel verbundenen theoretisch-begrifflichen wie empirisch-methodischen Herausforderungen für die (medienpädagogische) Forschung, insbesondere die Online-Forschung.
Die bisherigen erziehungswissenschaftlichen und medienpädagogischen Diskurse zur Forschung im und mit dem Internet können als verstreut und disparat bezeichnet werden. Ziel dieses Bandes ist es daher zum einen, die (medien-) pädagogischen Zugänge zur Online-Forschung zu bündeln, zu diskutieren und zu bilanzieren. Zum anderen werden die Herausforderungen des skizzierten Wandels für die Online-Forschung in theoretisch-methodologischer, methodischer und forschungsthematischer Hinsicht in den Blick genommen.
In the recent decades, privacy scholarship has made significant progress. Most of it was achieved in monodisciplinary works. However, privacy has a deeply interdisciplinary nature. Most importantly, societies as well as individuals experience privacy as being influenced by legal, technical, and social norms and structures. In this article, we hence attempt to connect insights of different academic disciplines into a joint model, an Interdisciplinary Privacy and Communication Model. The model differentiates four different elements: communication context, protection needs, threat and risk analysis, as well as protection enforcement. On the one hand, with this model, we aim to describe how privacy unfolds. On the other hand, the model also prescribes how privacy can be furnished and regulated. As such, the model contributes to a general understanding of privacy as a theoretical guide and offers a practical basis to address new challenges of the digital age.
La Escuela de Frankfurt ha jugado un papel determinante en la recepción posterior del Empirismo Lógico. Sin embargo, la revisión histórica del Empirismo Lógico ha revelado que esta visión partía de ciertas simplificaciones que no hacían justicia a la diversidad y complejidad de posturas que el movimiento incluía. En El ataque más reciente a la Metafísica Horkheimer sostiene que el positivismo es necesariamente irreflexivo y ahistórico en su explicación de las ciencias, y que su carencia de una teoría social que las contextualice lo vuelve incapaz de criticar el rol de la ciencia y de la razón instrumental en su aceptación del orden establecido, comprometiéndolo con una visión conservadora de la política. Se problematizará la atribución hecha al Empirismo Lógico de sostener una concepción de “razón instrumental” generalizada, y se sostendrá que, desde la visión de Neurath, el carácter auto-reflexivo de la ciencia admite una consideración crítica de los fines y propósitos del conocimiento.
Populists in the EU often call for restrictions on EU immigrants’ access to welfare rights. These calls are often demagogic and parochial. This paper aims to show what exactly is both distinct and problematic with these populist calls from a normative point of view while not necessarily reducible to demagogy and parochialism. The overall aim of the paper is not to argue that all populists call for such restrictions nor to claim that all calls for such restrictions are populist. The purpose of the paper is rather humble. It only aims to show that populist calls for restrictions on EU immigrants’ access to welfare rights are characterised by two normatively problematic arguments that target two different subsets of the citizenry: what I dub for the purpose of this paper the moralists and the immoralists. It is the way populists address these two subsets of the citizenry, as well as the fact that they could simultaneously appeal to the concerns of both groups, that makes populist approaches to welfare rights both conceptually distinct to other approaches as well as potentially politically appealing to a more diverse population of voters.
Schon früh im 19. Jahrhundert wurde der Treibhauseffekt entdeckt. Doch bis sich die Menschheit ihres Einflusses auf das globale Klima bewusst wurde, hat es noch viele Jahrzehnte gedauert. Ein Rückblick auf das zähe Ringen darum, aus wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen die richtigen politischen Schritte abzuleiten.
Die Menschheit sieht sich mit dem drohenden Zerfall ihrer Existenzgrundlage konfrontiert: Die Folgen des menschengemachten Klimawandels sind global zunehmend sichtbar und betreffen immer mehr Regionen (IPCC 2019: o. S.). Diese Auswirkungen zeigen sich auf sozialer wie auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene: Die Kosten der bereits entstandenen Klimaschäden sind für beide genannten Bereiche enorm (Edenhofer et al. 2019: 22). Wissenschaftler*innen sind bei der Suche nach einem Ausweg aus dieser Krisensituation zu dem Schluss gekommen, dass die Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen dringend nötig ist, um den menschengemachten Klimawandel einzudämmen (IPCC 2019: o. S.). Die von Wissenschaftler*innen als am effizientesten bewertete Maßnahme zur Reduktion der ausgestoßenen CO2-Emissionen ist die Bepreisung ebendieser in Form einer CO2-Steuer (Bundesrat 2018: 78; vgl., Gagnebin et al. 2019; Tiezzi 2005: 1598; Williams III et al. 2015: 195). Mittlerweile haben vierzig Länder und über zwanzig Städte eine derartige Maßnahme eingeführt oder entwerfen Konzepte zur Etablierung ebendieser (Farrell 2015: 31). Problematisch ist jedoch, dass die CO2-Abgabe häufig mit einem regressiven Effekt einhergeht und dementsprechend besonders finanziell vulnerable Gruppen überproportional belastet. Am Fallbeispiel der Schweiz untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit, inwiefern sich die CO2-Lenklungsabgabe auf ökonomisch vulnerable Gruppen auswirkt. Das Untersuchungsjahr ist hierbei 2018. Mithilfe der intersektionalen Theorie sowie der Methode des Gender Impact Assessments herausgearbeitet, welche Vulnerabilitätsaspekte neben dem Einkommen einen Anhaltspunkt für eine überproportionale ökonomische Belastung durch die CO2-Lenkungsabgabe darstellen.
Personalized campaign styles are of increasing importance in contemporary election campaigns at all levels of politics. Surprisingly, we know little about their implications for the behavior of successful candidates once they take public office. This paper aims to fill this gap in empirical and theoretical ways. It shows that campaign personalization results in legislative personalization. Legislators that ran personalized campaigns are found to be more likely to deviate in roll call votes and to take independent positions on the floor. These findings result from a novel dataset that matches survey evidence on candidates’ campaign styles in the 2009 German Federal Elections with the legislative behavior of successful candidates in the 17th German Bundestag (2009–2013). Combining data from the campaign and legislative arenas allows us to explore the wider consequences of campaign personalization.
Responsiveness is a core value in democratic politics. Individual legislators are important mechanisms for implementing this concern in real‐world settings and thus facilitating responsive government. This introduction to the special section on this topic starts out by highlighting the special relevance of individual legislators in this regard and by sketching important theoretical considerations that emerge from the political science literature on this issue. In its main part, it summarizes the key findings of the contributions in relation to its main theme, namely the personal sources of responsiveness. We end with a short conclusion that reflects on possible tensions between responsiveness and the personalization of representative systems.
Markeninszenierung in Japan - zur narrativen Konstruktion der Lifestyle-Marken "Muji" und "Uniqlo"
(2020)
Die Einzelhandelsketten "Muji" und "Uniqlo" gelten als Musterbeispiele für international erfolgreiche Lifestyle-Marken aus Japan. Aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive heraus identifiziert Christiane Rühle die Strukturen und Akteure dieser spezifischen Markeninszenierungen und arbeitet die dazugehörigen Positionen, Mittel und zentralen Motive heraus. Sie fragt im Kontext von unternehmensbezogener und nationalstaatlicher Imagebildung nach den Bezügen zwischen Konsum, Kultur und Identität und fokussiert dabei auf die Rolle, die privatwirtschaftliche Unternehmen innerhalb dieses Prozesses einnehmen.
This essay explores the problem of legitimation crises in deliberative systems. For some time now, theorists of deliberative democracy have started to embrace a “systemic approach.” But if deliberative democracy is to be understood in the context of a system of multiple moving parts, then we must confront the possibility that that system’s dynamics may admit of breakdowns, contradictions, and tendencies toward crisis. Yet such crisis potentials remain largely unexplored in deliberative theory. The present article works toward rectifying this lacuna, using the 2016 Brexit and Trump votes as examples of a particular kind of “legitimation crisis” that results in a sequence of failures in the deliberative system. Drawing on recent work of Rainer Forst, I identify this particular kind of legitimation crisis as a “justification crisis.”
Psychotherapists in mental health institutions as a professional group are part of the medical system, and from this perspective, as representing an occupation that serves the public health interests, as well as those of the individual seeking help. Despite the different existing therapeutic approaches and diverse forms of therapy deriving from these approaches critical theories, however, consider psychotherapy as a profession with a specific jurisdictional claim and own highly specific interests. In contrast to most of the recent discussion around therapy culture, in this article, I argue that sociology and social theory could benefit from an understanding of psychotherapy as a profession with a separate logic and claim for jurisdiction for mental health. Moreover, I present some general trends showing that, regarding psychotherapy, we face a concurrence of a professionalisation, and simultaneously, an already ongoing deprofessionalisation. To develop my argument, I first discuss the perspectives of sociology of the psychotherapy professions. Second, I present the potential lack of professionalism in four dimensions. Third, I discuss possible tendencies of deprofessionalisation. Finally, I conclude by pointing out the importance of theorising the psychotherapy professions for medical sociology.
With a growing Muslim population, many European countries need to integrate Muslims into their societies. One aspect that can hinder successful integration are substantial differences in human values. This is because such values are consequential for attitudes as well as behavior. We compare basic human values between Muslim immigrants and non-Muslim natives in four European countries with distinct immigration histories and integration politics: Belgium, France, Germany, and Sweden. For most insightful comparisons, we contrast values of Muslim immigrants with those of Christian natives as well as those of non-religious natives. We employ data of more than 50,000 individuals based on the first eight waves of the European Social Survey. Our findings reveal significant differences in value priorities between Muslims, Christians and non-religious individuals in all four countries. Amongst other things, Muslim immigrants score particularly high in conservation values (security and tradition/conformity). At the same time, they also score higher in self-transcendence values (benevolence as well as universalism). While many of these findings are in line with theory and previous research, the higher score in universalism is unexpected. A potential explanation is the combination of religious traditionalism and discrimination experiences. In other words, religious traditions are associated with more conservative views, but being subject to marginalization can still result in an appreciation of equal opportunities. We find only limited support for differences in hedonism. Religiosity correlates with values of tradition/conformity for Muslim immigrants as well as for Christian natives. Thus, accounting for religiosity renders differences in these values between Muslims and other groups statistically insignificant. While most of these findings hold in all countries, differences are most pronounced in Sweden and lower in the other three countries, which is also true after accounting for differences in socio-economic status and religiosity between the three groups. This suggests that a combination of a country's history of diversity and national integration policies either encourages the convergence of values or leads to a solidification of value differences between groups. We discuss these political and social implications of our findings.
Voting advice applications (VAAs) are online tools providing voting advice to their users. This voting advice is based on the match between the answers of the user and the answers of several political parties to a common questionnaire on political attitudes. To visualize this match, VAAs use a wide array of visualisations, most popular of which are the two-dimensional political maps. These maps show the position of both the political parties and the user in the political landscape, allowing the user to understand both their own position and their relation to the political parties. To construct these maps, VAAs require scales that represent the main underlying dimensions of the political space. This makes the correct construction of these scales important if the VAA aims to provide accurate and helpful voting advice. This paper presents three criteria that assess if a VAA achieves this aim. To illustrate their usefulness, these three criteria—unidimensionality, reliability and quality—are used to assess the scales in the cross-national EUVox VAA, a VAA designed for the European Parliament elections of 2014. Using techniques from Mokken scaling analysis and categorical principal component analysis to capture the metrics, I find that most scales show low unidimensionality and reliability. Moreover, even while designers can—and sometimes do—use certain techniques to improve their scales, these improvements are rarely enough to overcome all of the problems regarding unidimensionality, reliability and quality. This leaves certain problems for the designers of VAAs and designers of similar type online surveys.
Das Staatsangehörigkeitsrecht verankert rechtlich Vorstellungen über Zugehörigkeit und bestimmt wer vollumfängliche Rechte in einer Gesellschaft hat und wer nicht. Jahrzehntelang wurde Migration in Deutschland als etwas temporäres betrachtet. Im Staatsangehörigkeitsrecht galt bis zur Reform 1999/2000 weitgehend das „ius sanguinis“, das Abstammungsrecht, das auf einem rassistischen und völkischen Staatsverständnis beruht. Diese Reform bedeutete somit mehr als eine reine Gesetzesänderung. Sie war eine Anerkennung Deutschlands als Einwanderungsland und die Veränderung der Vorstellung deutscher Identität. Als Reaktion entbrannte infolge der Reformpläne eine hitzige, rassistische Debatte in der Öffentlichkeit über ebendiese Fragen, die unter dem polarisierten Schlagwort „Doppelpass“ verhandelt wurde. Es war die lauteste migrationspolitische Debatte dieser Zeit.
Kurze Zeit vor Beginn dieser Debatte war die rechtsterroristische Gruppe „Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund“ (NSU) abgetaucht, um einem Haftbefehl zu entgehen. Der NSU war ein deutsches, neonazistisches Netzwerk, in dessen Mittelpunkt drei Terrorist*innen standen. Sie verübten über einen Zeitraum von zwölf Jahren eine rassistische Mordserie an neun Personen türkischer, kurdischer und griechischer Herkunft sowie drei Sprengstoffanschläge auf migrantische Orte und ermordeten eine Polizistin. Den ersten ihrer Sprengstoffanschläge begingen sie nur einen Monat nach der Unterzeichnung der Reform. Wenige Monate nach dem Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes begannen sie mit dem Anschlag auf Enver Şimşek ihre rassistische Mordserie.
Diese Arbeit untersucht anhand der Struktur der Historisch-Materialistischen Politikanalyse das Migrationsregime um die Staatsangehörigkeitsreform von 1999/2000 und wie der NSU darin verortet werden kann.
Die Kontextanalyse stellt auf der Grundlage einer Literaturrecherche die relevanten historischen und strukturellen Faktoren der Debatte sowie des NSU dar. Im nächsten Schritt werden mithilfe einer Analyse von Zeitungsartikel aus dieser Zeit die relevanten Akteur*innen identifiziert und in die vier Hegemonieprojekte neoliberal, sozial, linksliberal-alternativ und konservativ gruppiert. Darauffolgend wird der Ablauf der Debatte in vier Phasen darstellt und als Aushandlung der vier Hegemonieprojekte rekonstruiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass kein Projekt sich vollumfänglich durchsetzen und Hegemonie erreichen konnte, sie jedoch unterschiedlich stark in den Medien repräsentiert wurden.
Im letzten Schritt betrachtet diese Arbeit Verbindungen dieser Migrationsregime-Analyse zum NSU. Sie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der NSU kein Akteur im Migrationsregime um die Staatsangehörigkeitsdebatte von 1998/99 war. Aufgrund der geringen Erkenntnisse über spezifische Meinungen des NSU zum Staatsangehörigkeitsrecht, können keine kausalen Beziehungen hergestellt werden. Dennoch zeigt diese Arbeit Gemeinsamkeiten in den Weltbildern, Annahmen und migrationspolitischen Zielen des NSU, des konservativen Hegemonieprojektes sowie Teilen der Bevölkerung auf. Dadurch wird ein Beitrag dazu geleistet den NSU als Produkt und Teil der deutschen Gesellschaft zu begreifen.
Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzungen mit dem Sinnerleben Beschäftigter thematisieren vor allem die Problematik eines belastungsbedingten Sinnverlustes. Danach leiden immer mehr Beschäftigte darunter, ihre Arbeit nicht mehr als sinnvoll empfinden zu können. Eine solche Perspektive lässt allerdings die subjektiven Gestaltungsleistungen und Aneignungsformen von Arbeit aus dem Blick geraten. Diesen wendet sich der Beitrag zu, indem er danach fragt, inwieweit sich unterschiedliche Formen der Aneignung von Arbeit identifizieren lassen. Auf der Basis von Interviews mit vierzig hochqualifizierten Beschäftigten werden drei unterschiedliche Aneignungsmodi mit ihren inhärenten Ambivalenzen identifiziert. Jeder Modus steht für eine spezifische Sichtweise auf die eigenen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten und für eine Form der primären Sinnzuschreibung in der Arbeit. Differenziert werden drei Idealtypen – „progressive Sinngestaltung“, „widerständige Sinnbewahrung“ sowie „pragmatische Sinnbewahrung“ –, anhand derer die Heterogenität und die Ambivalenzen der Aneignung professioneller Arbeit deutlich werden. Der Beitrag liefert so Erkenntnisse über die subjektiven Praktiken des Bedeutsam-Machens von Arbeit und trägt zur Erforschung des Zusammenspiels von Arbeit und Subjektivität bei.
Methoden
(2020)
Rezension zu: Akremi, Leila, Nina Baur, Hubert Knoblauch und Boris Traue (Hrsg.): Handbuch Interpretativ forschen. Weinheim, Basel: Beltz Juventa 2018. 961 Seiten. ISBN: 978-3-7799-3126-3. Preis: C 49,95.
After a recent spate of terrorist attacks in European and American cities, liberal democracies are reintroducing emergency securitarian measures (ESMs) that curtail rights and/or expand police powers. Political theorists who study ESMs are familiar with how such measures become instruments of discrimination and abuse, but the fundamental conflict ESMs pose for not just civil liberty but also democratic equality still remains insufficiently explored. Such phenomena are usually explained as a function of public panic or fear-mongering in times of crisis, but I show that the tension between security and equality is in fact much deeper and more general. It follows a different logic than the more familiar tension between security and liberty, and it concerns not just the rule of law in protecting liberty but also the role of law in integrating new or previously subjected groups into a democratic community. As liberal-democratic societies become increasingly diverse and multicultural in the present era of mass immigration and global interconnectedness, this tension between security and equality is likely to become more pronounced.
L’arrêt Lüth – 50 ans après
(2019)
Même 50 ans plus tard, l’arrêt Lüth, rendu par la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale le 15 janvier 1958, n’a rien perdu de son actualité. Il confère durablement à la liberté d’expression un rang primordial pour le débat public démocratique et marque le point de départ du développement d’une dogmatique des droits fondamentaux spécifiquement allemande, à l’origine d’un renforcement des compétences et de la puissance particulières de la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale. Les raisons qui expliquent l’approche particulière de résolution de conflits entre droits suivie dans l’arrêt Lüth ne laissent pas présager un abandon de cette jurisprudence, abandon qui ne serait d’ailleurs ni souhaitable ni réaliste.
Within the last decades, western democracies have experienced a rise of inequality, with the gap between lower and upper class citizens steadily increasing and a widespread sentiment of growing inequalities also in the political sphere. Against this background, and in the context of the current “crisis of democracy”, democratic innovations such as direct democratic instruments are discussed as a very popular means to bring citizens back in. However, research on direct democracy has produced rather inconsistent results with regard to the question of which effects referenda and initiatives have on equality. Studies in this field are often limited to single countries and certain aspects of equality. Moreover, most existing studies look at the mere availability of direct democratic instruments instead of actual bills that are put to a vote. This paper aims to take a first step to fill these gaps by giving an explorative overview of the outputs of direct democratic bills on multiple equality dimensions, analyzing all national referenda and initiatives in European democracies between 1990 and 2015. How many pro- and contra-equality bills have been put to a vote, how many of those succeeded at the ballot, and are there differences between country groups? Our findings show that a majority of direct democratic bills was not related to equality at all. Regarding the successful bills, we detect some regional differences along with the general tendency that there are more pro- than contra-equality bills. Our paper sheds new light on the question if direct democracy can serve as an appropriate means to complement representative democracy and to shape democratic institutions in the future. The potential of direct democracy in fostering or impeding equality should be an important criterion for the assessment of claims to extend decision-making by citizens.
This article analyzes and criticizes the temporal orientation of Catherine Lu’s theory of colonial redress in Justice and Reconciliation in World Politics. Lu argues that colonial historic injustice can, with few exceptions, justify special reparative measures only if these past injustices still contribute to structural injustice in contemporary social relations. Focusing on Indigenous peoples, I argue that the structural injustice approach can and should incorporate further backward looking elements. First, I examine how Lu’s account has backward-looking elements not present in other structural injustice accounts. Second, I suggest how the structural injustice approach could include additional backward-looking features. I presuppose here, with Lu, that all agents connected to an unjust social structure have a forwardlooking political responsibility to reform this structure, regardless of their relation (or lack thereof) to victims or perpetrators of historic injustice. However, I suggest that agents with connections to historic injustice can occupy a social position that makes them differently situated than other agents within that same structure, leading to differences in how these agents should discharge their forward-looking responsibility and differentiated liability for failure to do so. Third, I argue that Lu obscures the importance of rectifying material dispossession. Reparations, pace Lu, can be justified beyond a minimum threshold of disadvantage. Theorists of settler colonialism and Indigenous scholars show how the dispossession of Indigenous land can be seen as a structure that has not yet ended. I conclude by arguing that rectification can be a precondition for genuine reconciliation.
Structural alienation: Lu's structural approach to reconciliation from within a relational framework
(2019)
In Justice and Reconciliation in World Politics Catherine Lu argues that structural reconciliation, rather than interactional reconciliation, ought to be the primary normative goal for political reconciliation efforts. I suggest that we might have good reason to want to retain relational approaches – such as that of Linda Radzik – as the primary focus of reconciliatory efforts, but that Lu’s approach is invaluable for identifying the parties who ought to bear responsibility for those efforts in cases of structural injustice. First, I outline Lu’s analysis of reconciliation, where she argues for the normative priority of structural approaches within the global political sphere, and propose that it will be useful to identify whether or not a relational account could instead identify underlying structural injustices. Second, I examine one particular relational account of reconciliation (based on Radzik’s account of atonement) and argue that this type of account brings to light underlying structural injustices of the kind Lu is concerned with. Finally, I identify an issue for relational accounts in identifying relevant responsible parties for reconciliation before returning to Lu’s structural account to address this gap.
La sfida del nominalismo alla realtà degli universali (sia in filosofia che in teologia) è stata un motore del pensiero moderno. Tradotta in termini estetici, ha favorito la resistenza alle generiche convenzioni e ha contribuito a minare le nozioni essenzialiste della forma estetica. Theodor W. Adorno ebbe una risposta tipicamente dialettica al nominalismo, plaudendo alla sua sovversione delle reificazioni categoriche, ma allarmato dal suo livellamento indiscriminato della distinzione tra concetto e oggetto, che poteva anche cancellare la distinzione tra opere d'arte e oggetti di uso quotidiano. In termini musicali, ha apprezzato l'enfasi nominalista sui singoli lavori rispetto alle generiche categorie formali e ha elogiato la rivoluzione atonale di Arnold Schoenberg. Ma era anche consapevole del fatto che, portato all'estremo, il nominalismo poteva condurre al dominio soggettivo di una natura considerata priva di proprie caratteristiche essenziali. Nella sua tardiva riflessione sulla musique informelle, ammirò una musica che evitava sia le categorie reificate che il dominio soggettivo dell'apparente contingenza del mondo materiale, una musica che esprimeva un nominalismo che avrebbe potuto essere meglio chiamato "magico" piuttosto che "convenzionale".
This essay reflects on the convergence between Jürgen Habermas’ work and the theoretical framework put forward by the Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt, arguing in favor of the characteristics of the Frankfurt school in Habermas and pointing out research possibilities in the field of Organizational Studies (OS). We discuss the essential theoretical aspects of the work by Horkheimer (1975) “Traditional and Critical Theory,” and produce a critique on the use of generational chronology as the main criterion for understanding the intellectual movement of the Frankfurt School. The methodology is based on the critique of the interpretation using the philosophical hermeneutics (RICOEUR, 1990) and observes the propositional nature of an interpretation offered in theoretical essays (MENEGUETTI, 2011). To support the provocative proposition of this work, we establish a dialogue with authors such as Bottomore (2001), Freitag (2004), Nobre (2004), and Melo (2013)) discussing a non-generational characterization of the Frankfurt School’s members and the proximity of Habermas in relation to the pioneer works on the Critical Theory. We believe that (i) the re-reading of the emancipatory purpose (HABERMAS, 2002); (ii) the deconstruction of the impartiality of the scientific knowledge (HABERMAS, 1987); (iii) and the incorporation of the philosophy of language into the Frankfurtian social criticism (HABERMAS, 2012) are important contributions of Habermas to the Frankfurt’s critical theory. As for a proposal for the field of organizational studies, this esseay concludes that recognizing Habermas as a Critical Theory scholar of the Frankfurt School may constitute a new research agenda for the field. The contribution of this essay lies in helping researchers in the field of Organizational Studies to understand Habermas’ work differently and not as a non-critical or utopian production. In this perspective, it is clear that Habermas’ intellectual production is politically engaged in contemporary social problems, which is a dimension neglected by the researchers of the field of Organizational Studies in Brazil.
Relying on the theory of Saward (2010) and Disch (2015), we study political representation through the lens of representative claim-making. We identify a gap between the theoretical concept of claim-making and the empirical (quantitative) assessment of representative claims made in the real world’s representative contexts. Therefore, we develop a new approach to map and quantify representative claims in order to subsequently measure the reception and validation of the claims by the audience. To test our method, we analyse all the debates of the German parliament concerned with the introduction of the gender quota in German supervisory boards from 2013 to 2017 in a two-step process. At first, we assess which constituencies the MPs claim to represent and how they justify their stance. Drawing on multiple correspondence analysis, we identify different claim patterns. Second, making use of natural language processing techniques and logistic regression on social media data, we measure if and how the asserted claims in the parliamentary debates are received and validated by the respective audience. We come to the conclusion that the constituency as ultimate judge of legitimacy has not been comprehensively conceptualized yet.
L’omaggio di due amici
(2019)
Il primo maggio del 2009 è stato celebrato presso il St Anthony’s College di Oxford l’ottantesimo compleanno di Ralf Dahrendorf. Nell’occasione si è tenuto, in sua presenza, un seminario internazionale nel quale si è affrontato, nelle diverse prospettive tipiche delle scienze sociali, il topos della libertà, un tema che è stato la stella polare della sua vita di pensatore a cavallo tra mondo accademico ed impegno politico. L’evento è stato coordinato dal professor Timothy Garton Ash che SMP ringrazia caldamente per aver autorizzato la pubblicazione, qui di seguito, di due importanti interventi ora raccolti nel libro da lui stesso curato On Liberty.The Dahrendorf Questions (University of Oxford, 2009).
Vor der Bundestagswahl 2017 zeichnete der Bonner Politikwissenschaftler Frank Decker das Bild einer dramatischen Ausgangslage:
"Eine neue Ära der Unsicherheit und Instabilität scheint in Europa und der westlichen Welt angebrochen zu sein, die bisherige Gewissheiten in Frage stellt. Dass rechtspopulistische Parteien in Kernländern der Europäischen Union wie Frankreich oder Österreich in die Nähe der Mehrheitsfähigkeit gelangen könnten, hätte vor zwei oder drei Jahren kaum jemand für möglich gehalten – ebenso wenig wie einen Sieg des 'Nichtpolitikers' Donald Trump bei der US-amerikanischen Präsidentschaftswahl oder den von populistischen EU-Gegnern befeuerten 'Brexit' in Großbritannien."
Im Ergebnis der Bundestagswahl 2017 zogen sieben Parteien in den derzeitigen 19. Deutschen Bundestag ein. Lediglich nach seiner ersten Wahl 1949 waren mehr Parteien in den Bundestag eingezogen. Die 1962 von Ossip Kurt Flechtheim formulierte These, beim Rückgang der Parteien habe man es "nicht mit einem Intermezzo, sondern mit einem irreversiblen Trend zu tun", dürfte damit als widerlegt gelten.
Diese Anzahl an Parteien beschwor sogleich eine Angst vor "Weimar"; so waren bei der Reichstagswahl am 6. November 1932, der letzten vor der Ernennung Adolf Hitlers zum Reichskanzler, 13 Parteien in das deutsche Parlament eingezogen.
Horst Möller, der frühere Direktor des Münchener Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, sah sich angesichts der Umfragen im Vorfeld der Wahl 2017 in einem Beitrag für die Frankfurter Allgemeine zu der Frage veranlasst: "Ist Berlin schon deshalb in Gefahr, Weimar zu werden, nur weil die Zahl der im Bundestag vertretenen Parteien steigt?"
Michael Stürmer, der 1986 im "Historikerstreit" als Gegenpol zu Jürgen Habermas für eine heute erneut in der Diskussion stehende positive Besetzung der Begriffe "Patriotismus" und "Nation" geworben hatte, nahm sein Urteil zu der Frage im an Fritz René Allemann angelehnten Titel seines Beitrags "Bonn war nicht Weimar – und Berlin ist es auch nicht" vorweg. So hielt Ernst Forsthoff bereits 1950 fest, dass "das Grundgesetz wirksame Vorkehrungen getroffen hat, um verfassungsfeindliche Parteien zu unterdrücken und von der Wahlbewerbung fernzuhalten".
Als eine "Lehre aus den Weimarer Verhältnissen" gilt dennoch die explizite Sperrklausel von fünf Prozent der Gesamtstimmenzahl zur Begrenzung der Parteienanzahl, die zur Bundestagswahl 1949 bezogen auf die einzelnen Bundesländer eingeführt und 1953 auf das Bundesgebiet ausgeweitet worden war. 1956 wurde zusätzlich die Zahl der Grundmandate, die es einer Partei ermöglichen, unabhängig von der Sperrklausel in das Parlament einzuziehen, von einem auf drei erhöht.
Der hohe Stellenwert der "Sicherstellung eines 'gut geordneten' arbeitsfähigen Parlaments" wird daran deutlich, dass bei der Bundestagswahl 2017 die Nichtberücksichtigung von 2,3 Millionen Wählerstimmen, die auf nicht in den Bundestag eingezogenen "seltsamen Politikphantasten" entfielen, in Kauf genommen wurde.
In Diskrepanz hierzu stehen die Urteile des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (BVerfG), welches im November 2011 eine Fünfprozent- und im Februar 2014 eine Dreiprozenthürde für die Europawahlen als verfassungswidrig verwarf.
Auch bei Kommunalwahlen gelten solche Regelungen "heute nach der Rechtsprechung des BVerfG als unzulässig", wie zuletzt im November 2017 für Nordrhein-Westfalen bestätigt wurde.
Angesichts der Diskrepanz in der Behandlung der Kleinparteien und ausgehend von der These Ossip Kurt Flechtheims, "auch eine kleinere Partei kann das politische Leben bereichern und anregen", und beflügelt von der Voraussicht Uwe Kranenpohls und Oskar Niedermayers, dass "Klein- und Kleinstparteien in Zukunft an Bedeutung gewinnen", fragt diese Arbeit nach den Möglichkeiten und dem Willen der Kleinparteien, das Politikgeschehen zu beeinflussen, was an der Stadtverordnetenversammlung (StVV) der Stadt Frankfurt am Main untersucht wird.
Nach einer Skizze der Forschungslage wird zunächst der Untersuchungsgegenstand inhaltlich und terminologisch verortet, um eindeutig festzulegen, welchen Bereich der Parteienforschung diese Arbeit betrachtet.
Hierzu werden die untersuchten Parteien sowie die im weiteren Verlauf betrachteten als auch nicht betrachteten Forschungsaspekte genannt und aufgezeigt, wie der Parteibegriff juristisch als auch politikwissenschaftlich verstanden wird, um daraus eine Nominaldefinition für diese Arbeit abzuleiten. Anschließend werden die in der Forschung unterschiedlichen Begrifflichkeiten für kleine Parteien rezipiert und der für die Zwecke dieser Arbeit geeignete Begriff herausgearbeitet. Solche Begriffsdefinitionen sind für die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung unerlässlich: "Sie ermöglichen die Kommunikation über Gegenstände und dienen der Klassifikation." Es folgt eine Darstellung einiger Konzepte von Parteitypologien, die auf ihre Anwendbarkeit bezüglich des Untersuchungsgegenstandes diskutiert werden.
Anschließend werden Ansätze zur Aufgabe von Parteien, Oppositionsparteien und Kleinparteien rezipiert. Ziel dieses Abschnittes der Arbeit ist es, herauszustellen, inwieweit Kleinparteien auf den Politikbetrieb Einfluss nehmen können und Forschungshypothesen für die Rolle der betrachteten Kleinparteien zu formulieren.
Im weiteren Abschnitt der Arbeit werden die betrachteten Kleinparteien knapp vorgestellt, um dem Leser eine kurze Übersicht zu geben, ohne eine vertiefende inhaltliche Analyse der Parteiprogramme anzustreben.
Im Analyseabschnitt der Arbeit werden zunächst die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen analytisch-deskriptiv betrachtet. Dies ist notwendig, da diese rechtlichen Bedingungen die Eckpfeiler der Arbeit der Parteien vorgeben. Dem schließt eine empirische-quantitative Auswertung von Sitzungen der StVV an, in der die Arbeit der Parteien analysiert wird, sowie eine Auswertung der Wahlergebnisse der auf den betrachteten Untersuchungszeitraum folgenden Stadtverordnetenwahl, um Veränderungen der Wählerstimmen auswerten zu können.
Der Untersuchungsteil wird mit einer Auswertung der Ergebnisse und einem Versuch, die betrachteten Parteien einer Typologie zuzuordnen, abgeschlossen. Eine Verallgemeinerung der Beobachtungen mittels Inferenzstatistik wird nicht angestrebt. Daher soll auch keine allgemein gültige Aussage am Ende dieser Arbeit stehen, sondern durch Falsifikation oder Verifikation der Forschungshypothesen die Beantwortung der genau umrissenen Forschungsfrage: Haben die in der Frankfurter StVV vertretenen U-Fünf-Prozent-Parteien Einfluss auf die politische Willensbildung der Stadt?
Frankfurt Okulu düşünürleri otoritaryenliğe ilişkin araştırmalarını 1930’lu ve 1940’lı yıllarda yapmışlardır. Theodor W. Adorno ile Leo Lowenthal ve Norbert Guterman’ın araştırmaları ve analizlerinde ortaya koydukları “otoritaryen kişilik”ler, ajitatörler ve demagogların söylemiyle günümüzde ABD’deki siyasi liderlerin resmi olmayan sözcülerinin yeni medyadaki söylemleri arasında paralellikler bulunmaktadır. Bu anlamda Frankfurt Okulu düşünürlerinin otoritaryenizm teorisinin günümüzün otoritaryen popülist söylemini eleştirel bir şekilde analiz etmemize yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bunun için öncelikle otoritaryen popülizm kavramı tartışılacak, ardından elitleri, beyaz olmayan tüm insanları, göçmenleri, Müslümanları, Yahudileri ve komünistleri, beyaz Hıristiyan Amerika'nın mevcut önyargılarını kullanarak düşman olarak etiketleyen yeni medya kişiliği Nicholas J. Fuentes’in söylemi analiz edilecek; otoritaryenlik ve anti-Semitizm üzerine yapılan ilk dönem araştırmalar, çevrimiçi haberlerde ve sosyal medyada “sahte peygamberler”in yeni söylemiyle karşılaştırılacaktır
O presente artigo tem por objetivo tecer uma reflexão crítica acerca da "paixão" enunciada pela campanha de marketing da empresa de combustíveis Ipiranga, a partir das contribuições teóricas formuladas por Adorno e Horkheimer, teóricos da Escola de Frankfurt, no que concerne ao conceito de Indústria Cultural. Salientamos, desde já, que este ensaio não visa a estudar epistemologicamente a referida Escola, mas sim a apontar a atualidade do conceito de "indústria cultural". Em vista da atual crença na felicidade a partir do consumo idealizado de mercadorias, disseminados pela publicidade, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo tecer uma reflexão crítica acerca da Indústria Cultural contemporânea e suas implicações psicossociais na atual constituição das subjetividades, a partir da Teoria Crítica. Tomamos como exemplar da referida Indústria o slogan publicitário: "Apaixonados por carro como todo brasileiro", que divulga como "cultura de massa" esta "paixão". Metodologicamente procedemos a uma revisão de conceitos da Escola de Frankfurt vinculados à racionalidade técnico-instrumental moderna, apontando a atualidade do conceito de "indústria cultural" e diferenciando-o de uma cultura originária das massas. A pesquisa empírica, cuja estratégia metodológica consistiu em recolhermos depoimentos de internautas em 12 sites relacionados à temática do slogan, visou investigar as atuais formas de adesão/resistência ao referido slogan. Em nossa leitura teórico-crítica dos depoimentos, apesar das formas de adesão fascinadas serem majoritárias, também detectamos formas de resistência; o que nos aponta que esta "paixão", como muitas outras proclamadas pela indústria cultural, não emerge espontaneamente dos brasileiros, mas que, em verdade, foi construída para os brasileiros – forma atualizada do fetichismo da mercadoria.
O objetivo deste ensaio é argumentar em favor da frankfurtianidade de Jürgen Habermas, isto é, estudar os pontos de convergência de sua obra em relação ao projeto teórico do Instituto de Pesquisa Social de Frankfurt e, a partir dessa ênfase, apontar novas possibilidades de pesquisa no campo de Estudos Organizacionais (EO). Para isso, refletimos sobre aspectos teóricos essenciais do ensaio “Teoria tradicional e teoria crítica” (HORKHEIMER, 1975) e elaboramos uma crítica aos intérpretes que utilizam a cronologia geracional como principal critério para a compreensão de diferenças no movimento intelectual da Escola de Frankfurt. Metodologicamente, inspiramo-nos na proposta de crítica à interpretação por meio da hermenêutica filosófica (RICOEUR, 1990) e na natureza propositiva de interpretação de um ensaio teórico (MENEGHETTI, 2011). Para sustentar a proposição expressa de forma provocativa no título deste artigo, dialogamos com comentadores (BOTTOMORE, 2001; FREITAG, 2004; NOBRE, 2004; MELO, 2013), a fim de propor uma caracterização não geracional de seus membros e a proximidade de Habermas em relação ao marco fundador da Teoria Crítica. Nesse sentido, acreditamos que (a) a releitura da intenção emancipadora (HABERMAS, 2002), (b) a desconstrução da isenção do conhecimento científico (HABERMAS, 1987) e (c) a incorporação da filosofia da linguagem à crítica social frankfurtiana (HABERMAS, 2012) são contribuições importantes de sua obra à Teoria Crítica de Frankfurt. Como proposição para a área de EO, em nossas considerações finais argumentamos que a recolocação do autor no posto de genuíno teórico crítico da Escola de Frankfurt pode constituir uma nova agenda de pesquisa para o campo. Acreditamos que nosso esforço pode auxiliar pesquisadores da área de EO a compreender a obra de Habermas a partir de uma via que os afasta da armadilha de considerá-lo um teórico não crítico e/ou utópico. Sob esse enfoque, torna-se evidente sua produção intelectual politicamente engajada nos problemas sociais contemporâneos – dimensão que vem sendo negligenciada pelos pesquisadores do campo de EO no Brasil.
Este artigo apresenta contribuições de Jürgen Habermas e Paulo Freire para a constituição de sujeitos crítico-reflexivos e suas implicações nos processos de ensino/pesquisa/extensão no campo dos Estudos Organizacionais. Mostramos que intersubjetividade e dialogicidade são condições para o entendimento entre sujeitos e é justamente por meio delas que ocorre sua constituição em um processo que é dialógico, pedagógico e político. Freire e Habermas oferecem elementos para desconstruir a lógica instrumental dominante e fornecem bases para a reconstrução de possibilidades inéditas/viáveis de formas de organizar e gerir. A partir disso, este artigo destaca a importância dos Estudos Organizacionais ampliarem o foco das possibilidades de ensino/pesquisa/extensão e direciona-os para um engajamento comunicativo e dialógico, ultrapassando as fronteiras das universidades. Essa reconstrução indica aos pesquisadores que participem de diferentes arenas públicas, do debate e da construção de problemas, em processos de resistência, da visibilidade e dramatização de questões problemáticas. Nos caminhos de Freire e Habermas, os Estudos Organizacionais não podem apenas desenvolver uma crítica à distância: é preciso coparticipar, co-agir, co-operar e coconstruir com os públicos em que se engajam.
Ao tratar de diferentes aspectos do conceito de mimese na estética de Theodor Adorno, o artigo busca evidenciar a permanência do que Adorno designou como mimese primitiva ou originária na sociedade contemporânea. A análise do conceito de idiossincrasia servirá para mostrar esta permanência e, ao mesmo tempo, o seu reforço pela indústria cultural. Como contraponto a essa faceta do conceito de mimese, trataremos da mimese nos âmbitos científico, filosófico e no que Adorno considera obra de arte autêntica.
Prof. Axel Honneth hat zum Ende des letzten Jahres die Leitung des Instituts für Sozialforschung (IFS) abgegeben; seit 2001 stand er an der Spitze des Instituts, das Max Horkheimer und Theodor W. Adorno berühmt gemacht haben. Der UniReport hatte die Gelegenheit, mit dem Sozialphilosophen, der noch eine Professur an der Columbia University in New York innehat, in der altehrwürdigen Adorno-Bibliothek im Institut zu sprechen.
This essay presents contributions by Jürgen Habermas and Paulo Freire for the constitution of critical-reflexive subjects and the implications in the teaching-research-extension processes in the field of Organizational Studies. We show that intersubjectivity and dialogicity are conditions for the understanding between subjects and it is precisely through these conditions that the subjects are constituted, in a process that is dialogical, pedagogical and political. Freire and Habermas offer elements to deconstruct dominant instrumental logic and provide the basis for the reconstruction of unprecedented-viable possibilities of ways of organizing and managing. Therefore, this article highlights the importance of Organizational Studies to broaden the focus of teaching-research-extension possibilities and directs them to a communicative and dialogic engagement, beyond the borders of universities. This reconstruction indicates that researchers participate in different public arenas, debate and build public problems, processes of resistance, visibility, and dramatization of problematic issues. Observing the contributions of Freire and Habermas, Organizational Studies as a field cannot be limited to developing a critique, from a distant point of view: it is necessary to co-participate, co-act, co-operate and co-construct with its public.
Critique, and especially radical critique of reason, is under pressure from two opponents. Whereas the proponents of "post-critical" or "acritical" thinking denounce critique as an empty and self-righteous repetition of debunking, the decriers of "post-truth" accuse critique of having helped to bring about our current "post-truth" politics. Both advocate realism as a limit critique must respect, but I will defend the claim that we urgently need radical critiques of reason because they offer a more precise diagnosis of the untruths in politics the two opponents of critique are rightfully worried about. Radical critiques of reason are possible, I argue, if we turn our attention to the practices of criticizing, if we refrain from a sovereign epistemology, and if we pluralize reason without trivializing it. In order to demonstrate the diagnostic advantage of radical critiques of reason, I briefly analyze the political and epistemic strategy at work in two exemplary untruths in politics.
Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o tema da regulação da conduta em pesquisa, passados mais de dois anos da vigência da Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS) nº 510/2016. São investigadas três perspectivas (formativa, filosófica e normativa) para verificar as possibilidades de autonomia ética na pesquisa em contraposição à heteronomia normativa, especialmente no campo educacional, como parte das Ciências Humanas, Sociais e Sociais Aplicadas (CHSSA). A análise tem como principal base teórica a obra de Theodor W. Adorno e é realizada especialmente com base em uma das questões motivadoras da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, qual seja, a possibilidade de emancipação (autonomia) do indivíduo na sociedade administrada.
Despite the popularity of direct democracy in recent decades, research on the actual output effects of popular decision-making is rare. This is especially true with regard to equality, where there are at least three major research gaps: 1) a lack of cross-national analyses; 2) insufficient investigation of the differential effects of different direct democratic instruments on equality; and 3) a failure to distinguish between different aspects of equality, i.e., socioeconomic, legal and political equality. This article takes a first step to tackle these shortcomings by looking at all national referenda in European democracies between 1990 and 2015, differentiating between mandatory, bottom-up and top-down referenda. We find that a large majority of successful direct democratic bills—regardless of which instrument is employed—are not related to equality issues. Of the remaining ones, there are generally more successful pro-equality bills than contra-equality ones, but the differences are rather marginal. Mandatory referenda tend to produce pro-equality outputs, but no clear patterns emerge for bottom-up and top-down referenda. Our results offer interesting, preliminary insights to the current debate on direct democracy, pointing to the conclusion that popular decision-making via any type of direct democratic instrument is neither curse nor blessing with regard to equality. Instead, it is necessary to look at other factors such as context conditions or possible indirect effects in order to get a clearer picture of the impacts of direct democracy on equality.
Representation is a process of making, accepting, or rejecting representative claims (Disch, 2015; Saward, 2014). This groundbreaking insight challenged the standard assumption that representative democracy can be reduced to elections and activities of elected representatives (Pitkin, 1967). It broadened the scope of representative democracy to encompass representation activities beyond those authorized by elections, transformed our thinking and provided a new perspective, putting claims and their reception into the center. This paradigm shift erased the distinction between elected and non-elected representatives and disclosed the potential of non-elected actors’ claims to represent (Andeweg, 2003; Kuyper, 2016; Rosanvallon & Goldhammer, 2008; Saward, 2006, 2009; Van Biezen & Saward, 2008). In spite of this lively debate, we identify an important gap in the literature: while this paradigmatic shift inspired many authors, conceptual frameworks that can be applied for systematic empirical analysis of real-life cases are missing. In this article, we fill this gap and propose frameworks for assessing and validating a variety of real-life claims. Our study provides empirical substance to the ongoing theoretical debates, helping to translate the mainly theoretical ‘claim approach’ into empirical research tools. It helps to transform the conventional wisdom about what representation can (not) be and shines a new light on the potential future of (claims on) representation.
Kryotechnologien bezeichnen Verfahren des Kühlens und Einfrierens. Wie verändert deren Einsatz in immer mehr Feldern unser Verständnis von Lebensprozessen und gesellschaftliche Grundannahmen? Mit welchen Erwartungen werden Menschen heute durch verschiedene Nutzungsformen dieser Technologien konfrontiert? Fragen wie diese versucht das Projekt "Cryosocieties" des Soziologen Prof. Thomas Lemke an der Goethe-Universität zu beantworten. Im Fokus stehen die sozialen, kulturellen und moralischen Dimensionen der Sammlung, Lagerung und Nutzung von menschlichem und nichtmenschlichem organischem Material durch kryotechnologische Verfahren. Seit April 2019 wird das Projekt als ERC Advanced Investigator Grant des Europäischen Forschungsrats gefördert. Die Förderung ist auf fünf Jahre angelegt. ...
The established notion of political representation is challenged on multiple accounts—theoretically, conceptually, and empirically. The contributions to this thematic issue explore the constructivist turn as the means for rethinking political representation today around the world. The articles included here seek to reconsider representation by theoretically and empirically reassessing how representation is conceptualized, claimed and performed—in Western and non-Western contexts. In recognition that democratic representation in Western countries is in a process of fundamental transformation and that non-Western countries no longer aim at replicating established Western models, we look for representation around the world—specifically in: Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, China, and India. This enables us to advance the study of representative democracy from a global perspective. We show the limits and gaps in the constructivist literature and the benefits of theory-driven empirical research. Finally, we provide conceptual tools and frameworks for the (comparative) study of claims of representation.
Die Basler Historikerin Caroline Arni legt eine inspirierende und materialreiche Studie dazu vor, wie die Wissenschaften vom Menschen im 19. Jahrhundert das Ungeborene als Wissensgegenstand erschlossen. Sie arbeitet die Beiträge der Fötalphysiologie, Embryologie, Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychoanalyse heraus und rekonstruiert, welchen historischen Konjunkturen die Vorstellung eines mütterlichen Einflusses auf die Entwicklung des Ungeborenen unterlag. Überzeugend zeigt sie auf, wie das Konzept der biologischen Entwicklung unlösbare Fragen danach aufwarf, was ein menschliches Subjekt ausmacht. Die höchst lesenswerte wissenschaftshistorische Studie bietet auch für die geschlechtertheoretische Erforschung von Schwangerschaft und Geburt in der Gegenwart eine Vielzahl von Anregungen.
The notion that democracy is a system is ever present in democratic theory. However, what it means to think systemically about democracy (as opposed to what it means for a political system to be democratic) is under-elaborated. This article sets out a meta-level framework for thinking systemically about democracy, built upon seven conceptual building blocks, which we term (1) functions, (2) norms, (3) practices, (4) actors, (5) arenas, (6) levels, and (7) interactions. This enables us to systematically structure the debate on democratic systems, highlighting the commonalities and differences between systems approaches, their omissions, and the key questions that remain to be answered. It also enables us to push the debate forward both by demonstrating how a full consideration of all seven building blocks would address issues with existing approaches and by introducing new conceptual clarifications within those building blocks.
Die kommerzielle Luftfahrt in Westeuropa wurde ab den achtziger Jahren schlagartig liberalisiert, nachdem sie über Jahrzehnte durch einen stabilen bürokratischen Protektionismus gekennzeichnet war. Der Artikel stellt den einschlägigen Erklärungsansätzen das Argument gegenüber, dass sich die Geschwindigkeit und die Tragweite dieser Reformen nur durch den Zusammenbruch sozio-technischer Imaginationen erklären lässt. Die Luftfahrt hat in den siebziger Jahren die utopischen Visionen verraten, für die sie lange gestanden hatte und die mit den Versprechen der hochmodernen Nationalstaaten übereingestimmt hatten. Die katastrophalen, dystopischen Visionen, die sie ab sofort anbot, waren mit den Visionen kollektiven Zusammenlebens hingegen unvereinbar. Die Liberalisierung erscheint dann als nur folgerichtige "De-Nationalisierung" der Luftfahrt.
Rezension: HONNETH, A.: Reificación. Un estudio en la teoría del reconocimiento. Traducción de Graciela Calderón. Buenos Aires, Katz, 2007
This article is an attempt to re-read the magnum opus of Adorno's philosophy, namely Aesthetic Theory, using an interpretative key offered by Agata Bielik-Robson's book entitled Jewish Cryptotheologies of Late Modernity: Philosophical Marranos. This interpretative key, called by the Author The Marrano Strategy implemented to Adorno's late philosophy allows us to investigate the common points of Adorno's theory of art criticism and modern Jewish thought. Therefore the main question of this text concerns the characteristics of Jewishness and messianicity (Scholem, Derrida) in Adorno's Aesthetic Theory. The thesis that I am attempting to justify is as follows: the implementation of Marrano strategy to the modern art criticism redefines and reverses the relationship between the particular element and the universal domain. Consequently, this dialectical 'appreciation' of the particular establishes a common conceptual field for critical thinking and traditional, religious motifs.
This article discusses freedom of movement under the lens of shifting boundaries of membership and traces the tension between the political and the economic rationale of European integration. It first reflects on the normativity of free movement and links it to the foundations of modern democratic citizenship. Subsequently, it discusses the role of free movement in the construction of EU citizenship and argues that the genesis in market integration casts a long shadow which hinders EU citizenship's potential to fully display the logic of political and social equality. Under current conditions of huge wealth discrepancies between member states, the prevailing form of horizontal integration necessarily brings about a tension between mobility and solidarity, which in turn creates a barrier for further developing EU citizenship. It is concluded that strengthening an intra‐European dimension of solidarity is needed in order to substantiate the right to move as an equal European citizenship right.
O artigo trata da análise crítica de Jürgen Habermas da redefinição do papel político da Europa, mais voltada para a justiça social e a solidariedade, para um viés predominantemente econômico, de versão mais econômico-liberal, mais próxima da produtividade e da concorrência. A mudança política da integração europeia busca reforçar o pilar econômico da união monetária pela implementação de programas de ajustamento econômico do FMI. A consequência da opção da União Europeia por uma Europa-mercado de formato neoliberal é o desmonte do Estado social (mais voltado para justiça social) e a corrosão do elemento democrático das democracias nacionais (o esvaziamento da democracia). A consequência política dessa opção pelo neoliberalismo é a centralização supranacional de competências reguladoras para agências e organismos transnacionais europeus (Banco Central Europeu, Comissão Europeia, Tribunal Europeu, Parlamento Europeu), que lidam com acordos, contratos e tratados internacionais que deveriam funcionar como equivalentes de uma regulação política. O problema é a aprovação, a portas fechadas, de medidas que visam o controle da política econômica em detrimento da coordenação política. Isso implica a imposição de resoluções em áreas centrais de responsabilidade dos parlamentos dos Estados membros, potencializando nos Estados nacionais os problemas de legitimação necessária para implementar as políticas recomendadas de cima, explicitando a falha na construção da união monetária pela ausência dos instrumentos de uma política econômica comum.
Immer mehr Menschen fühlen sich in ihrer Existenz bedroht – selbst im Globalen Norden. Zugleich wird der politische Streit auf nationaler wie internationaler Bühne unversöhnlicher. Hängen diese beiden Beobachtungen zusammen und wenn ja, wie? Dieser Frage geht der Soziologe Thomas Scheffer in seinem Beitrag nach.
Internationale Gerichte sollen Konflikte zwischen Staaten befrieden. Dass es dabei nicht immer nur um das Völkerrecht geht, zeigt der Streit zwischen den USA und dem Iran. Die gegenwärtige US-Regierung lehnt den Internationalen Gerichtshof als politisch gelenkt ab – und schadet sich damit vor allem selbst.
Ich würde sagen, dass Individuen mal die Contenance verlieren, sich im Ton vergreifen, das kann vorkommen. Und natürlich gibt es Frustrationspotenzial und Irritationen, die auch mal ausgesprochen werden müssen. Das kann die Ebene des sachorientierten Austauschs von Argumenten durchaus verlassen. Jede Demokratie sollte das aushalten können. Aber ich würde nicht behaupten, dass Hasstiraden gerade im Netz, Trolling und Ähnliches, eine Form des produktiven Streits wären, die Bindekraft erzeugen würde. Im Gegenteil: Wenn sich das ausbreitet und systematisch wird, wirkt es zersetzend für den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt. ...
What does it mean to design democratic innovation from a deliberative systems perspective? The demand of the deliberative systems approach that we turn from the single forum towards the broader system has largely been embraced by those interested in designing institutions for citizen participation. Nevertheless, there has been no analysis of the practical implications for democratic innovation. Is it possible to design differentiated but interconnected participatory and deliberative settings? Does this better connect democratic innovations to mass politics? Does it promote greater legitimacy? This article analyses one such attempt to design a systems-oriented democratic innovation: the ambitious NHS Citizen initiative. Our analysis demonstrates, while NHS Citizen pioneered some cutting-edge participatory design, it ultimately failed to resolve (and in some cases exacerbated) well-known obstacles to institutionalisation as well as generating new challenges. To effectively realise democratic renewal and reform, systems-oriented democratic innovation must evolve strategies to meet these challenges.
Die gegenwärtige Entwicklung innovativer Medizintechnologien erweist sich als ein lebendiges wie gespenstisches Geschehen. Sie erzeugt therapeutische Handlungsspielräume für Krankheitsformen, die vormals als nicht mehr behandelbar galten und sich jeglicher kurativen Einflusssphäre entzogen. Gleichermaßen berühren sich mit der Effizienz der Eingriffsmöglichkeiten, Regionen des Ungewissen über die Wirkmechanismen des jeweiligen technologischen Verfahren. Die hieraus resultierenden Deutungsherausforderungen betreffen sowohl die beteiligten Ärztinnen, Patienten und Angehörige (Peter, Funcke 2013). Als exemplarisch für ein solche gleichzeitige Hervorbringung medizinisch hoffnungsvoller sowie vertraute Erfahrungsweisen verunsichernder Technologien wird in diesem Vortrag die neurochirurgische Behandlungsmethode der tiefen Hirnstimulation (THS) als Gegenstand soziologischer Betrachtung thematisiert. Die THS ist ein reversibler Eingriff, bei welchen vermittels stereotaktischer Techniken impulsgebende Elektroden tief ins Hirn eingesetzt werden. Die je nach diagnostizierten Störungsbild anvisierten Zielregionen werden im Anschluss an die Implantation elektronisch stimuliert. Medikamentös nicht mehr zu behandelnde Symptome können reduziert werden. Trotz ihrer infolge zahlreicher klinischer Studien nachgewiesenen Effizienz bildet die THS weiterhin eine kontroverse Behandlungsmethode, die sowohl unter medizinischen als auch ethischen Prämissen diskutiert wird. Einerseits kristallisiert sich am Nicht-Wissen über die spezifischen Wirkungszusammenhänge die Notwendigkeit einer erweiterten klinischen Forschung. Andererseits verweist das Auftreten nicht-intendierter Nebenwirkungen, die von Patient_innen, wie deren Angehörigen als individuelle Persönlichkeitsveränderungen wahrgenommen werden, auf die Relevanz einer interpretativen Bestimmung der subjektiven Erfahrung von Seiten der Betroffenen. Der Beitrag nimmt sich zum Ziel, entlang einer empirischen Fallstudie, in der eine Patientin vor und nach der Operation begleitet wurde, und vermittelt durch eine ereignistheoretische Konzeption, auf die Auslegungsbedingungen für betroffene Patient_innen im Zuge der neurotechnologischen Anwendung der THS aufmerksam zu machen.