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Urn models are simple examples for random growth processes that involve various competing types. In the study of these schemes, one is generally interested in the impact of the specific form of interaction on the allocation of elements to the types. Depending on their reciprocal action, effects of cancellation and self-reinforcement become apparent in the long run of the system. For some urn models, the influencing is of a smoothing nature and the asymptotic allocation to the types is close to being a result of independent and identically distributed growth events. On the contrary, for others, almost sure random tendencies or logarithmically periodic terms emerge in the second growth order. The present thesis is devoted to the derivation of central limit theorems in the latter case. For urns of this kind, we use a "non-classical" normalisation to derive asymptotic joint normality of the types. This normalisation takes random tendencies and phases into account and consequently involves random centering and, also, possibly random scaling.
The linguistic deficit in patients with Alzheimer's Disease: is there a syntactic impairment?
(2017)
The linguistic impairment of patients affected by Alzheimer’s disease (PAD) is defined as a form of fluent aphasia, which is caused by major disruptions in the semantic and lexical domains. Consequently, their discourse is often described as empty, although their speech is fluent. This study aims at enlarging the comprehension of the linguistic deficit in PADs; in particular, it deals with their syntactic competence and it addresses the following questions: 1) Do PADs suffer from syntactic impairment? 2) How can the impairment in PADs be accounted for? 3) At which stage of the disease are PADs affected by syntactic impairment? The syntactic competence of Italian-speaking PADs is investigated under two different perspectives. On one hand, the study considers the syntactic information stored in the lexicon as part of the lexical entry. For this purpose, PADs complete a grammatical gender retrieval task on a list of 100 Italian nouns. On the other hand, the question deals with syntax intended as the capacity to complete the processing of syntactic structures in sentence comprehension and production. The present study focuses on sentence comprehension and includes two sentence-to-picture matching tasks: one on Wh-questions, and one on relative clauses. PADs complete the experiment on grammatical gender retrieval with high accuracy, except for few mistakes on irregular and opaque nouns, thus showing a spared capacity to retrieve the syntactic information, especially when they can rely on the form-driven procedural mechanism, as in the case of regular nouns. Data on the comprehension of Wh-questions and RC reveals that PADs are more sensitive than controls to locality effects. Patients with moderate dementia are impaired at computing dependencies that entail a crossing movement between two arguments whose features are in a relation of inclusion. In contrast, crossing movements are allowed when the involved feature arrays are in a relation of disjunction. In short, patients are spared at using procedural mechanisms for the retrieval of syntactic information, while they are impaired at processing sentences that entail argument extraction. The impairment manifests itself in moderately impaired PADs in the form of enhanced sensitivity to locality effects.
The publication of the Liikanen Group's final report in October 2012 was surrounded by high expectations regarding the implementation of the reform plans through the proposed measures that reacted to the financial and sovereign debt crises. The recommendations mainly focused on introducing a mild version of banking separation and the creation of the preconditions for bail-in measures. In this article, we present an overview of the regulatory reforms, to which the financial sector has been subject over the past years in accordance with the concepts laid out in the Liikanen Report. It becomes clear from our assessment that more specific steps have yet to be taken before the agenda is accomplished. In particular, bail-in rules must be implemented more consistently. Beyond the question of the required minimum, the authors develop the notion of a maximum amount of liabilities subject to bail-in. The combination of both components leads to a three-layer structure of bank capital: a bail-in tranche, a deposit-insured bailout tranche, and an intermediate run-endangered mezzanine tranche. The size and treatment of the latter must be put to a political debate that weighs the costs and benefits of a further increase in financial stability beyond that achieved through loss-bearing of the bail-in tranche.
kurz und kn@pp news : Nr. 41
(2017)
Background: The Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus subgroup includes 11 cryptic species of which Ae. albopictus is the most widely distributed. Its global expansion associated with a documented vector competence for several emerging arboviruses raise obvious concerns in the recently colonized regions. While several studies have provided important insights regarding medical importance of Ae. albopicus, the investigations of the other sibling species are scarce. In Asia, indigenous populations within the Ae. albopictus subgroup can be found in sympatry. In the present study, we aimed to describe and compare molecular, morphological and bacterial symbionts composition among sympatric individuals from the Ae. albopictus subgroup inhabiting a Vietnamese protected area.
Results: Based on morphological structure of the cibarial armarture, we identified a cryptic species in the forest park at Bù Gia Mập in the south-eastern region of Vietnam. Analysis of nuclear (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and mitochondrial (cox1, nad5) markers confirmed the divergence between the cryptic species and Ae. albopictus. Analysis of midgut bacterial microbiota revealed a strong similarity among the two species with a notable difference; contrary to Ae. albopictus, the cryptic species did not harbour any Wolbachia infection.
Conclusions: These results could reflect either a recent invasion of Wolbachia in Ae. albopictus or alternatively a loss of this symbiont in the cryptic species. We argue that neglected species of the Ae. albopictus subgroup are of main importance in order to estimate variation of host-symbionts interactions across evolution.
Ion channel gating is essential for cellular homeostasis and is tightly controlled. In some eukaryotic and most bacterial ligand-gated K+ channels, RCK domains regulate ion fluxes. Until now, a single regulatory mechanism has been proposed for all RCK-regulated channels, involving signal transduction from the RCK domain to the gating area. Here, we present an inactive ADP-bound structure of KtrAB from Vibrio alginolyticus, determined by cryo-electron microscopy, which, combined with EPR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism for ligand-induced action at a distance. Exchange of activating ATP to inactivating ADP triggers short helical segments in the K+-translocating KtrB dimer to organize into two long helices that penetrate deeply into the regulatory RCK domains, thus connecting nucleotide-binding sites and ion gates. As KtrAB and its homolog TrkAH have been implicated as bacterial pathogenicity factors, the discovery of this functionally relevant inactive conformation may advance structure-guided drug development.
SR proteins function in nuclear pre-mRNA processing, mRNA export, and translation. To investigate their cellular dynamics, we developed a quantitative assay, which detects differences in nucleocytoplasmic shuttling among seven canonical SR protein family members. As expected, SRSF2 and SRSF5 shuttle poorly in HeLa cells but surprisingly display considerable shuttling in pluripotent murine P19 cells. Combining individual-resolution cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) and mass spectrometry, we show that elevated arginine methylation of SRSF5 and lower phosphorylation levels of cobound SRSF2 enhance shuttling of SRSF5 in P19 cells by modulating protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions. Moreover, SRSF5 is bound to pluripotency-specific transcripts such as Lin28a and Pou5f1/Oct4 in the cytoplasm. SRSF5 depletion reduces and overexpression increases their cytoplasmic mRNA levels, suggesting that enhanced mRNA export by SRSF5 is required for the expression of pluripotency factors. Remarkably, neural differentiation of P19 cells leads to dramatically reduced SRSF5 shuttling. Our findings indicate that posttranslational modification of SR proteins underlies the regulation of their mRNA export activities and distinguishes pluripotent from differentiated cells.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird darauf eingegangen, welche Anpassungen erforderlich sind, um Protonendichten vergleichbar zu bereits erzeugten Elektronendichten in Gabor-Linsen zu erhalten. Zur Vorbereitung zukünftiger Experimente werden vergleichende Simulationen zum Einschluss der Ladungsträgerdichten durchgeführt und die Strahldynamik bei der Wechselwirkung eines positiven Ionenstrahls mit einem in einer Gabor-Linse eingeschlossenen Protonenplasma untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Strahldynamiksimulationen werden mit theoretischen Berechnungen vertieft, in dem die Brennweite einer Gabor-Linse, die mit einer beliebigen Teilchensorte gefüllt ist, berechnet und die Drift-Masse eingeführt wird.
Eine weitere analytische Betrachtung ist die Erweiterung der Teilchendynamik in der Gabor-Linse auf beliebige Anfangsbedingungen, in dem die dazugehörige Differentialgleichung entkoppelt und ganz allgemein gelöst wird. Die daraus berechneten Trajektorien der Teilchen führen zu einem besseren Verständnis, das weitere Anwendungen erschließen könnte.
Recently the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) serves as a powerful high duty factor (25%) heavy ion beam accelerator for the ambitious experiment program at GSI. Beam time availability for SHE (Super Heavy Element)-research will be decreased due to the limitation of the UNILAC providing Uranium beams with an extremely high peak current for FAIR simultaneously. To keep the GSI-SHE program competitive on a high level and even beyond, a standalone superconducting continuous wave (100% duty factor) LINAC in combination with the upgraded GSI High Charge State injector is envisaged. In preparation for this, the first LINAC section (financed by HIM and GSI) will be tested with beam in 2017, demonstrating the future experimental capabilities. Further on the construction of an extended cryo module comprising two shorter Crossbar-H cavities is foreseen to test until end of 2017. As a final R&D step towards an entire LINAC three advanced cryo modules, each comprising two CH cavities, should be built until 2019, serving for first user experiments at the Coulomb barrier.
Die aus Amerika stammende, neophytische Kolumbianische Zwergwasserlinse Wolffia columbiana wurde in Europa erstmals im Jahr 2013 in Deutschland und den Niederlanden nachgewiesen. Daraufhin wurden weitere 11 Freilandvorkommen von Wolffia aus Deutschland (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Hessen und Rheinland-Pfalz), den Niederlanden und Polen überprüft. Bei 10 der insgesamt 13 untersuchten Proben handelte es sich um Wolffia columbiana, darunter alle 8 bislang untersuchten Vorkommen aus Deutschland. Lediglich bei 3 Freilandproben aus den Niederlanden und Polen handelte es sich um die einheimische Wolffia arrhiza. Der Neophyt scheint also durchaus weiter verbreitet zu sein als gedacht. Die Unterscheidung beider Arten ist nicht ganz leicht, die Unterscheidungsmerkmale werden vorgestellt. Die Vorkommen von Wolffia in Europa sollten überprüft werden, um zu klären, wie viele Vorkommen von Wolffia arrhiza es überhaupt noch gibt, und bei wie vielen Vorkommen es sich tatsächlich um die neophytische Wolffia columbiana oder andere neophytische Wolffia-Arten handelt.
Im NSG Emsdettener Venn im Kreis Steinfurt/NRW wächst seit mindestens 2011 Frasers Auenhartheu (Triade-num fraseri), eine Art, die an sumpfigen Standorten in Nord-Amerika heimisch ist. Das Vorkommen breitet sich im Emsdettener Venn weiter aus und ist hier offensichtlich bereits eingebürgert. Da es sich wahrscheinlich um die erste Verwilderung der Art in Deutschland handelt, wird Frasers Auenhartheu mit Fotos vorgestellt und das Vorkommen näher beschrieben.
Es wird über Vorkommen des Rauen Straußgrases Agrostis scabra WILLD. (Poaceae) in Essen und in Nordrhein-Westfalen berichtet. Die Art stammt ursprünglich aus Nordamerika und Ostasien. Sie ist im Ruhrgebiet mindestens seit 1992 eingebürgert und besiedelt offene Standorte auf Zechenbrachen und an Talsperren.
Zwei Funde des Arabischen Schneckenklees (Medicago arabica) in Geseke/Kreis Soest und Köln gaben Anlass, weitere Funde aus NRW zusammenzustellen und den Status der Art im Bundesland zu diskutieren. Angaben von Botanikern des 20. Jahrhunderts legen nahe, dass die Art schon damals an Wegrändern, auf Bahngeländen, auf Geländen von Wollspinnereien und in Gärten eingebürgert war. Zwei aktuelle Vorkommen in Köln und Königs-winter werden hier als eingebürgert betrachtet. Funde im Aachener Raum schließen sich an das niederländische Areal an, wo die Art als indigen betrachtet wird, sodass sogar ein Indigenat der Art in Nordrhein-Westfalen nicht auszuschließen ist.
Im Gemeindegebiet von Holzwickede (Kreis Unna, Nordrhein-Westfalen) wachsen derzeit fünf verschiedene Orchideen-Sippen. Die bei weitem Häufigste ist die Breitblättrige Stendelwurz (Epipactis helleborine), von der mehr als 1300 Pflanzen gefunden wurden und die als typische Orchidee des Siedlungsraums bezeichnet werden kann. Das Fuchs' Knabenkraut (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) wächst heute nicht mehr in der Naturlandschaft, sondern nur noch an zwei Orten in Zierrasen in Privatgärten im Siedlungsraum. Das Hybrid-Knabenkraut (Dactylorhiza maculata agg. x majalis) konnte an drei verschiedenen Stellen in Wiesen gefunden werden und ist offenbar konkurrenzkräftiger als ihre Elternarten. Die Vogelnestwurz (Neottia nidus-avis) war bisher im Gebiet noch nicht gefunden worden, bei dem neu entdeckten Wuchsort handelt es sich möglicherweise um eine Neuansiedlung. Ein Erstfund für Nordrhein-Westfalen gelang mit einer Hybride der Schnepfen-Ragwurz (Ophrys scolopax-Hybride), deren mögliche Herkunft diskutiert wird.