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Purpose: To analyze refractive and topographic changes secondary to Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) in pseudophakic eyes with Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy (FED). Methods: Eighty-seven pseudophakic eyes of 74 patients who underwent subsequent DMEK surgery for corneal endothelial decompensation and associated visual impairment were included. Median post-operative follow-up time was 12 months (range: 3–26 months). Main outcome measures were pre- and post-operative manifest refraction, anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, simulated keratometry (CASimK) and Q value obtained by Scheimpflug imaging. Secondary outcome measures included corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), central corneal densitometry, central corneal thickness, corneal volume (CV), anterior chamber volume (ACV) and anterior chamber depth (ACD). Results: After DMEK surgery, mean pre-operative spherical equivalent (± SD) changed from + 0.04 ± 1.73 D to + 0.37 ± 1.30 D post-operatively (p = 0.06). CDVA, proportion of emmetropic eyes, ACV and ACD increased significantly during follow-up. There was also a significant decrease in posterior corneal astigmatism, central corneal densitometry, central corneal thickness and corneal volume over time (p = 0.001). Only anterior corneal astigmatism and simulated keratometry (CASimK) remained fairly stable after DMEK. Conclusion: Despite tendencies toward a hyperopic shift, changes in SE were not significant and refraction remained overall stable in pseudophakic patients undergoing DMEK for FED. Analysis of corneal parameters by Scheimpflug imaging mainly revealed changes in posterior corneal astigmatism pointing out the relevance of posterior corneal profile changes during edema resolution after DMEK.
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a central cellular adaptive program that is activated by diverse stressors including ER stress, hypoxia and nutrient deprivation to orchestrate responses via activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). We hypothesized that ATF4 is essential for the adaptation of human glioblastoma (GB) cells to the conditions of the tumor microenvironment and is contributing to therapy resistance against chemotherapy. ATF4 induction in GB cells was modulated pharmacologically and genetically and investigated in the context of temozolomide treatment as well as glucose and oxygen deprivation. The relevance of the ISR was analyzed by cell death and metabolic measurements under conditions to approximate aspects of the GB microenvironment. ATF4 protein levels were induced by temozolomide treatment. In line, ATF4 gene suppressed GB cells (ATF4sh) displayed increased cell death and decreased survival after temozolomide treatment. Similar results were observed after treatment with the ISR inhibitor ISRIB. ATF4sh and ISRIB treated GB cells were sensitized to hypoxia-induced cell death. Our experimental study provides evidence for an important role of ATF4 for the adaptation of human GB cells to conditions of the tumor microenvironment characterized by low oxygen and nutrient availability and for the development of temozolomide resistance. Inhibiting the ISR in GB cells could therefore be a promising therapeutic approach.
The aim of this study was to quantify and to compare the wear rates of premolar (PM) and molar (M) restorations of lithium disilicate ceramic (LS2) and an experimental CAD/CAM polymer (COMP) in cases of complex rehabilitations with changes in vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO). Twelve patients with severe tooth wear underwent prosthetic rehabilitation, restoring the VDO with antagonistic occlusal coverage restorations either out of LS2 (n = 6 patients, n = 16 posterior restorations/patient; N = 96 restorations/year) or COMP (n = 6 patients; n = 16 posterior restorations/patient; N = 96 restorations/year). Data was obtained by digitalization of plaster casts with a laboratory scanner at annual recalls (350 ± 86 days; 755 ± 92 days; 1102 ± 97 days). Each annual recall dataset of premolar and molar restorations (N = 192) was overlaid individually with the corresponding baseline dataset using an iterative best-fit method. Mean vertical loss of the occlusal contact areas (OCAs) was calculated for each restoration and recall time. For LS2 restorations, the mean wear rate per month over 1 year was 7.5 ± 3.4 μm (PM), 7.8 ± 2.0 μm (M), over 2 years 3.8 ± 1.6 µm (PM), 4.4 ± 1.5 µm (M), over 3 years 2.8 ± 1.3 µm (PM), 3.4 ± 1.7 µm (M). For COMP restorations, the mean wear rate per month over 1 year was 15.5 ± 8.9 μm (PM), 28.5 ± 20.2 μm (M), over 2 years 9.2 ± 5.9 µm (PM), 16.7 ± 14.9 µm (M), over 3 years 8.6 ± 5.3 µm (PM), 9.5 ± 8.0 µm (M). Three COMP restorations fractured after two years and therefore were not considered in the 3-year results. The wear rates in the LS2 group showed significant differences between premolars and molars restorations (p = 0.041; p = 0.023; p = 0.045). The wear rates in COMP group differed significantly between premolars and molars only in the first two years (p < 0.0001; p = 0.007). COMP restorations show much higher wear rates compared to LS2. The presented results suggest that with increasing time in situ, the monthly wear rates for both materials decreased over time. On the basis of this limited dataset, both LS2 and COMP restorations show reasonable clinical wear rates after 3 years follow-up. Wear of COMP restorations was higher, however prosthodontic treatment was less invasive. LS2 showed less wear, yet tooth preparation was necessary. Clinicians should balance well between necessary preparation invasiveness and long-term occlusal stability in patients with worn dentitions.
Hintergrund: Die Atheroskleroseexpression unterscheidet sich nicht nur in unterschiedlichen Gefässbetten (koronar, zerebrovaskulär, peripher), sondern auch innerhalb des peripheren Gefässbettes. Der zugrundeliegende Mechanismus für unterschiedliche Atherosklerose-Phänotypen mit proximalem (iliakale Arterien) oder distalem (infragenikuläre Arterien) Atheroskleroseverteilungsmuster ist bis jetzt noch nicht abschliessend geklärt.
Zielsetzung: Das Ziel dieser monozentrischen retrospektiven Kohortenstudie ist es, den Zusammenhang zwischen kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren und dem Atheroskleroseverteilungs-muster bei Patienten mit PAVK zu untersuchen. Dafür werden symptomatische Patienten mit extremen Atherosklerosephänotypen (proximale vs. distale Atherosklerose) genauer untersucht.
Methodik: Für diese Querschnittsstudie wurden Daten von 15’000 Patienten, welche sich im Zeitraum von 2000-2018 aufgrund einer symptomatischen PAVK einer primären endovaskulären Rekanalisation an den unteren Extremitäten unterziehen liessen, ausgewertet. Dabei wurden die Patienten herausgefiltert, welche angiographisch ein proximales (iliakal) oder distales (krural) Atheroskleroseexpressionsmuster aufwiesen. Von diesen Personen wurden in der Datenbank personen- und gesundheitsbezogene klinischen Angaben extrahiert. In einer multiplen logistischen Regressionsanalyse mit Rückwärtselimination der unabhängigen Variablen wurde der Einfluss verschiedener kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren mit proximaler oder distaler Atherosklerosexpression ermittelt.
Resultate: Von insgesamt 637 indentifizierten Patienten (29% Frauen) mit einer primären endovaskulären Rekanalisation hatten 351 (55%) ein proximales und 286 (45%) ein distales Atheroskleroseverteilungsmuster. Weibliches Geschlecht (OR 0.33, (95%CI 0.20-0.54), p=0.011), aktiver Nikotinkonsum (OR 0.16, (95%CI 0.09-0.28), p<0.001), vormaliger Nikotinkonsum (OR 0.33, (95%CI 0.20-0.57), p<0.001), Hypertriglyzeridämie (OR 0.76, (95%CI 0.60-0.96), p=0.021) waren assoziiert mit einem proximalen Befall. Diabetes mellitus (OR 3.25, (95%CI 1.93-5.46), p<0.001), chronische Niereninsuffizienz (OR 1.18, (95%CI 1.08-1.28), p<0.001) und höheres Alter (OR 1.31, (95%CI 1.06-1.61), p=0.011) waren hin-gegen mit einem distalen Befall assoziiert. Andere Faktoren wie Body Mass Index, arterielle Hypertonie, HDL-, LDL-Cholesterin zeigten keine Assoziation mit den untersuchten atherosklerotischen Prädilektionsstellen. Die Resultate der primären Analysen konnten mit den Subgruppenanalysen (Geschlecht, Nikotinkonsum, Diabetes) bestätigt werden.
Schlussfolgerung: Für distale (krurale) Atherosklerose wurden als Hauptrisikofaktoren Diabetes mellitus und chronische Niereninsuffizienz ermittelt. Obwohl kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren auf das gesamte Gefässbett wirken, lassen sich aus den Daten in Bezug auf das Atheroskleroseverteilungsmuster eine geschlechtspezifische und eine individuelle Suszeptibilität für kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren vermuten. Ausserdem deuten die Daten darauf hin, dass die PAVK mindestens zwei verschiedene atherosklerotische Phänotypen aufweist.
Einleitung: Das Arbeiten in einer Notfallsituation ist stark von einer strukturierten Herangehensweise im Patientenmanagement abhängig. Junge Assistenzärzte sind in ihrem Alltag häufig die ersten vor Ort und sollten daher bereits mit Abschluss des Studiums in der Lage sein, häufige Notfallsituationen zu meistern. In den letzten Jahren hat sich die Simulation als hauptsächlich genutzte Methode für die Ausbildung im Fach Notfallmedizin herauskristallisiert, sodass immer mehr Universitäten realitätsnahe Szenarien für die Ausbildung nutzen. Jedoch ist unklar welches Ausmaß an Realitätsnähe in Hinblick auf Kosten/Aufwand-Nutzen-Bilanz sinnvoll ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, den Effekt von zwei unterschiedlich realitätsnahen Lernumgebungen (Seminarraum vs. realistische Simulationsumgebung) auf die erlernten notfallmedizinischen Kompetenzen zu analysieren. Dazu wurden Krankheitsbilder gewählt, die jedem Arzt in Präklinik, auf Station und im ambulanten Bereich begegnen können und die zügig erkannt und behandelt werden müssen: Asthma, Sepsis und Apoplex.
Material und Methoden: Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine vergleichende Effektivitätsanalyse im crossover-Design. Teilnehmende waren Studierende des 4. Studienjahres der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, die den 3-TagesNotfallmedizinkurs im Rahmen ihrer curricularen Ausbildung im Querschnittsbereich Notfallmedizin absolvierten. Am ersten Tag durchliefen alle Studierenden ein standardisiertes Skillstraining notfallmedizinischer Basiskompetenzen. An den Folgetagen wurden verschiedene leitsymptombasierte Module vermittelt, die neben der interaktiven Erarbeitung der theoretischen Lerninhalte eine direkte Anwendung in themenspezifischen Szenarien fokussierten. Für die vorliegende Studie wurden die Teilnehmenden in vier Gruppen randomisiert, wobei Gruppen eins und zwei das Training in der Seminarraumumgebung durchliefen, während drei und vier die Szenarien in der realitätsnahen Simulationsumgebung absolvierten. Am dritten Tag fand eine formative Überprüfung der erlernten Fähigkeiten in Form eines OSCEs statt. Bei dieser Überprüfung absolvierten die Gruppen eins und drei in der Seminarraumumgebung und Gruppen zwei und vier im realitätsnahen Umfeld der Simulation das Assessment. Die Datenauswertung erfolgte mit MS Excel und bias.
Ergebnisse und Fazit: Die vorliegende Studie fand zwischen Juli und Oktober 2018 an der Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main statt. 134 Teilnehmer absolvierten die Studie vollständig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in der Performance der vier Gruppen, sowohl insgesamt als auch nach Geschlechtern und mit dem van-Elteren-Test. Prozentual betrachtet zeigten die Teilnehmenden der Gruppe 4 (Training und Prüfung im realitätsnahen Umfeld) die höchsten Ergebnisse. Die Realitätsnähe hat einen positiven Einfluss auf die Performance der Studierenden.
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, a lysosomal storage disorder caused by defective NPC1/NPC2 function, results in the accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in lysosomes of affected organs, such as liver and brain. Moreover, increase of mitochondrial cholesterol (mchol) content and impaired mitochondrial function and GSH depletion contribute to NPC disease. However, the underlying mechanism of mchol accumulation in NPC disease remains unknown. As STARD1 is crucial in intramitochondrial cholesterol trafficking and acid ceramidase (ACDase) has been shown to regulate STARD1, we explored the functional relationship between ACDase and STARD1 in NPC disease. Liver and brain of Npc1−/− mice presented a significant increase in mchol levels and STARD1 expression. U18666A, an amphiphilic sterol that inhibits lysosomal cholesterol efflux, increased mchol levels in hepatocytes from Stard1f/f mice but not Stard1ΔHep mice. We dissociate the induction of STARD1 expression from endoplasmic reticulum stress, and establish an inverse relationship between ACDase and STARD1 expression and LRH-1 levels. Hepatocytes from Npc1+/+ mice treated with U18666A exhibited increased mchol accumulation, STARD1 upregulation and decreased ACDase expression, effects that were reversed by cholesterol extraction with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Moreover, transfection of fibroblasts from NPC patients with ACDase, decreased STARD1 expression and mchol accumulation, resulting in increased mitochondrial GSH levels, improved mitochondrial functional performance, decreased oxidative stress and protected NPC fibroblasts against oxidative stress-mediated cell death. Our results demonstrate a cholesterol-dependent inverse relationship between ACDase and STARD1 and provide a novel approach to target the accumulation of cholesterol in mitochondria in NPC disease.
The cell—cell signaling gene CDH13 is associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and major depression. CDH13 regulates axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, substantiating its relevance for neurodevelopmental processes. Several studies support the influence of CDH13 on personality traits, behavior, and executive functions. However, evidence for functional effects of common gene variation in the CDH13 gene in humans is sparse. Therefore, we tested for association of a functional intronic CDH13 SNP rs2199430 with ADHD in a sample of 998 adult patients and 884 healthy controls. The Big Five personality traits were assessed by the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. Assuming that altered neural correlates of working memory and cognitive response inhibition show genotype-dependent alterations, task performance and electroencephalographic event-related potentials were measured by n-back and continuous performance (Go/NoGo) tasks. The rs2199430 genotype was not associated with adult ADHD on the categorical diagnosis level. However, rs2199430 was significantly associated with agreeableness, with minor G allele homozygotes scoring lower than A allele carriers. Whereas task performance was not affected by genotype, a significant heterosis effect limited to the ADHD group was identified for the n-back task. Heterozygotes (AG) exhibited significantly higher N200 amplitudes during both the 1-back and 2-back condition in the central electrode position Cz. Consequently, the common genetic variation of CDH13 is associated with personality traits and impacts neural processing during working memory tasks. Thus, CDH13 might contribute to symptomatic core dysfunctions of social and cognitive impairment in ADHD.
Nucleoredoxin is a thioredoxin-like redoxin that has been recognized as redox modulator of WNT signaling. Using a Yeast-2-Hybrid screen, we identified calcium calmodulin kinase 2a, Camk2a, as a prominent prey in a brain library. Camk2a is crucial for nitric oxide dependent processes of neuronal plasticity of learning and memory. Therefore, the present study assessed functions of NXN in neuronal Nestin-NXN-/- deficient mice. The NXN-Camk2a interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation, and by colocalization in neuropil and dendritic spines. Functionally, Camk2a activity was reduced in NXN deficient neurons and restored with recombinant NXN. Proteomics revealed reduced oxidation in the hippocampus of Nestin-NXN-/- deficient mice, including Camk2a, further synaptic and mitochondrial proteins, and was associated with a reduction of mitochondrial respiration. Nestin-NXN-/- mice were healthy and behaved normally in behavioral tests of anxiety, activity and sociability. They had no cognitive deficits in touchscreen based learning & memory tasks, but omitted more trials showing a lower interest in the reward. They also engaged less in rewarding voluntary wheel running, and in exploratory behavior in IntelliCages. Accuracy was enhanced owing to the loss of exploration. The data suggested that NXN maintained the oxidative state of Camk2a and thereby its activity. In addition, it supported oxidation of other synaptic and mitochondrial proteins, and mitochondrial respiration. The loss of NXN-dependent pro-oxidative functions manifested in a loss of exploratory drive and reduced interest in reward in behaving mice.
Das Lebenswerk von Prof. Dr. Eduard Güntz mit Schwerpunkt auf seiner Frankfurter Zeit (1951-1969)
(2021)
Der Arzt Eduard Güntz (1903-1973) begann nach dem Studium der Medizin in Marburg, Würzburg und München seine medizinische Laufbahn 1929 am Pathologisch-anatomischen Institut in Dresden unter dem Pathologen Georg Schmorl. Ab 1932 arbeitet er unter Prof. Georg Hohmann an der Orthopädischen Universitätsklinik in Frankfurt, wo er sich 1937 über das Thema „Schmerzen und Leistungsstörungen bei Erkrankungen der Wirbelsäule“ habilitierte. Es folgte seine Berufung an die Universität Kiel, wo er ab 1938 als Leiter der orthopädischen Abteilung der Poliklinik der Universität tätig war. 1939 infizierte er sich im Rahmen seiner beruflichen Tätigkeit mit Poliomyelitis. Davon erholte er sich nie vollständig, nahm aber bereits Ende 1940 seinen Dienst am Patienten wieder auf.
Während der NS-Zeit war Güntz Mitglied der NSDAP und der SA, was 1946 zur Entlassung aus seinem Dienstverhältnis in Kiel und schließlich sogar zum Entzug der Berufserlaubnis führte. Der Entnazifizierungsausschuss stellte letztendlich nach Sichtung vieler Gutachten und Bescheinigungen früherer Mitarbeiter und Patienten die Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung aus, sodass Güntz im November 1946 als Facharzt und Professor in Kiel wiedereingestellt wurde.
1951 erfolgte seine Berufung auf den Lehrstuhl für Orthopädie in Frankfurt am Main, den er bis 1969 innehatte. In sein Ordinariat und Tätigkeit als ärztlicher Direktor der Orthopädischen Universitätsklinik Frankfurt am Main (Friedrichsheim) fällt der größte Teil des Wiederaufbaus der durch eine Brandbombe zerstörten Einrichtung nach dem 2. Weltkrieg, mit Gründung eines modernen Rehabilitationszentrums, Orthopädischer Werkstatt und staatlich anerkannter Lehranstalt für Krankengymnastik und Massage. Güntz´ Arbeitsschwerpunkt lag in der konservativen Orthopädie. Er
verfasste 88 wissenschaftliche Arbeiten.
Das Güntz-Zeichen, die von ihm beschriebene abnorme Geradhaltung des Wirbelsäulenabschnitts über einer Bandscheibenschädigung als radiologisches Frühsymptom, wurde nach ihm benannt.
Eduard Güntz verstarb 1973 an den Folgen seiner PoliomyelitisErkrankung.
Hepatic inflammasome activation as origin of Interleukin-1α and Interleukin-1β in liver cirrhosis
(2020)
Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a prognostic tool to estimate long-term tooth retention in periodontitis patients at the beginning of active periodontal therapy (APT). Material and methods: Tooth-related factors (type, location, bone loss (BL), infrabony defects, furcation involvement (FI), abutment status), and patient-related factors (age, gender, smoking, diabetes, plaque control record) were investigated in patients who had completed APT 10 years before. Descriptive analysis was performed, and a generalized linear-mixed model-tree was used to identify predictors for the main outcome variable tooth loss. To evaluate goodness-of-fit, the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using cross-validation. A bootstrap approach was used to robustly identify risk factors while avoiding overfitting. Results: Only a small percentage of teeth was lost during 10 years of supportive periodontal therapy (SPT; 0.15/year/patient). The risk factors abutment function, diabetes, and the risk indicator BL, FI, and age (≤ 61 vs. > 61) were identified to predict tooth loss. The prediction model reached an AUC of 0.77. Conclusion: This quantitative prognostic model supports data-driven decision-making while establishing a treatment plan in periodontitis patients. In light of this, the presented prognostic tool may be of supporting value. Clinical relevance: In daily clinical practice, a quantitative prognostic tool may support dentists with data-based decision-making. However, it should be stressed that treatment planning is strongly associated with the patient’s wishes and adherence. The tool described here may support establishment of an individual treatment plan for periodontally compromised patients.
Introduction: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a well-established treatment modality for a variety of conditions over the last decades. Multiple surgeries are an essential part in the postoperative course of DBS patients if nonrechargeable implanted pulse generators (IPGs) are applied. So far, the rate of subclinical infections in this field is unknown. In this prospective cohort study, we used sonication to evaluate possible microbial colonization of IPGs from replacement surgery. Methods: All consecutive patients undergoing IPG replacement between May 1, 2019 and November 15, 2020 were evaluated. The removed hardware was investigated using sonication to detect biofilm-associated bacteria. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed. Results: A total of 71 patients with a mean (±SD) of 64.5 ± 15.3 years were evaluated. In 23 of these (i.e., 32.4%) patients, a positive sonication culture was found. In total, 25 microorganisms were detected. The most common isolated microorganisms were Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes) (68%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (28%). Within the follow-up period (5.2 ± 4.3 months), none of the patients developed a clinical manifest infection. Discussions/Conclusions: Bacterial colonization of IPGs without clinical signs of infection is common but does not lead to manifest infection. Further larger studies are warranted to clarify the impact of low-virulent pathogens in clinically asymptomatic patients.
Purpose: The prospective, randomized ERGO2 trial investigated the effect of calorie-restricted ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting (KD-IF) on re-irradiation for recurrent brain tumors. The study did not meet its primary endpoint of improved progression-free survival in comparison to standard diet (SD). We here report the results of the quality of life/neurocognition and a detailed analysis of the diet diaries. Methods: 50 patients were randomized 1:1 to re-irradiation combined with either SD or KD-IF. The KD-IF schedule included 3 days of ketogenic diet (KD: 21–23 kcal/kg/d, carbohydrate intake limited to 50 g/d), followed by 3 days of fasting and again 3 days of KD. Follow-up included examination of cognition, quality of life and serum samples. Results: The 20 patients who completed KD-IF met the prespecified goals for calorie and carbohydrate restriction. Substantial decreases in leptin and insulin and an increase in uric acid were observed. The SD group, of note, had a lower calorie intake than expected (21 kcal/kg/d instead of 30 kcal/kg/d). Neither quality of life nor cognition were affected by the diet. Low glucose emerged as a significant prognostic parameter in a best responder analysis. Conclusion: The strict caloric goals of the ERGO2 trial were tolerated well by patients with recurrent brain cancer. The short diet schedule led to significant metabolic changes with low glucose emerging as a candidate marker of better prognosis. The unexpected lower calorie intake of the control group complicates the interpretation of the results. Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT01754350; Registration: 21.12.2012.
As some cognitive functions decline in old age, the ability to decide about important life events such as medical treatment is endangered. Environmental support to improve the comprehension of health-related information is therefore necessary. With a small-scale explorative approach, the present survey study aimed at investigating person-environment fit (PE-fit) of support provided during medical consultations. This fit was calculated by assessing the match between aids provided by five medical practitioners during medical consultations and aids most appreciated by the geriatric patients (N = 88). The results showed that the largest discrepancies of used and appreciated aids could be found concerning the opportunity to discuss decisions with relatives, the possibility to take notes, the use of objects, pictures and a keyword list. Female patients indicated a lower PE-fit. These findings highlight discrepancies between the use of specific aids and the wishes of patients and call for thoughtful use of aids during consultations with geriatric patients.
Purpose: Amblyopia with eccentric fixation, especially when not diagnosed early, is a therapeutic challenge, as visual outcome is known to be poorer than in amblyopia with central fixation. Consequently, treatment after late diagnosis is often denied. Electronic monitoring of occlusion provides us the chance to gain first focussed insight into age-dependent dose response and treatment efficiency, as well as the shift of fixation in this rare group of paediatric patients. Methods: In our prospective pilot study, we examined amblyopes with eccentric fixation during 12 months of occlusion treatment. We evaluated their visual acuity, recorded patching duration using a TheraMon®-microsensor, and determined their fixation with a direct ophthalmoscope. Dose-response relationship and treatment efficiency were calculated. Results: The study included 12 participants with strabismic and combined amblyopia aged 2.9–12.4 years (mean 6.5). Median prescription of occlusion was 7.7 h/day (range 6.6–9.9) and median daily received occlusion was 5.2 h/day (range 0.7–9.7). At study end, median acuity gain was 0.6 log units (range 0–1.6) and residual interocular visual acuity difference (IOVAD) 0.3 log units (range 0–1.8). There was neither significant acuity gain nor reduction in IOVAD after the 6th month of treatment. Children younger than 4 years showed best response with lowest residual IOVAD at study end. Efficiency calculation showed an acuity gain of approximately one line from 100 h of patching in the first 2 months and half a line after 6 months. There was a significant decline of treatment efficiency with age (p = 0.01). Foveolar fixation was achieved after median 3 months (range 1–6). Three patients (> 6 years) did not gain central fixation. Conclusion: Eccentric fixation is a challenge to therapy success. Based on electronic monitoring, our study quantified for the first time the reduction of treatment efficiency with increasing age in amblyopes with eccentric fixation. Despite some improvement in patients up to 8 years, older patients showed significantly lower treatment efficiency. In younger patients with good adherence, despite poor initial acuity, central fixation and low residual IOVAD could be attained after median 3 months. Hence, the necessity of early diagnosis and intensive occlusion should be emphasized.
Background: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been investigated regarding its therapeutic properties in several several conditions such as epilepsy, migraine and major depressive disorder and was shown to access similar neural pathways as invasive vagus nerve stimulation. While the vagus nerve's role in gut motility is physiologically established, the effect of taVNS has scarcely been investigated in humans and yielded conflicting results. Real-time gastric magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI) is an established reproducible method to investigate gastric motility non-invasively. Objective: To investigate the influence of taVNS on gastric motility of healthy participants using rtMRI. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind study using high-frequency (HF) stimulation at 25Hz or low-frequency (LF) taVNS at 1Hz after ingestions of a standardized meal in 57 healthy participants. The gastric motility index (GMI) was determined by measuring the amplitude and velocity of the peristaltic waves using rtMRI. Results: After HF taVNS, GMI was significantly higher than after LF stimulation (p = 0.005), which was mainly attributable to a higher amplitude of the peristaltic waves (p = 0.003). Conclusion: We provide evidence that 4-h of taVNS influences gastric motility in healthy human participants for the first time using rtMRI. HF stimulation is associated with higher amplitudes of peristaltic waves in the gastric antrum compared to LF stimulation. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of different frequencies of taVNS and its therapeutic properties in conditions with impaired gastric motility.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is the most effective measure to treat complications of portal hypertension. However, liver function may deteriorate after TIPS. Predictors of liver function and outcome after TIPS are therefore important for management of TIPS patients. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of liver volume on transplant-free survival (TFS) after TIPS, as well as the evolution of liver volume and its relationship with liver function after TIPS. A retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent TIPS in a tertiary care university liver center between 2012 and 2017 (n = 216) was performed; n = 72 patients with complete prior and follow-up (FU) computed tomography (CT) imaging studies were included in the study. Volumetry of the liver was performed by a semi-automatic 9-lobe image segmentation algorithm at baseline and FU (FU 1: 90–180 d; FU 2: 180–365 d; FU 3: 365–545 d; FU 4: 545–730 d; FU 5: >730 d). Output variables were total liver volume (TLV, cm3), left liver volume (LLV, cm3), right liver volume (RLV, cm3) and TLV/body weight ratio. CT derived liver volumes were correlated with liver function tests, portosystemic pressure gradient (PPG) measurements and survival. To assess predictors of liver volume change over time we fitted linear mixed models. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed and validated by matched pair analysis followed by Cox regression to determine independent prognostic factors for survival. The median TLV at baseline was 1507.5 cm3 (773.7–3686.0 cm3). Livers with higher baseline liver volumes and larger TLV/weight ratios retained their volume after an initial loss while smaller livers continuously lost volume after TIPS. At the first follow-up period (90–180 d post-TIPS) lower liver volumes and TLV/weight ratios were associated with higher bilirubin levels. Within the final multivariable model containing time (days since TIPS), baseline INR and baseline TLV, the average loss of liver volume was 0.74 mL per day after TIPS. Twelve-month overall transplant-free survival was 89% and median overall TFS was 33 months. The median TFS for a baseline TLV/body weight ratio > 20 was significantly higher compared with ≤20 (40.0 vs. 27.0 months, p = 0.010) while there were no differences regarding the indication for TIPS or etiology of liver disease in the matched pair analysis. Lower TLV/weight ratios before TIPS were associated with shorter TFS and should therefore be critically considered when selecting patients for TIPS. In addition, this study provides first evidence of an effect of TIPS on subsequent liver volume change and associated liver function.
Hormonal contraceptives are an effective and safe method for preventing pregnancy. Progestins used in contraception are either components of combined hormonal contraceptives (tablets, patches or vaginal rings) or are used as a single active ingredient in progestin mono-preparations (the progestin-only pill (POP), implants, intrauterine systems or depot preparations). Progestins are highly effective in long-term contraception when used properly, and have a very good safety profile with very few contraindications. A new oestrogen-free ovulation inhibitor (POP) has recently been authorised in the USA and the EU. This progestin mono-preparation contains 4 mg of drospirenone (DRSP), which has anti-gonadotropic, anti-mineralocorticoidic and anti-androgenic properties. The hormone administration regimen of 24 days followed by a 4-day hormone-free period was chosen to improve bleeding control and to maintain oestradiol concentrations at early follicular-phase levels, preventing oestrogen deficiency. Clinical trials have demonstrated a high contraceptive effectiveness, a very low risk of cardiovascular side effects and a favourable menstrual bleeding pattern. Due to the long half-life of DRSP (30 – 34 hours), the effectiveness of the preparation is maintained even if a woman forgets to take a pill on a single occasion. Studies involving deliberate 24-hour delays in taking a pill have demonstrated that ovulation inhibition is maintained if a single pill is missed. Following a summary of the current status of oestrogen-free contraception, this review article will describe the clinical development programme of the 4 mg DRSP mono-preparation and the resulting data on the effectiveness and safety of this new oestrogen-free oral hormonal contraceptive.
As some cognitive functions decline in old age, the ability to decide about important life events such as medical treatment is endangered. Environmental support to improve the comprehension of health-related information is therefore necessary. With a small-scale explorative approach, the present survey study aimed at investigating person-environment fit (PE-fit) of support provided during medical consultations. This fit was calculated by assessing the match between aids provided by five medical practitioners during medical consultations and aids most appreciated by the geriatric patients (N = 88). The results showed that the largest discrepancies of used and appreciated aids could be found concerning the opportunity to discuss decisions with relatives, the possibility to take notes, the use of objects, pictures and a keyword list. Female patients indicated a lower PE-fit. These findings highlight discrepancies between the use of specific aids and the wishes of patients and call for thoughtful use of aids during consultations with geriatric patients.
Objective: To assess the effect of cesarean section (CS) timing, elective versus unplanned, on the residual myometrial thickness (RMT) and CS scars. Methods: This is a prospective single-blinded observational cohort study with 186 observations. Patients indicated to undergo first singleton CS were preoperatively recruited. Exclusion criteria were history of repeated CS, vertical hysterotomy, diabetes, and additional uterine surgeries. Sonographic examination was performed for assessing the RMT ratio, the presence of a niche, fibrosis, and the distance from the scar to the internal os (SO) 1 year after CS. Power analysis was performed with 0.05 α, 0.1 β, and all statistical analyses were conducted with Stata®. Results: Wilcoxon rank-sum test for the association between CS timing, RMT ratio and SO showed Z values of −0.59 and −4.94 (P = 0.553 and P < 0.001), respectively. There was no association between CS timing and niches and fibrosis (P > 0.99 and P = 0.268, respectively). Linear regression between SO and the extent of cervical dilatation showed a −0.45 β (95% confidence interval −0.68 to −0.21) and a 10.22-mm intercept (P < 0.001). Conclusion: RMT is independent of the timing of CS, but the SO distance shows a negative linear relationship with the cervical dilatation.