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Objectives: A conometric concept was recently introduced in which conical implant abutments hold the matching crown copings by friction alone, eliminating the need for cement or screws. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the presence of microgap formation and bacterial leakage at the Acuris conometric restorative interface of three different implant abutment systems. Material and methods: A total of 75 Acuris samples of three implant-abutment systems (Ankylos, Astra Tech EV, Xive) were subjected to microbiological (n = 60) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) investigation (n = 15). Bacterial migration into and out of the conical coupling system were analyzed in an anaerobic workstation for 48, 96, 144, and 192 h. Bacterial DNA quantification using qrt-PCR was performed at each time point. The precision of the conometric coupling and internal fit of cemented CAD/CAM crowns on corresponding Acuris TiN copings were determined by means of SEM. Results: qrt-PCR results failed to demonstrate microbial leakage from or into the Acuris system. SEM analysis revealed minute punctate microgaps at the apical aspect of the conometric junction (2.04 to 2.64 µm), while mean cement gaps of 12 to 145 µm were observed at the crown-coping interface. Conclusions: The prosthetic morse taper connection of all systems examined does not allow bacterial passage. Marginal integrity and internal luting gap between the ceramic crown and the coping remained within the clinically acceptable limits. Clinical relevance: Conometrically seated single crowns provide sufficient sealing efficiency, relocating potential misfits from the crown-abutment interface to the crown-coping interface.
Hintergrund: Gut durchgeführte Wiederbelebungsmaßnahmen können bei einem Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand das Outcome verbessern. Um praktische Fähigkeiten zu erlernen, greifen Medizinstudierende oft auf Lehrvideos zurück. Studien zeigen jedoch häufig eine unzureichende Qualität der im Internet zur Verfügung gestellten Videos zu Reanimationsmaßnahmen. Eine Bewertung anhand einer validierten, auf den aktuellen „guidelines“ basierten Checkliste fehlt bisher. Ziel der Arbeit: Entwicklung und Validierung einer Checkliste zur Bewertung von Lehrvideos zur Reanimation. Material und Methoden: In einem Expertenworkshop erfolgte basierend auf den aktuellen „guidelines“ die Formulierung der Checklistenitems. Die Checkliste wurde in einem vierstufigen Reviewprozess von Notärzten getestet. Die Bewertungen wurden analysiert und die Items angepasst und spezifiziert. Nach dem Reviewprozess wurde die Checkliste an 74 Videos zur Reanimation angewendet. Ergebnisse: Die Checkliste umfasst 25 Items in vier Kategorien (initiale Maßnahmen, Thoraxkompression, AED-Nutzung, Atmung), die auf einer 3 stufigen Likert-Skala bewertet werden. 16 NotärztInnen nahmen an der Studie teil. Sie bewerteten jeweils durchschnittlich 9,3 ± 5,7 Videos. Die Reviewer stimmten in 65,1 ± 12,6 % der Fälle überein. Die höchsten Übereinstimmungen wurden im Unterthema AED erzielt, das Item „Beim Schock Patienten nicht berühren“ wies die höchste Übereinstimmung auf. Die Items der Kategorie Thoraxkompression wurden am häufigsten unterschiedlich bewertet. Diskussion: Es konnte erstmalig für den deutschsprachigen Raum eine Checkliste zur Bewertung von Lehrvideos zur Reanimation erstellt und validiert werden.
Background: The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the work of neurologists regarding static posture (> 4 s) and to identify awkward postures. Methods: A total of 9 neurologists (assistant physicians; 3 male, 6 female) participated in this study. Kinematic data were collected using the computer-assisted acquisition and long-term analysis of musculoskeletal loads (CUELA; IFA, Sankt Augustin, Germany) system. Daily work (“office work,” “measures on patients,” and “other activities”) was analyzed with a computer-based task analysis. Results: During ”measures on patients,” more than 80% of the total percentage of non-neutral posture was assumed with a flexed position of the head and entire back, both during “blood collection” (4.7% of the time) and while “placing intravenous catheters” (8.3% of the time). In contrast, long static postures (> 30 s) in the head and neck area, including the thoracic spine, were adopted during “office work.” Despite the increased total percentage of non-neutral attitudes during measures on patients, the time share of 3.4% of the total working time is so small that the risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) is negligible. In contrast, office work, which comprises 50.8% of the total working time and longer static postures, has a potential risk for the development of MSD. Conclusion: The present study is the first kinematic pilot analysis in the field of in-patient neurological assistants. Non-neutral as well as static postures in everyday work could be identified. Potential MSD can be reduced by optimizing the working height and by taking regular breaks to loosen the musculoskeletal system.
Mitochondrial dysfunction may activate innate immunity, e.g. upon abnormal handling of mitochondrial DNA in TFAM mutants or in altered mitophagy. Recent reports showed that also deletion of mitochondrial matrix peptidase ClpP in mice triggers transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory factors. Here, we studied ClpP-null mouse brain at two ages and mouse embryonal fibroblasts, to identify which signaling pathways are responsible, employing mass spectrometry, subcellular fractionation, immunoblots, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Several mitochondrial unfolded protein response factors showed accumulation and altered migration in blue-native gels, prominently the co-chaperone DNAJA3. Its mitochondrial dysregulation increased also its extra-mitochondrial abundance in the nucleus, a relevant observation given that DNAJA3 modulates innate immunity. Similar observations were made for STAT1, a putative DNAJA3 interactor. Elevated expression was observed not only for the transcription factors Stat1/2, but also for two interferon-stimulated genes (Ifi44, Gbp3). Inflammatory responses were strongest for the RLR pattern recognition receptors (Ddx58, Ifih1, Oasl2, Trim25) and several cytosolic nucleic acid sensors (Ifit1, Ifit3, Oas1b, Ifi204, Mnda). The consistent dysregulation of these factors from an early age might influence also human Perrault syndrome, where ClpP loss-of-function leads to early infertility and deafness, with subsequent widespread neurodegeneration.
In Deutschland erkranken pro Jahr bis zu 12.000 Menschen neu an Leukämie. Leukämie ist eine schwere onkologische Erkrankung, bei der reifes Knochenmarkgewebe in Folge von Mutationen unreifer und defekter Vorläuferzellen (leukämischen Blasten) verdrängt wird. Dies führt zu einer zunehmend eingeschränkten Blutbildung. Akute Leukämieformen können unbehandelt innerhalb von wenigen Wochen zum Tode führen und erfordern deshalb eine umgehende Diagnostik sowie einen raschen Therapiebeginn. Heilungschancen bestehen dann, wenn durch die Transplantation von gesunden hämatopoetischen Stammzellen (HSZT) das erkrankte Knochenmark ausreichend ersetzt wird. Leider sind Abstoßungsreaktionen des Spendermaterials (engl.: Graft-versus-Host-Disease, GvHD) keine Seltenheit.
Natürliche Killerzellen (NK-Zellen) stellen die kleinste Lymphozytenpopulation im menschlichen Blut dar und werden dem angeborenen Immunsystem zugerechnet. Sie wurden erstmals 1975 durch die Forscher Kiessling, Klein et al. entdeckt.17 Aufgrund ihrer Fähigkeit bestimmte Tumorzellen in vitro zu töten, wächst das Interesse an der Erforschung ihrer aktivierenden und inhibierenden Oberflächenrezeptoren. Die Killer-Zell-Immunoglobulin-ähnlichen Rezeptoren (KIRs) bilden dabei eine besonders diverse NKZell-Rezeptorfamilie. Lokalisiert auf Chromosom 19 liegen bis zu 17 hochpolymorphe KIRGene. Die genetische Ausstattung und Oberflächenexpression variiert von Individuum zu Individuum und bildet die Voraussetzung für die vorhandene Diversität KIR-exprimierender NK-Zellen. NK-Zellen besitzen die Fähigkeit, Gewebezellen in „körpereigen“ oder „fremd“ zu kategorisieren. Inhibitorische Killer-Immunoglobulin-ähnliche Rezeptoren (iKIR) nutzen dazu HLA-Klasse-I-Proteine (MHC-I) auf der Oberfläche gesunder Zellen. Diese schützen sie vor einem zytotoxischen NK-Zell-Angriff. NK-Zellen durchlaufen im Vorfeld einen komplexen Ausbildungssprozess48, an dessen Ende lizensierte Effektorzellen stehen. Diese können mittels gezielter Zytolyse krebstransformierte, zellulär-gestresste, sowie viralinfizierte Zellen im intakten Organismus erkennen und abtöten.
Die Spenderauswahl ist ein wichtiger Faktor für den Erfolg einer Stammzelltransplantation. Infundierte Spender NK-Zellen schützen das Transplantat, indem sie als wirksame Effektorzellen verbleibende Leukämiezellen aktiv eliminieren. Diese wünschenswerte Nebenwirkung wird als Graft-versus-Leukämie (GvL)-Effekt bezeichnet. Ruggeri et al. konnte zeigen, dass insbesondere Transplantationsstrategien, die auf KIR-Ligand-Fehlpaarungen (engl.: KIR-HLA-mismatch) basieren, zu weniger Rückfällen, weniger GvHD und einem besseren Gesamtüberleben bei Patienten mit akuter myeloischer Leukämie (AML) nach HSZT führt. Der KIR-HLA-mismatch wird mittlerweile aufgrund ausreichender Datenlage bei der Auswahl passender NK-Zell-Spender berücksichtigt und die Untersuchung auf die An- bzw. Abwesenheit bestimmter KIR-Gene (Haplotypisierung)
mittlerweile neben der HLA-Typisierung standardisiert in vielen Instituten durchgeführt. Daneben finden sich immer mehr Hinweise dafür, dass bereits einzelne allelische Polymorphismen innerhalb der KIR-Gene einzelner Spender großen Einfluss auf die Funktionalität ihrer NK-Zellen nehmen. Die allelische Subtypisierung von KIRs stellt aufgrund stetig steigender Zahlen neu entdeckter Allele eine Herausforderung dar. Im Januar 2019 sind für KIR2DL1 bereits 66 Allele beschrieben und für KIR3DL1 sogar 150 Allele in der Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) hinterlegt.
Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert ein praktikables Subtypisierungsverfahren, um allelische Unterschiede innerhalb der Genloci der NK-Zell-Rezeptoren KIR2DL1 und KIR3DL1 zu untersuchen. Für die Experimente wurden NK-Zellen von 20 gesunden Spendern funktionell untersucht und KIR-genetisch analysiert. Ziel war es innerhalb dieser Individuen besonders potente NK-Zellspender zu identifizieren und diese anhand bestimmter Polymorphismen und/ oder der Expression von KIR-Rezeptoren zu charakterisieren. Bei der Subtypisierung der KIR2DL1-Gene konnten 12 verschiedene, bereits bekannte KIR2DL1-Allele bestimmt werden. Die häufigsten Allele waren dabei 2DL1*001, *00201, *00302, *00401 und *00403. 5 der 20 Spender konnten der funktionell hochpotenten R245–Allelgruppe (AS Arginin an Pos. 245) zugeordnet werden. Spender 13 zeigte bei negativer KIR2DL1-SSP eine vermeintlich neue Nullallelvariante, Spender 20 eine neue heterozygote Variante, resultierend in der Kombination eines Arginin mit Alanin (R/A). Bei der allelischer Subtypisierung von KIR3DL1 wurden 25 verschiedene, bereits bekannte KIR3DL1-Allele bei den 20 Spendern bestimmt. Spender 2 zeigt zahlreiche, vorwiegend homozygote Abweichungen von der Referenzfrequenz, insbesondere im Exon 5, und wurde als neue Allelvariante gewertet. Die häufigsten KIR3DL1-Allele waren 3DL1*00101, *002 und *087. Mittels durchflusszytometrischer Messung konnte gezeigt werden, dass das bekannte Nullallel 3DL1*0040101 bei Spender 14 zu keiner Oberflächenexpression des Rezeptors führt215, während Spendern 11 und 16 als Träger des 3DL1*00402 Allels eine Oberflächenexpression von rund 10% präsentierten. Um die Spender NK-Zellen der gebildeten Gruppen funktionell zu testen, wurden die NK-Zellen experimentell mit vier unterschiedlichen transgenen L721.221-Zelllinien stimuliert. Die funktionelle Potenz der
gespendeten NK-Zellen wurde mittels eines CD107-Degranulationsassays gemessen. Nach aktuellem Stand sind nur für 53 der 150 KIR3DL1-Allele die allelischen Expressionsmuster untersucht worden. Dies bedeutet im Umkehrschluss, dass für rund 65% der bekannten KIR3DL1-Allele Daten zur Funktionalität fehlen, und damit der größte Anteil der ermittelten Allele von 6 Spendern der unknown-Expression (KIR3DL1u/u) Gruppe zugeordnet wurde. Die Spender 4 und 19 der high-Expressiongruppe (KIR3DL1h/h), sowie Spender 5 und 10 der KIR3DL1u/u-Gruppe mit den Allelen 3DL1*053, *087, *109 und Spender 2 als Träger zweier neuer KIR3DL1-Allele, zeigten in toto die besten funktionellen Ergebnisse in den Experimenten gegen die verwendete B-lymphoblastoide L721.221-Zellinien. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass bei der Spenderauswahl für NK-Zellbasierten Immuntherapie neben der Genotypisierung die allelische KIR-Subtypisierung als wertvolles Werkzeug entschiedener berücksichtigt werden sollte. Dafür ist es jedoch notwendig weiter an KIR-Subtypisierung und -Gruppierung Strategien zu arbeiten, um Natürlichen Killerzellen Wege in die klinische Standardpraxis zu bahnen.
Adolescence has been linked to an enhanced tolerance of uncertainty and risky behavior and is possibly connected to an increased response toward rewards. However, previous research has produced inconsistent findings. To investigate whether these findings are due to different reward probabilities used in the experimental design, we extended a monetary incentive delay (MID) task by including three different reward probabilities. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, 25 healthy adolescents and 22 adults were studied during anticipation of rewards in the VS. Differently colored cue stimuli indicated either a monetary or verbal trial and symbolized different reward probabilities, to which the participants were blinded. Results demonstrated faster reaction times for lower reward probabilities (33%) in both age groups. Adolescents were slower through all conditions and had less activation on a neural level. Imaging results showed a three-way interaction between age group x condition x reward probability with differences in percent signal change between adolescents and adults for the high reward probabilities (66%, 88%) while adolescents demonstrated differences for the lowest (33%). Therefore, previous inconsistent findings could be due to different reward probabilities, which makes examining these crucial for a better understanding of adolescent and adult behavior.
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are multi-protein assemblies representing distinct sub-nuclear structures. As phase-separated molecular condensates, PML NBs exhibit liquid droplet-like consistency. A key organizer of the assembly and dynamics of PML NBs is the ubiquitin-like SUMO modification system. SUMO is covalently attached to PML and other core components of PML NBs thereby exhibiting a glue-like function by providing multivalent interactions with proteins containing SUMO interacting motifs (SIMs). PML NBs serve as the catalytic center for nuclear SUMOylation and SUMO-SIM interactions are essential for protein assembly within these structures. Importantly, however, formation of SUMO chains on PML and other PML NB-associated proteins triggers ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation which coincide with disruption of these nuclear condensates. To date, a plethora of nuclear activities such as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, apoptosis, senescence, cell cycle control, DNA damage response, and DNA replication have been associated with PML NBs. Not surprisingly, therefore, SUMO-dependent PML NB integrity has been implicated in regulating many physiological processes including tumor suppression, metabolism, drug-resistance, development, cellular stemness, and anti-pathogen immune response. The interplay between PML NBs and viral infection is multifaceted. As a part of the cellular antiviral defense strategy, PML NB components are crucial restriction factors for many viruses and a mutual positive correlation has been found to exist between PML NBs and the interferon response. Viruses, in turn, have developed counterstrategies for disarming PML NB associated immune defense measures. On the other end of the spectrum, certain viruses are known to usurp specific PML NB components for successful replication and disruption of these sub-nuclear foci has recently been linked to the stimulation rather than curtailment of antiviral gene repertoire. Importantly, the ability of invading virions to manipulate the host SUMO modification machinery is essential for this interplay between PML NB integrity and viruses. Moreover, compelling evidence is emerging in favor of bacterial pathogens to negotiate with the SUMO system thereby modulating PML NB-directed intrinsic and innate immunity. In the current context, we will present an updated account of the dynamic intricacies between cellular PML NBs as the nuclear SUMO modification hotspots and immune regulatory mechanisms in response to viral and bacterial pathogens.
Macrophages not only represent an integral part of innate immunity but also critically contribute to tissue and organ homeostasis. Moreover, disease progression is accompanied by macrophage accumulation in many cancer types and is often associated with poor prognosis and therapy resistance. Given their critical role in modulating tumor immunity in primary and metastatic brain cancers, macrophages are emerging as promising therapeutic targets. Different types of macrophages infiltrate brain cancers, including (i) CNS resident macrophages that comprise microglia (TAM-MG) as well as border-associated macrophages and (ii) monocyte-derived macrophages (TAM-MDM) that are recruited from the periphery. Controversy remained about their disease-associated functions since classical approaches did not reliably distinguish between macrophage subpopulations. Recent conceptual and technological advances, such as large-scale omic approaches, provided new insight into molecular profiles of TAMs based on their cellular origin. In this review, we summarize insight from recent studies highlighting similarities and differences of TAM-MG and TAM-MDM at the molecular level. We will focus on data obtained from RNA sequencing and mass cytometry approaches. Together, this knowledge significantly contributes to our understanding of transcriptional and translational programs that define disease-associated TAM functions. Cross-species meta-analyses will further help to evaluate the translational significance of preclinical findings as part of the effort to identify candidates for macrophage-targeted therapy against brain metastasis.
Background: Autobiographical memory (AM) changes are the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In recent neuroimaging studies, AM changes have been associated with numerous cerebral sites, such as the frontal cortices, the mesial temporal lobe, or the posterior cingulum. Regional glucose uptake in these sites was investigated for underlying subdimensions using factor analysis. Subsequently, the factors were examined with respect to AM performance in a subgroup of patients.
Methods: Data from 109 memory clinic referrals, who presented with MCI (n = 60), mild AD (n = 49), or were cognitively intact, were analyzed. The glucose metabolic rates determined by positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in 34 cerebral sites important for AM were investigated for underlying subdimensions by calculating factor analysis with varimax rotation. Subsequently, the respective factor scores were correlated with the episodic and semantic AM performance of 22 patients, which was measured with a semi-structured interview assessing episodic memories (characterized by event-related emotional, sensory, contextual, and spatial–temporal details) and personal semantic knowledge from three periods of life (primary school, early adulthood, and recent years).
Results: Factor analysis identified seven factors explaining 69% of the variance. While patients with MCI and AD showed lower values than controls on the factors frontal cortex, mesial temporal substructures, and occipital cortex, patients with MCI presented with increased values on the factors posterior cingulum and left temporo-prefrontal areas. The factors anterior cingulum and right temporal cortex showed only minor, non-significant group differences. Solely, the factor mesial temporal substructures was significantly correlated with both episodic memories (r = 0.424, p < 0.05) and personal semantic knowledge (r = 0.547, p < 0.01) in patients with MCI/AD.
Conclusions: The factor structure identified corresponds by large to the morphological and functional interrelations of the respective sites. While reduced glucose uptake on the factors frontal cortex, mesial temporal substructures, and occipital cortex in the patient group may correspond to neurodegenerative changes, increased values on the factors posterior cingulum and left temporo-prefrontal areas in MCI may result from compensatory efforts. Interestingly, changes of the mesial temporal substructures were correlated with both semantic and episodic AM. Our findings suggest that AM deficits do not only reflect neurodegenerative changes but also refer to compensatory mechanisms as they involve both quantitative losses of specific memories and qualitative changes with a semantization of memories.
Die Pathophysiologie der Bandscheibendegeneration (intervertebral disc degeneration, IVDD) und ihre molekularen Mechanismen sind noch in weiten Teilen unverstanden. Ihre Ursachen und Risikofaktoren sind vielfältig und schließen unter anderem Alter, Geschlecht, Umwelteinflüsse oder mechanische Belastungen mit ein.
Für das der Bandscheibe eng verwandte Knorpelgewebe wurde in aktuellen Studien der Einfluss des Sympathikus bzw. dessen Neurotransmitters Noradrenalin (NE) via adrenerger Rezeptoren (AR) auf die Zellproliferation, die Expression von Molekülen der extrazellulären Matrix und somit auch auf die Degeneration beschrieben. In Bandscheiben wurde bereits das Vorhandensein von sympathischen Nervenendigungen nachgewiesen, allerdings wurde die Expression der Adrenozeptoren hier noch nie untersucht. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war also die Analyse der ARs im Gewebe der Bandscheibe und die Evaluation der Korrelation mit der Bandscheibendegeneration.
Das für die Analyse benötigte Gewebe stammt von Patienten, bei welchen eine Wirbelkörperverblockung (Spondylodese) durchgeführt wurde. Im Rahmen dieser Spondylodese wird das Bandscheibengewebe des betroffenen Segmentes entfernt. Der Degenerationsgrad der anonymisierten Proben wurde prä- und intraoperativ bestimmt und im entnommenen Gewebe sowie in isolierten Zellen die Expression aller bekannten ARs mittels reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) untersucht. Zum Nachweis der ARs auf Proteinebene wurden einzelne humane Proben auch immunhistochemisch analysiert. Des Weiteren wurde anhand von Wildtyp- und sogenannten SM/J-Mäusen, die eine spontane IVDD entwickeln, die Proteinexpression der ARs und der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) von gesunden und geschädigten Bandscheiben an histologischen Schnitten verglichen. Schließlich wurde an isolierten und kultivierten humanen Zellen ein Stimulationsversuch mit Noradrenalin durchgeführt, um zu prüfen, ob es nach Aktivierung der ARs zu einer intrazellulären Signalweiterleitung kommt.
In Nativgewebe der humanen Bandscheibe konnte die messenger Ribonukleinsäure (mRNA) von α1a-, α1b-, α2a-, α2b-, α2c-, β1- und β2-ARs nachgewiesen werden. Nach siebentägiger Zellkultur im Monolayer präsentierte sich ein nur dezent abweichendes Genexpressionsmuster. Auf Proteinebene war das Signal des β2-AR nur im Bereich des Annulus fibrosus (AF) detektierbar jedoch nicht im Nucleus pulposus (NP). Selbiges war auch in murinen Schnitten festzustellen, wobei sich bei Wildtype (WT)-Mäusen hauptsächlich im inneren AF β2-positive Zellen fanden, während sich das Signal bei der SM/J-Maus weiter in Richtung des äußeren AF und des NP ausdehnte. α2a-AR und α2c-AR waren hingegen auf Proteinebene nicht nachweisbar. Bei der immunhistochemischen Untersuchung relevanter ECM-Moleküle zeigte sich für Kollagen II, Kollagen XII, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) und Decorin (DCN) eine Verteilung, die mit der des β2-AR-Signals korreliert. Der Stimulationsversuch in humaner Zellkultur ergab eine Aktivierung der für die ARs relevanten Proteinkinase A (PKA)- und extracellular signal–regulated kinases (ERK1/2) -Signalwege.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte zum ersten Mal die Existenz und Funktionalität von Adrenozeptoren im Bandscheibengewebe nachgewiesen werden. Unterschiede in der Expression der ARs, kombiniert mit Veränderungen der ECM-Zusammensetzung könnten ein Hinweis auf den Einfluss des Sympathikus bei IVDD sein. Die aktuelle demographische Entwicklung und die sich hieraus ergebende gesundheitsökonomische Belastung machen die Ergründung molekularer Mechanismen der IVDD und die daraus resultierende Entwicklung innovativer Behandlungsmethoden zu Kardinalfragen moderner orthopädischer Grundlagenforschung.
The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the outcome of patients with metastasized castration-resistant early-onset prostate cancer refractory to chemotherapy receiving radioligand therapy with 177Lutetium-PSMA-617 (LuPSMA-RLT). Twenty-five patients of ≤55 years of age at prostate cancer diagnosis, treated with a median of four (IQR 2–6) cycles (mean of 7.7 ± 1.4 GBq per cycle) every 6–8 weeks, were analyzed. Survival outcome was calculated based on the Kaplan–Meier method. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.8 months (95% CI 2.3–5.3), and overall survival (OS) was 8.5 months (95% CI 6.2–10.8). An initial PSA reduction (≥ 50%) was observed in 9/25 (36%) of patients without being significantly associated with OS (p = 0.601). PSA response (PSA decline ≥50% at 12 weeks) was observed in 12/25 (48%) of patients and significantly associated with longer OS (16.0 months, 95% CI 7.4–24.6 vs. 4.0 months, 95% CI 1.1–6.9, p = 0.002). Imaging-based response using 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT after two to three cycles was seen in 11/25 (44%). Additionally, responders had a significantly longer median PFS (8.7 months, 95% CI 1.3–16.1 vs. 1.9 months, 95% CI 1.7–2.2, p < 0.001) and OS (16.0 months, 95% CI 7.6–24.4 vs. 4.0 months, 95% CI 0.9–7.1; p = 0.002). Intra- or post-therapeutic toxicity was graded according to the CTCAE v5.0 criteria. Newly developing grade ≥ 3 anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia occurred in three (12%), one (4%), and three (12%) patients, respectively. One patient showed renal toxicity (grade ≥ 3) during follow-up. Pain palliation (>2 level VAS decline) was achieved in 9/14 (64%) and performance status improvement (ECOG level decline ≥ 1) in 8/17 (47%) of patients. Compared to previous reports, radioligand therapy with 177Lu-PSMA-617 in metastasized castration-resistant early-onset prostate cancer patients refractory to chemotherapy yields similar response rates with a comparable safety profile, but is associated with shorter survival.
Lifestyle interventions, including meal replacement, are effective in the prevention and treatment of type-2-diabetes and obesity. Since insulin is the key weight regulator, we hypothesised that the addition of meal replacement to a lifestyle intervention reduces insulin levels more effectively than lifestyle intervention alone. In the international multicentre randomised controlled ACOORH (Almased Concept against Overweight and Obesity and Related Health Risk) trial, overweight or obese persons who meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome (n = 463) were randomised into two groups. Both groups received nutritional advice focusing on carbohydrate restriction and the use of telemonitoring devices. The intervention group substituted all three main meals per day in week 1, two meals per day in weeks 2–4, and one meal per day in weeks 5–26 with a protein-rich, low-glycaemic meal replacement. Data were collected at baseline and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. All datasets providing insulin data (n = 446) were included in this predefined subanalysis. Significantly higher reductions in insulin (−3.3 ± 8.7 µU/mL vs. −1.6 ± 9.8 µU/mL), weight (−6.1 ± 5.2 kg vs. −3.2 ± 4.6 kg), and inflammation markers were observed in the intervention group. Insulin reduction correlated with weight reduction and the highest amount of weight loss (−7.6 ± 4.9 kg) was observed in those participants with an insulin decrease > 2 µU/mL. These results underline the potential for meal replacement-based lifestyle interventions in diabetes prevention, and measurement of insulin levels may serve as an indicator for adherence to carbohydrate restriction.
Simple Summary: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Clinical phenotypes of frequent mutations and their impact on patient outcome are well established. However, the role of rare mutations often remains elusive. We retrospectively analyzed 1529 newly diagnosed and intensively treated AML patients for mutations of BCOR and BCORL1. We report a distinct co-mutational pattern that suggests a role in disease progression rather than initiation, especially affecting mechanisms of DNA-methylation. Further, we found loss-of-function mutations of BCOR to be independent markers of poor outcomes in multivariable analysis. Therefore, loss-of-function mutations of BCOR need to be considered for AML management, as they may influence risk stratification and subsequent treatment allocation.
Abstract: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by recurrent genetic events. The BCL6 corepressor (BCOR) and its homolog, the BCL6 corepressor-like 1 (BCORL1), have been reported to be rare but recurrent mutations in AML. Previously, smaller studies have reported conflicting results regarding impacts on outcomes. Here, we retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of 1529 patients with newly diagnosed and intensively treated AML. BCOR and BCORL1 mutations were found in 71 (4.6%) and 53 patients (3.5%), respectively. Frequently co-mutated genes were DNTM3A, TET2 and RUNX1. Mutated BCORL1 and loss-of-function mutations of BCOR were significantly more common in the ELN2017 intermediate-risk group. Patients harboring loss-of-function mutations of BCOR had a significantly reduced median event-free survival (HR = 1.464 (95%-Confidence Interval (CI): 1.005–2.134), p = 0.047), relapse-free survival (HR = 1.904 (95%-CI: 1.163–3.117), p = 0.01), and trend for reduced overall survival (HR = 1.495 (95%-CI: 0.990–2.258), p = 0.056) in multivariable analysis. Our study establishes a novel role for loss-of-function mutations of BCOR regarding risk stratification in AML, which may influence treatment allocation.
Diabetes mellitus is the fifth most common cause of death worldwide. Due to its chronic nature, diabetes is a debilitating disease for the patient and a relevant cost for the national health system. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes mellitus (90% of cases) and is characteristically multifactorial, with both genetic and environmental causes. Diabetes patients display a significant increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to the rest of the population. This is associated with increased blood clotting, which results in circulatory complications and vascular damage. Platelets are circulating cells within the vascular system that contribute to hemostasis. Their increased tendency to activate and form thrombi has been observed in diabetes mellitus patients (i.e., platelet hyperactivity). The oxidative damage of platelets and the function of pro-oxidant enzymes such as the NADPH oxidases appear central to diabetes-dependent platelet hyperactivity. In addition to platelet hyperactivity, endothelial cell damage and alterations of the coagulation response also participate in the vascular damage associated with diabetes. Here, we present an updated interpretation of the molecular mechanisms underlying vascular damage in diabetes, including current therapeutic options for its control.
Quantitative MRI allows to probe tissue properties by measuring relaxation times and may thus detect subtle changes in tissue composition. In this work we analyzed different relaxation times (T1, T2, T2* and T2′) and histological features in 321 samples that were acquired from 25 patients with newly diagnosed IDH wild-type glioma. Quantitative relaxation times before intravenous application of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA), T1 relaxation time after GBCA as well as the relative difference between T1 relaxation times pre-to-post GBCA (T1rel) were compared with histopathologic features such as the presence of tumor cells, cell and vessel density, endogenous markers for hypoxia and cell proliferation. Image-guided stereotactic biopsy allowed for the attribution of each tissue specimen to its corresponding position in the respective relaxation time map. Compared to normal tissue, T1 and T2 relaxation times and T1rel were prolonged in samples containing tumor cells. The presence of vascular proliferates was associated with higher T1rel values. Immunopositivity for lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) involved slightly longer T1 relaxation times. However, low T2′ values, suggesting high amounts of deoxyhemoglobin, were found in samples with elevated vessel densities, but not in samples with increased immunopositivity for LDHA. Taken together, some of our observations were consistent with previous findings but the correlation of quantitative MRI and histologic parameters did not confirm all our pathophysiology-based assumptions.
Olfactory self-assessments have been analyzed with often negative but also positive conclusions about their usefulness as a surrogate for sensory olfactory testing. Patients with nasal polyposis have been highlighted as a well-predisposed group for reliable self-assessment. In a prospective cohort of n = 156 nasal polyposis patients, olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification were tested using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test battery, along with self-assessments of olfactory acuity on a numerical rating scale with seven named items or on a 10-point scale with only the extremes named. Apparent highly significant correlations in the complete cohort proved to reflect the group differences in olfactory diagnoses of anosmia (n = 65), hyposmia (n = 74), and normosmia (n = 17), more than the true correlations of self-ratings with olfactory test results, which were mostly very weak. The olfactory self-ratings correlated with a quality of life score, however, only weakly. By contrast, olfactory self-ratings proved as informative in assigning the categorical olfactory diagnosis. Using an olfactory diagnostic instrument, which consists of a mapping rule of two numerical rating scales of one’s olfactory function to the olfactory functional diagnosis based on the “Sniffin’ Sticks” clinical test battery, the diagnoses of anosmia, hyposmia, or normosmia could be derived from the self-ratings at a satisfactorily balanced accuracy of about 80%. It remains to be seen whether this approach of translating self-assessments into olfactory diagnoses of anosmia, hyposmia, and normosmia can be generalized to other clinical cohorts in which olfaction plays a role.
Objective: Current literature debates the role of newly developed three-dimensional (3D) Exoscopes in the daily routine of neurosurgical practice. So far, only a small number of cadaver lab studies or case reports have examined the novel Aesculap Aeos Three-Dimensional Robotic Digital Microscope. This study aims to evaluate the grade of satisfaction and intraoperative handling of this novel system in neurosurgery. Methods: Nineteen neurosurgical procedures (12 cranial, 6 spinal and 1 peripheral nerve) performed over 9 weeks using the Aeos were analyzed. Ten neurosurgeons of varying levels of training were included after undergoing device instruction and training. Following every surgery, a questionnaire consisting of 43 items concerning intraoperative handling was completed. The questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: No intraoperative complications occurred. Surgical satisfaction was ranked high (78.95%). In total, 84.21% evaluated surgical ergonomics as satisfactory, while 78.95% of the surgeons would like to use this system frequently. Image quality, independent working zoom function and depth of field were perceived as suboptimal by several neurosurgeons. Conclusion: The use of Aeos is feasible and safe in microsurgical procedures, and surgical satisfaction was ranked high among most neurosurgeons in our study. The system might offer advanced ergonomic conditions in comparison to conventional ocular-based microscopes.
Advanced stage metastatic prostate cancer with extensive bone marrow involvement is associated with a high risk of therapy-induced myelotoxicity and unfavorable outcomes. The role of salvage radioligand therapy (RLT) with 177Lu-PSMA-617 in this subset of patients remains to be further elucidated. Forty-five patients with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and diffuse bone marrow involvement were treated with repeated cycles of RLT after having exhausted standard treatment options. A mean treatment activity of 7.4 ± 1.4 GBq 177Lu-PSMA-617 was administered in a median of four treatment cycles (IQR 2-6) and the mean cumulative activity was 32.6 ± 20.1 GBq. After two RLT cycles, ≥50% PSA decline was observed in 25/45 (56%) patients and imaging-based partial remission (PR) was observed in 18/45 (40%) patients. Median imaging-based progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.4 mo (95% CI, 3.0–9.8) and the median overall survival (OS) was 10.2 months (95% CI, 7.2–12.8). The biochemical response translated into a significantly prolonged PFS (12.9 vs. 2.8 mo, p < 0.001) and OS (13.5 vs. 6.7 mo, p < 0.001). Patients with PR on interim imaging after two cycles had a longer median OS compared to patients with stable or progressive disease (15.5 vs. 7.1 mo, p < 0.001). Previous taxane-based chemotherapy (HR 3.21, 95%CI 1.18–8.70, p = 0.02) and baseline LDH levels (HR 1.001, 95%CI 1.000–1.001, p = 0.04) were inversely associated with OS on a Cox-regression analysis. Grade ≥ 3 hematological decline was observed after 22/201 (11%) cycles with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in 15/45 (33%), 6/45 (13%) and 8/45 (18%) patients, respectively. Cumulative treatment activity and absorbed whole-body dose were not correlated with new onset grade ≥ 3 hematotoxicity (p = 0.91, p = 0.69). No event of grade ≥ 3 chronic kidney disease was observed during RLT or the follow-up. Last line RLT with 177Lu-PSMA-617 in mCRPC patients with diffuse bone marrow involvement may thus contribute to prolonged disease control at an acceptable safety profile.
Aim of the study: This RCT assesses patients’ 18-month clinical outcomes after the regenerative therapy of periimplantitis lesions using either an electrolytic method (EC) to remove biofilms or a combination of powder spray and an electrolytic method (PEC). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients (24 implants) suffering from periimplantitis were randomly treated by EC or PEC followed by augmentation and submerged healing. Probing pocket depth (PPD), Bleeding on Probing (BoP), suppuration, and standardized radiographs were assessed before surgery (T0), 6 months after augmentation (T1), and 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months after the replacement of the restoration. Results: The mean PPD changed from 5.8 ± 1.6 mm (T0) to 3.1 ± 1.4 mm (T3). While BoP and suppuration at T0 were 100%, BoP decreased at T2 to 36.8% and at T3 to 35.3%. Suppuration was found to be at a level of 10.6% at T2 and 11.8% at T3. The radiologic bone level measured from the implant shoulder to the first visible bone to the implant contact was 4.9 ± 1.9 mm at mesial sites and 4.4 ± 2.2 mm at distal sites at T0 and 1.7 ± 1.7 mm and 1.5 ± 17 mm at T3. Conclusions: Significant radiographic bone fill and the improvement of clinical parameters were demonstrated 18 months after therapy.
Throughout life, macrophages are located in every tissue of the body, where their main roles are to phagocytose cellular debris and recycle aging red blood cells. In the tissue niche, they promote homeostasis through trophic, regulatory, and repair functions by responding to internal and external stimuli. This in turn polarizes macrophages into a broad spectrum of functional activation states, also reflected in their iron-regulated gene profile. The fast adaptation to the environment in which they are located helps to maintain tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions.