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Locomotor activity patterns of laboratory mice are widely used to analyze circadian mechanisms, but most investigations have been performed under standardized laboratory conditions. Outdoors, animals are exposed to daily changes in photoperiod and other abiotic cues that might influence their circadian system. To investigate how the locomotor activity patterns under outdoor conditions compare to controlled laboratory conditions, we placed 2 laboratory mouse strains (melatonin-deficient C57Bl and melatonin-proficient C3H) in the garden of the Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie in Frankfurt am Main. The mice were kept singly in cages equipped with an infrared locomotion detector, a hiding box, nesting material, and with food and water ad libitum. The locomotor activity of each mouse was recorded for 1 year, together with data on ambient
temperature, light, and humidity. Chronotype, chronotype stability, total daily activity, duration of the activity period, and daily diurnality indices were determined from the actograms. C3H mice showed clear seasonal differences in the chronotype, its stability, the total daily activity, and the duration of the activity period. These pronounced seasonal differences were not observed in the C57Bl. In both strains, the onset of the main activity period was mainly determinedby the evening dusk, whereas the offset was influenced by the ambient temperature. The actograms did not reveal infra-, ultradian, or lunar rhythms or a weekday/weekend pattern. Under outdoor conditions, the 2 strains retained their nocturnal locomotor identity as observed in the laboratory. Our results indicate that the chronotype displays a seasonal plasticity that may depend on the melatoninergic system. Photoperiod and ambient temperature are the most potent abiotic entraining cues. The timing of the evening dusk mainly affects the onset of the activity period; the ambient temperature during this period influences the latter’s duration. Humidity, overall light intensities, and human activities do not affect the locomotor behavior.
Durch die sich verändernde Altersstruktur nehmen die Inzidenz und Prävalenz von Herzklappenerkrankungen wie der Mitralinsuffizienz weltweit zu, verbunden mit einem Verlust an Lebensqualität und Lebensjahren für den individuellen Patienten und hohen Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem. Die Standardtherapie, eine chirurgische Rekonstruktion oder ein Ersatz der Mitralklappe kommt aufgrund von Alter und Begleiterkrankungen (insbesondere der Herzinsuffizienz) bei bis zu 50% der Patienten nicht in Frage. Die MitraClip- Prozedur ist ein etabliertes Verfahren zur minimalinvasiven Therapie der hochgradigen Mitralklappeninsuffizienz bei Patienten mit hohem Operationsrisiko. In einigen, jedoch nicht allen Patientenkohorten konnte ein positiver Einfluss auf Rehospitalisierungen und Sterblichkeit gezeigt werden. Insbesondere Patienten mit Rechtsherzdysfunktion (RVD) scheinen weniger zu profitieren. Aufgrund des individuellen Risikos des Eingriffs und der erheblichen Kosten ist es notwendig, Patienten zu identifizieren die von dem Eingriff profitieren und solche bei denen ein ungünstiges Nutzen/ Risikoverhältnis besteht.
Im Rahmen des Frankfurter Mitralklappenregisters wurden 119 Patienten im interdisziplinären Konsens („Heart Team“) vom 07/2013 bis 02/2017 mit der MitraClip Prozedur behandelt und nach ihrem schriftlichen Einverständnis in die Analyse eingeschlossen. Der Langzeitverlauf wurde bis zum 31.12.2017 beobachtet.
Ziel der Studie war, zu erfassen, ob die Anwendung von bei Herzinsuffizienz etablierten Prognosemodellen bei diesen Patienten sinnvoll ist und ob sich das Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) und der Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) Score in ihrer Genauigkeit bei diesen Patienten unterscheiden insbesondere im Kontext einer RVD.
Die Diagnose einer RVD erfolgte über den im Herzultraschall leicht zu erfassenden Parameter „Tricuspid Annular Plane Excursion“ (TAPSE), der die während der Systole zurückgelegte Strecke des Trikuspidalrings misst.
Die Genauigkeit in der Vorhersage der 1- Jahres Mortalität der beiden Scores wurde durch die Bestimmung der Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) ermittelt.
Innerhalb eines Jahres nach MitraClip- Therapie verstarben 29 Patienten (28.2%) des Gesamtkollektivs. Bei Patienten mit funktioneller Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (FMR) betrug die 1- Jahres Mortalität 23,3%, bei Patienten mit degenerativer Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (DMR) 31,7%. In der Kaplan- Meier Analyse bestand eine signifikant erhöhte 1- Jahres Mortalität für Patienten mit RVD (34.8 vs 22.8%; p=0.009). Patienten mit FMR wiesen eine erhöhte Sterblichkeit auf, wenn gleichzeitig eine RVD bestand (38.1% vs 9.1% ohne RVD). Diese Assoziation bestand bei Patienten mit DMR nicht (32% mit RVD vs. 34.3%).
Die prognostische Genauigkeit beider Scores war im Gesamtkollektiv vergleichbar (SHFM: 0.704, MAGGIC: 0.692). Das gilt auch für separate Analysen nach funktioneller/ degenerativer Genese der Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (FMR: SHFM 0.696, MAGGIC 0.722; DMR: SHFM 0.727, MAGGIC 0.629). Bei Patienten ohne RVD zeigt das SHFM jedoch eine höhere diagnostische Genauigkeit als der MAGGIC Score (SHFM: 0.775; MAGGIC: 0.551, p <0.05). Bei Patienten mit Rechtsherzdysfunktion bestehen keine signifikanten Unterschiede (SHFM: 0.615; MAGGIC: 0.799, p>0.05), auch wenn ein Trend zugunsten des MAGGIC Scores bestand.
Eine bestehende RVD ist ein wichtiger prognostischer Marker für Patienten, die mit einem Mitraclip behandelt werden und sollte in der Entscheidungsfindung des „Heart Teams“ berücksichtigt werden. SHFM und MAGGIC Score besitzen eine adäquate prognostische Trennschärfe in unserer Patientenkohorte, Unterschiede bestehen bei Patienten mit/ ohne RVD. Aufgrund der Heterogenität der Erkrankung sowie der Begleiterkrankungen besteht für beide Scores nur eine moderate Trennschärfe, sie dürfen beim individuellen Patienten nicht einziges Entscheidungskriterium sein. Denkbar wäre, durch einen „machine learning“ Ansatz unter Einbeziehung klinischer, anatomischer, demographischer und laborchemischer Daten ein Score System zu entwerfen, mit dem eine höhere prognostische Genauigkeit erreicht werden könnte.
Objective: The DIRAS2 gene is associated with ADHD, but its function is largely unknown. Thus, we aimed to explore the genes and molecular pathways affected by DIRAS2. Method: Using short hairpin RNAs, we downregulated Diras2 in murine hippocampal primary cells. Gene expression was analyzed by microarray and affected pathways were identified. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to confirm expression changes and analyzed enrichment of differentially expressed genes in an ADHD GWAS (genome-wide association studies) sample. Results: Diras2 knockdown altered expression of 1,612 genes, which were enriched for biological processes involved in neurodevelopment. Expression changes were confirmed for 33 out of 88 selected genes. These 33 genes showed significant enrichment in ADHD patients in a gene-set-based analysis. Conclusion: Our findings show that Diras2 affects numerous genes and thus molecular pathways that are relevant for neurodevelopmental processes. These findings may further support the hypothesis that DIRAS2 is linked to etiological processes underlying ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. 2021; 25(4) 572-583).
The capacity of convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants is currently of high relevance to assess the protection against infections. We performed a cell culture-based neutralization assay focusing on authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.617.1 (Kappa), B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), all harboring the spike substitution L452R. We found that authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring L452R had reduced susceptibility to convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera and mAbs. Compared to B.1, Kappa and Delta showed a reduced neutralization by convalescent sera by a factor of 8.00 and 5.33, respectively, which constitutes a 2-fold greater reduction when compared to Epsilon. BNT2b2 and mRNA1273 vaccine-elicited sera were less effective against Kappa, Delta, and Epsilon compared to B.1. No difference was observed between Kappa and Delta towards vaccine-elicited sera, whereas convalescent sera were 1.51-fold less effective against Delta, respectively. Both B.1.617 variants Kappa (+E484Q) and Delta (+T478K) were less susceptible to either casirivimab or imdevimab. In conclusion, in contrast to the parallel circulating Kappa variant, the neutralization efficiency of convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera against Delta was moderately reduced. Delta was resistant to imdevimab, which, however, might be circumvented by combination therapy with casirivimab together.
Background: Inflammation is essential for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). While the immune system contribution to the development of neurological symptoms has been intensively studied, inflammatory biomarkers for mental symptoms such as depression are poorly understood in the context of MS. Here, we test if depression correlates with peripheral and central inflammation markers in MS patients as soon as the diagnosis is established. Methods: Forty-four patients were newly diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS, primary progressive MS or clinically isolated syndrome. Age, gender, EDSS, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, white blood cells count in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF WBC), presence of gadolinium enhanced lesions (GE) on T1-weighted images and total number of typical MS lesion locations were included in linear regression models to predict Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score and the depression dimension of the Symptoms Checklist 90-Revised (SCL90RD). Results: CRP elevation and GE predicted significantly BDI (CRP: p = 0.007; GE: p = 0.019) and SCL90RD (CRP: p = 0.004; GE: p = 0.049). The combination of both factors resulted in more pronounced depressive symptoms (p = 0.04). CSF WBC and EDSS as well as the other variables were not correlated with depressive symptoms. Conclusions: CRP elevation and GE are associated with depressive symptoms in newly diagnosed MS patients. These markers can be used to identify MS patients exhibiting a high risk for the development of depressive symptoms in early phases of the disease.
Genes encoding endocannabinoid and sphingolipid metabolism pathways were suggested to contribute to the genetic risk towards attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present pilot study assessed plasma concentrations of candidate endocannabinoids, sphingolipids and ceramides in individuals with adult ADHD in comparison with healthy controls and patients with affective disorders. Targeted lipid analyses of 23 different lipid species were performed in 71 mental disorder patients and 98 healthy controls (HC). The patients were diagnosed with adult ADHD (n = 12), affective disorder (major depression, MD n = 16 or bipolar disorder, BD n = 6) or adult ADHD with comorbid affective disorders (n = 37). Canonical discriminant analysis and CHAID analyses were used to identify major components that predicted the diagnostic group. ADHD patients had increased plasma concentrations of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P d18:1) and sphinganine-1-phosphate (S1P d18:0). In addition, the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and arachidonoylglycerol were increased. MD/BD patients had increased long chain ceramides, most prominently Cer22:0, but low endocannabinoids in contrast to ADHD patients. Patients with ADHD and comorbid affective disorders displayed increased S1P d18:1 and increased Cer22:0, but the individual lipid levels were lower than in the non-comorbid disorders. Sphingolipid profiles differ between patients suffering from ADHD and affective disorders, with overlapping patterns in comorbid patients. The S1P d18:1 to Cer22:0 ratio may constitute a diagnostic or prognostic tool.