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Simple Summary: Early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer that has spread to other organs and tissues is crucial, as therapeutic decisions and outcome expectations might change. Computed tomography (CT) is often used to detect breast cancer’s spread, but this method has its weaknesses. The computer-assisted technique “radiomics” extracts grey-level patterns, so-called radiomic features, from medical images, which may reflect underlying biological processes. Our retrospective study therefore evaluated whether breast cancer spread can be predicted by radiomic features derived from iodine maps, an application on a new generation of CT scanners visualizing tissue blood flow. Based on 77 patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer, we found that this approach might indeed predict cancer spread to other organs/tissues. In the future, radiomics may serve as an additional tool for cancer detection and risk assessment.
Abstract: Dual-energy CT (DECT) iodine maps enable quantification of iodine concentrations as a marker for tissue vascularization. We investigated whether iodine map radiomic features derived from staging DECT enable prediction of breast cancer metastatic status, and whether textural differ- ences exist between primary breast cancers and metastases. Seventy-seven treatment-naïve patients with biopsy-proven breast cancers were included retrospectively (41 non-metastatic, 36 metastatic). Radiomic features including first-, second-, and higher-order metrics as well as shape descriptors were extracted from volumes of interest on iodine maps. Following principal component analysis, a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-NN) was used for classification (70% of cases for training, 30% validation). Histopathology served as reference standard. MLP-NN predicted metastatic status with AUCs of up to 0.94, and accuracies of up to 92.6 in the training and 82.6 in the validation datasets. The separation of primary tumor and metastatic tissue yielded AUCs of up to 0.87, with accuracies of up to 82.8 in the training, and 85.7 in the validation dataset. DECT iodine map-based radiomic signatures may therefore predict metastatic status in breast cancer patients. In addition, microstructural differences between primary and metastatic breast cancer tissue may be reflected by differences in DECT radiomic features.
Simple Summary: Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) remains a challenge due to the lack of biomarkers indicating the optimal drug for each patient. This study analyzed blood samples of patients with predominant clear cell mRCC who were treated with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus after failure of one prior tumor therapy. In an exploratory approach, predictive blood biomarkers were searched. We found lower levels of the protein thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) at the start of the therapy and higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum two weeks after therapy initiation to be associated with therapy response. Of note, these blood biomarkers had a higher predictive value than baseline patient parameters or risk classifications. Polymorphisms in the mTOR gene appeared to be associated with therapy response, but were not significant. To conclude, it seems feasible to identify patients showing longtime responses to everolimus and possible to increase tumor therapy response rates based on biomarkers for individual therapy selection.
Abstract: There is an unmet need for predictive biomarkers in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) therapy. The phase IV MARC-2 trial searched for predictive blood biomarkers in patients with predominant clear cell mRCC who benefit from second-line treatment with everolimus. In an exploratory approach, potential biomarkers were assessed employing proteomics, ELISA, and polymorphism analyses. Lower levels of angiogenesis-related protein thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) at baseline (≤665 parts per billion, ppb) identified therapy responders with longer median progression-free survival (PFS; ≤665 ppb at baseline: 6.9 months vs. 1.8, p = 0.005). Responders had higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum two weeks after therapy initiation (>27.14 nmol/L), associated with a longer median PFS (3.8 months vs. 2.2, p = 0.013) and improved overall survival (OS; 31.0 months vs. 14.0 months, p < 0.001). Baseline TSP-2 levels had a stronger relation to PFS (HR 0.36, p = 0.008) than baseline patient parameters, including IMDC score. Increased serum LDH levels two weeks after therapy initiation were the best predictor for OS (HR 0.21, p < 0.001). mTOR polymorphisms appeared to be associated with therapy response but were not significant. Hence, we identified TSP-2 and LDH as promising predictive biomarkers for therapy response on everolimus after failure of one VEGF-targeted therapy in patients with clear cell mRCC.
Falls from a height are a common cause of polytrauma care in Level I Trauma Centers worldwide. The expected injury consequences depend on the height of the fall and the associated acceleration, as well as the condition of the ground. In addition, we further hypothesize a correlation between the cause of the fall, the age of the patient, and the patient’s outcome. A total of 178 trauma patients without age restriction who were treated in our hospital after a fall >3 m within a 5-year period were retrospectively analyzed. The primary objective was a clinically and radiologically quantifiable increase in the severity of injuries after falls from different relevant heights (>3 m, >6 m, and >9 m). The cause of the fall, either accidental or suicidal; age and duration of intensive care unit stay, including duration of ventilation; and total hospital stay were analyzed. Additionally, the frequency of urgent operations, such as, external fixation of fractures or hemi-craniectomies, laboratory parameters; and clinical outcomes were also among the secondary objectives. Sustaining a thoracic trauma or pelvis fractures increases significantly with height, and vital parameters are significantly compromised. We also found significant differences in urgent pre- and in-hospital emergency interventions, as well as organ complications and outcome parameters depending on the fall’s height.
Vaginal breech delivery is becoming an extinct art although national guidelines underline its safety and vaginal breech delivery in an upright position has been shown to be a safe birth mode option. In order to spread clinical knowledge and be able to implement vaginal breech delivery into obstetricians’ daily practice, we need to gather knowledge from facilities who teach specialized obstetrical management. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study on 140 vaginal deliveries out of breech presentation solely-managed by seven newly-trained physicians and compared fetal outcome as well as rates of manual assistance in respect to preexisting experience. Results: Fetal morbidity rate measured with a modified PREMODA score was not significantly different in three sub-cohorts sorted by preexisting expertise levels of managing obstetricians (experience groups EG, EG0: 2, 5%; EG1: 3, 7.5%; EG2: 1, 1.7%; p = 0.357). Manual assistance rate was significantly higher in EG1 (low experience level in breech delivery and only in dorsal position) compared to EG0 and EG2 (EG1 28, 70%; EG0: 14, 25%; EG2: 21, 35%; p = 0.0008). Conclusions: Our study shows that vaginal breech delivery with newly-trained obstetricians is a safe option whether or not they have advanced preexisting expertise in breech delivery. These data should encourage implementing vaginal breech delivery in clinical routine.
The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is a preferred method for the detection of functional, SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies from serum samples. Alternatively, surrogate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using ACE2 as the target structure for the detection of neutralization-competent antibodies have been developed. They are capable of high throughput, have a short turnaround time, and can be performed under standard laboratory safety conditions. However, there are very limited data on their clinical performance and how they compare to the PRNT. We evaluated three surrogate immunoassays (GenScript SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Kit (GenScript Biotech, Piscataway Township, NJ, USA), the TECO® SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Assay (TECOmedical AG, Sissach, Switzerland), and the Leinco COVID-19 ImmunoRank™ Neutralization MICRO-ELISA (Leinco Technologies, Fenton, MO, USA)) and one automated quantitative SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-based IgG antibody assay (Abbott GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany) by testing 78 clinical samples, including several follow-up samples of six BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer, Mainz, Germany/New York, NY, USA) vaccinated individuals. Using the PRNT as a reference method, the overall sensitivity of the examined assays ranged from 93.8 to 100% and specificity ranged from 73.9 to 91.3%. Weighted kappa demonstrated a substantial to almost perfect agreement. The findings of our study allow these assays to be considered when a PRNT is not available. However, the latter still should be the preferred choice. For optimal clinical performance, the cut-off value of the TECO assay should be individually adapted.
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a frequent comorbidity in cardiac disease patients. Nevertheless, the prevalence and relationship between SDB and severe primary mitral regurgitation (PMR) has not been well investigated to date. Methods: A cohort of 121 patients with significant PMR undergoing mitral valve surgery were prospectively enrolled and received a cardiorespiratory single night polygraphy screening using ApneaLink before surgery. Eighty-two of them underwent a follow-up examination including a follow-up single-night sleep study 3 months after surgery. Results: The mean age of patients was 65.3 ± 12.0 years. Sixty patients (49.6%) were female. The mean EuroSCORE II was 2.5 ± 2.4%. Initially, 91 (75.2%) patients presented with SDB, among whom 50.4% (46 patients, 38.0% of total cohort) were classified as moderate to severe. These patients tended to require significantly longer postoperative intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Among the 82 patients who completed follow-up exams, mitral valve surgery led to a significant reduction in relevant SDB (20.7%). The apnea-hypopnea index (from 11/h [4;18] to 4/h [3;14] (p = 0.04)), the oxygenation-desaturation index (from 8/h [3;18] to 5/h [3;12] (p = 0.008)) as well as the saturation time below 90% (from 32 min [13;86] to 18 min [5;36] (p = 0.005)), were all shown to be improved significantly. Conclusion: The prevalence of SDB is very high in patients with severe primary mitral regurgitation and may contribute to postoperative complications and prolonged intensive care. A significantly reduced but still high prevalence of SDB was observed 3 months after mitral valve surgery, highlighting the bidirectional relationship between SDB and heart failure.
Drug interactions are a well-known cause of adverse drug events, and drug interaction databases can help the clinician to recognize and avoid such interactions and their adverse events. However, not every interaction leads to an adverse drug event. This is because the clinical relevance of drug–drug interactions also depends on the genetic profile of the patient. If inhibitors or inducers of drug metabolising enzymes (e.g., CYP and UGT) are added to the drug therapy, phenoconcversion can occur. This leads to a genetic phenotype that mismatches the observable phenotype. Drug–drug–gene and drug–gene–gene interactions influence the toxicity and/or ineffectivness of the drug therapy. To date, there have been limited published studies on the impact of genetic variations on drug–drug interactions. This review discusses the current evidence of drug–drug–gene interactions, as well as drug–gene–gene interactions. Phenoconversion is explained, the and methods to calculate the phenotypes are described. Clinical recommendations are given regarding the integratation of the PGx results in the assessment of the relevance of drug interactions in the future.
Aims: In primary central nervous system tumours, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene expression is associated with increased malignancy. However, it has also been shown that EMT factors in gliomas are almost exclusively expressed by glioma vessel-associated pericytes (GA-Peris). In this study, we aimed to identify the mechanism of EMT in GA-Peris and its impact on angiogenic processes.
Methods; In glioma patients, vascular density and the expression of the pericytic markers platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-β and smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were examined in relation to the expression of the EMT transcription factor SLUG and were correlated with survival of patients with glioblastoma (GBM). Functional mechanisms of SLUG regulation and the effects on primary human brain vascular pericytes (HBVP) were studied in vitro by measuring proliferation, cell motility and growth characteristics.
Results: The number of PDGFR-β- and αSMA-positive pericytes did not change with increased malignancy nor showed an association with the survival of GBM patients. However, SLUG-expressing pericytes displayed considerable morphological changes in GBM-associated vessels, and TGF-β induced SLUG upregulation led to enhanced proliferation, motility and altered growth patterns in HBVP. Downregulation of SLUG or addition of a TGF-β antagonising antibody abolished these effects.
Conclusions: We provide evidence that in GA-Peris, elevated SLUG expression is mediated by TGF-β, a cytokine secreted by most glioma cells, indicating that the latter actively modulate neovascularisation not only by modulating endothelial cells, but also by influencing pericytes. This process might be responsible for the formation of an unstructured tumour vasculature as well as for the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier in GBM.
Functional roles of COMP and TSP-4 in articular cartilage and their relevance in osteoarthritis
(2020)
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly progressing disease, resulting in the degradation of cartilage and the loss of joint functionality. The cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) is degraded and undergoes remodelling in OA progression. Chondrocytes start to express degrading proteases but are also reactivated and synthesise ECM proteins. The spectrum of these newly synthesised proteins and their involvement in OA specific processes and cartilage repair is hardly investigated.
Human articular cartilage obtained from OA patients undergoing knee replacement surgery was evaluated according to the OARSI histopathology grading system. Healthy, non-OA cartilage samples were used as controls. The expression and distribution of thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) and the closely related COMP were analysed on the gene level by PCR and on the protein level by immunohistology and immunoblot assays. The potential of TSP-4 as a diagnostic marker was evaluated by immunoblot assays, using serum samples from OA patients and healthy individuals. The functional role of both proteins was further investigated in in vitro studies using chondrocytes isolated from femoral condyles of healthy pigs. The effect of COMP and TSP-4 on chondrocyte migration and attachment was investigated via transwell and attachment assays, respectively. Moreover, the potential of COMP and TSP-4 to modulate the chondrocyte phenotype by inducing gene expression, ECM protein synthesis and matrix formation was investigated by immunofluorescence staining and qPCR. The activation of cartilage relevant signalling pathways was investigated by immunoblot assays.
These results showed for the first time the presence of TSP-4 in articular cartilage. Its amount dramatically increased in OA compared to healthy cartilage and correlated positively with OA severity. In healthy cartilage TSP-4 was primarily found in the superficial zone while it was wider distributed in the middle and deeper zones of OA cartilage. The amount of specific TSP-4 fragments was increased in sera of OA patients compared to healthy controls, indicating a potential to serve as an OA biomarker. COMP was ubiquitously expressed in healthy cartilage but degraded in early as well as re-expressed in late-stage OA. The overall protein levels between OA severity grades were comparable. Contrary to TSP-4, COMP was localised primarily in the upper zone of OA cartilage, in particular in areas with severe damage. COMP could attract chondrocytes and facilitated their attachment, while TSP-4 did not affect these processes. COMP and TSP 4 were generally weak inducers of gene expression, although both could induce COL2A1 and TSP-4 additionally COL12A1 and ACAN after 6 h. Correlating data were obtained on the protein level: COMP and TSP-4 promoted the synthesis and matrix formation of collagen II, collagen IX, collagen XII and proteoglycans. In parallel, both proteins suppressed chondrocyte hypertrophy and dedifferentiation by reducing collagen X and collagen I. By analysing the effect of COMP and TSP-4 on intracellular signalling, both proteins induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation and TSP-4 could further promote Smad2/3 signalling induced by TGF-β1. None of the two proteins had a direct or modulatory effect on Smad1/5/9 dependent signalling.
In summary, COMP and TSP-4 contribute to ECM maintenance and repair by inducing the expression of essential ECM proteins and suppressing chondrocyte dedifferentiation. These effects might be mediated by Erk1/2 phosphorylation. The presented data demonstrate an important functional role of COMP and TSP-4 in both healthy and OA cartilage and provide a basis for further studies on their potential in clinical applications for OA diagnosis and treatment.
Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and clinical presentation in youths with conduct disorder
(2021)
Background: Conduct disorder (CD) rarely occurs alone but is typically accompanied by comorbid psychiatric disorders, which complicates the clinical presentation and treatment of affected youths. The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in comorbidity pattern in CD and to systematically explore the ‘gender paradox’ and ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypotheses of female CD.
Methods: As part of the FemNAT-CD multisite study, semistructured clinical interviews and rating scales were used to perform a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of 454 girls and 295 boys with CD (9–18 years), compared to 864 sex- and age-matched typically developing controls.
Results: Girls with CD exhibited higher rates of current major depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, whereas boys with CD had higher rates of current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In line with the ‘gender paradox’ hypothesis, relative to boys, girls with CD showed significantly more lifetime psychiatric comorbidities (incl. Alcohol Use Disorder), which were accompanied by more severe CD symptoms. Female and male youths with CD also differed significantly in their CD symptom profiles and distribution of age-of-onset subtypes of CD (i.e. fewer girls with childhood-onset CD). In line with the ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypothesis, girls with adolescent-onset CD showed similar levels of dimensional psychopathology like boys with childhood-onset CD, while boys with adolescent-onset CD had the lowest levels of internalizing psychopathology.
Conclusions: Within the largest study of CD in girls performed to date, we found compelling evidence for sex differences in comorbidity patterns and clinical presentation of CD. Our findings further support aspects of the ‘gender paradox’ and ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypotheses by showing that girls with CD had higher rates of comorbid lifetime mental disorders and functional impairments, and they usually developed CD during adolescence. These novel data on sex-specific clinical profiles of CD will be critical in informing intervention and prevention programmes.
Aims: Somatic mutations in haematopoietic stem cells can lead to the clonal expansion of mutated blood cells, known as clonal haematopoiesis (CH). Mutations in the most prevalent driver genes DNMT3A and TET2 with a variant allele frequency (VAF) ≥ 2% have been associated with atherosclerosis and chronic heart failure of ischemic origin (CHF). However, the effects of mutations in other driver genes for CH with low VAF (<2%) on CHF are still unknown.
Methods and results: Therefore, we analysed mononuclear bone marrow and blood cells from 399 CHF patients by deep error-corrected targeted sequencing of 56 genes and associated mutations with the long-term mortality in these patients (3.95 years median follow-up). We detected 1113 mutations with a VAF ≥ 0.5% in 347 of 399 patients, and only 13% had no detectable CH. Despite a high prevalence of mutations in the most frequently mutated genes DNMT3A (165 patients) and TET2 (107 patients), mutations in CBL, CEBPA, EZH2, GNB1, PHF6, SMC1A, and SRSF2 were associated with increased death compared with the average death rate of all patients. To avoid confounding effects, we excluded patients with DNMT3A-related, TET2-related, and other clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP)-related mutations with a VAF ≥ 2% for further analyses. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses revealed a significantly higher mortality in patients with mutations in either of the seven genes (53 patients), combined as the CH-risk gene set for CHF. Baseline patient characteristics showed no significant differences in any parameter including patient age, confounding diseases, severity of CHF, or blood cell parameters except for a reduced number of platelets in patients with mutations in the risk gene set in comparison with patients without. However, carrying a mutation in any of the risk genes remained significant after multivariate cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–5.4; P < 0.001), whereas platelet numbers did not.
Conclusions: Somatic mutations with low VAF in a distinct set of genes, namely, in CBL, CEBPA, EZH2, GNB1, PHF6, SMC1A, and SRSF2, are significantly associated with mortality in CHF, independently of the most prevalent CHIP-mutations in DNMT3A and TET2. Mutations in these genes are prevalent in young CHF patients and comprise an independent risk factor for the outcome of CHF, potentially providing a novel tool for risk assessment in CHF.
Mesenchymale Knochenmarksstammzellen (engl. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs)) sind hochproliferative multipotente Progenitorzellen mit einem hohen Regenerationspotential. Sie können aus dem Knochenmark in geschädigte Knorpelareale migrieren und dort zu Chondrozyten differenzieren. Somit können sie zur Reparatur traumatisch oder osteoarthrotisch bedingter Knorpelschäden beitragen. In verschiedenen Bereichen des Gelenks konnten zudem sympathische Nervenfasern sowie der sympathische Neurotransmitter Noradrenalin (NE) nachgewiesen werden. NE inhibiert die chondrogene Differenzierungskapazität von BMSCs und kann so zur Pathogenese der Osteoarthrose (OA) beitragen. Unbekannt ist zum derzeitigen Zeitpunkt, inwiefern NE die Proliferation von humanen BMSCs beeinflusst. Ziel unserer Studie war, den Einfluss von NE auf die Proliferationskapazität humaner BMSCs zu untersuchen und beteiligte intrazelluläre Signalwege zu identifizieren.
Zu diesem Zweck wurden BMSCs von Patienten nach stattgehabtem Gelenktrauma (Trauma BMSCs) und von Patienten mit diagnostizierter OA (OA BMSCs) untersucht. Zunächst erfolgte eine Analyse des Genexpressionsmusters der verschiedenen Adrenorezeptoren (ARs). Anschließend wurden sowohl Trauma als auch OA BMSCs mit NE in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen sowie mit NE in Kombination mit verschiedenen AR-Antagonisten (Doxazosin (α1), Yohimbin (α2) oder Propranolol (β2)) behandelt. Die Aktivierung der AR-gekoppelten Signalwege wurde anhand der Phosphorylierung der beiden Hauptsignalwege der extrazellulären signalregulierten Kinasen 1/2 (ERK1/2) und der Proteinkinase A (PKA) via Western Blot untersucht.
Die Genexpression diverser AR-Subtypen konnte in Trauma (α2B-, α2C- und β2-AR) und OA BMSCs (α2A-, α2B- und β2-AR) nachgewiesen werden. Die Behandlung mit NE in hohen Konzentrationen führte zu einer statistisch signifikanten Inhibition der Proliferation von Trauma und OA BMSCs. Die Behandlung mit NE in niedrigen Konzentrationen hatte hingegen keinen Einfluss auf die Proliferation von Trauma und OA BMSCs. Sowohl ERK1/2 als auch PKA wurden in Trauma und OA BMSCs nach Behandlung mit NE aktiviert. Lediglich der β2-Antagonist Propranolol konnte sowohl die Effekte auf die Proliferation als auch auf die Aktivierung von ERK1/2 und PKA aufheben. Doxazosin und Yohimbin hatten hingegen keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Proliferation sowie die ERK1/2- und PKA-Phosphorylierung.
Unsere Untersuchungen zeigen, dass NE die Proliferation von Trauma und OA BMSCs konzentrationsabhängig inhibiert. Dieser Effekt wird vornehmlich über eine β2-AR-gekoppelte ERK1/2- und PKA-Aktivierung vermittelt. Über diesen Mechanismus kann NE das regenerative Potential von humanen BMSCs verringern und somit zur Pathogenese der OA beitragen. Über eine zielgerichtete Beeinflussung des β2-Signalweges könnten sich zukünftig neue therapeutische Optionen bei der Behandlung osteoarthrotisch oder traumatisch bedingter Knorpelschäden ergeben.
Ein professioneller Orchestermusiker verbringt die meiste Zeit in körperlich ungünstiger Sitzhaltung beim Spielen. Die Folge ist ein Anstieg des Risikos für die Entwicklung von muskuloskelettalen Beschwerden [44, 127, 128]. Eine Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen lässt sich u.a. durch den Einsatz von ergonomischen Stühlen erzielen, da sie einen Einfluss auf die Körperhaltung des Orchestermusikers besitzen. Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit standen daher sechs unterschiedliche von der Firma Mey für Orchestermusiker konzipierte Stühle. Die Studie beinhaltete eine Untersuchung des Einflusses der Stühle auf die Oberkörperstatik und die Sitzdruckverteilung von Orchestermusikern und den Einfluss auf ihr Instrumentalspiel im Vergleich zur habituellen Sitzhaltung. Das Probandenkollektiv umfasste 24 Berufsmusiker des Polizeiorchesters Mainz (Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland) und bestand zum größten Teil aus Blasinstrumentalisten (3 Frauen, 21 Männer). Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 45 Jahre. Die Überprüfung der Oberkörperstatik erfolgte durch einen 3D-Rückenscanner (ABW GmbH, Frickenhausen, Deutschland), eine Evaluation der Druckverhältnisse im Gesäß durch eine Druckmessmatte (GeBioM GmbH, Münster, Deutschland), womit sich bei jedem Stuhl ein bestimmtes Druckmuster kennzeichnen ließ. Die Messung erfolgte pro Stuhl und Messgerät stets im Wechsel zwischen der statischen Position ohne Instrument (oI) und der statischen Position mit Instrument (mI). Bei der statistischen Auswertung kam es zur Verwendung nicht parametrischer Tests (Friedman-, Wilcoxon Matched- Pairs-Test), wobei das Signifikanzniveau bei ≤0,05 lag. Es erfolgte eine Unterteilung in einen Inter- und einen Intrastuhlvergleich.
Die Ergebnisse des Interstuhlvergleichs zeigten bezüglich der Schulterregion keine signifikanten Veränderungen, wohingegen im Hinblick auf die WS-Parameter Signifikanzen zwischen Stuhl 2 und 5 verzeichnet wurden: in der habituellen Position offenbarte die Rumpflänge D die größte Abweichung mit einem Längenunterschied von 14mm (p≤0,001), so auch die Rumpflänge S (16 mm; p≤0,001). Bezüglich dieser Stühle wiesen die restlichen WS-Parameter Abweichungen von max. 4° bzw. 3mm auf. Zwischen Stuhl 2 und 3 ergaben sich m.I. im Hinblick auf den thorakalen (p≤0,01) und lumbalen Biegungswinkel (p≤0,001) max. Diskrepanzen von 2,5°. Die größten Unterschiede in der Beckenregion zeigten sich beim Beckenabstand zwischen Stuhl 3 und 5 o.I. (7mm) und m.I. (4mm), (beide Bedingungen p≤0,001). Im Hinblick auf die Druckparameter fand sich eine Abhängigkeit zwischen belasteter Fläche und Sitzbeinhöckerdruck (SBH): eine kleine Fläche bedeutete eine schlechte Druckverteilung und umgekehrt. Stühle 1 und 4 besaßen den geringsten SBH (p≤0,001). Im Intrastuhlvergleich zeigten die Bereiche der WS, Schultern und Becken jeweils mindestens einen signifikanten Parameter auf, wie z.B. Schulterblattabstand, sagittale Rumpfneigung und Beckenabstand. Korrelationen zwischen den Parametern waren nicht zu erkennen. M.I. kommt es hinsichtlich des SBH auf der linken Hälfte im Schnitt auf allen Stühlen zu einer Druckerhöhung von 8,46%, auf der rechten zu einer von 11,11%. Im Hinblick auf den Oberschenkeldruck (OS) vollzieht sich die größte Veränderung (7,4bar) der rechten Gesäßhälfte auf Stuhl 2 mit p≤0,001. Der Interstuhlvergleich zeigt also, dass die Wahl eines Stuhls keine Auswirkung auf die Körperhaltung hat. Ursache für Diskrepanzen hinsichtlich des SBH ist die unterschiedliche Polsterung und Größe der Sitzfläche, welche eine hohe Relevanz in Bezug auf die Umverteilung des Drucks und den subjektiven Komfort besitzt. Eine gepolsterte und große Oberfläche ist gleichzusetzen mit einer günstigen Druckverteilung und einem angenehmen individuellen Sitzgefühl. Der Intrastuhlvergleich offenbart ebenfalls keine klinisch relevanten Veränderungen im Oberkörper. Ausschließlich in der Druckverteilung ist eine signifikante Variabilität hinsichtlich des OS rechts bei Stuhl 2 vorhanden (p≤0,001). Die Sitzposition der Probanden ist symmetrisch. Die Symmetrie bezieht sich sowohl auf den Schulter-, WS- und Beckenbereich, als auch auf die Druckverhältnisse im Gesäßbereich.
In der vorliegenden Studie konnte belegt werden, dass gepolsterte und breite Sitzoberflächen mit gleichmäßiger Druckverteilung und gleichzeitig hohem Komfort einhergehen. Im Hinblick auf das Musizieren über einen längeren Zeitraum ist das Vorhandensein eines hohen Komforts für den Orchestermusiker von Bedeutung. Diese Erkenntnisse sind bei der Weiterentwicklung von ergonomischen Stühlen zu berücksichtigen. Eine Analyse der Schulter- und Rumpfmuskulatur und Messung des Beckenwinkels ist in weiteren Studien zusätzlich erforderlich, um zu erforschen, inwieweit die Stühle die Fehlfunktionen des Bewegungsapparates beeinflussen.
Die Therapie langstreckiger Knochendefekte stellt auch weiterhin eine große Herausforderung dar. Dies beruht unter anderem darauf, dass der therapeutische Goldstandard - die Verwendung von autogener Knochensubstanz aus dem Beckenkamm - neben der begrenzten Verfügbarkeit vor allem Komplikationen im Bereich der Entnahmestelle mit sich bringen kann. Es wurde bisher aber noch kein durchschlagendes Ergebnis in der Entwicklung neuer Scaffolds zum Einsatz bei langstreckigen Knochendefekten erreicht. Dies kann eine Vielzahl an Ursachen haben, die sich von der verwendeten Ausgangssubstanz, bis hin zum verwendeten Design erstrecken können. Neben dem Ausgangsmaterial spielen vor
allem die Formgebung und physikalische Eigenschaften, wie Porosität und Mikroarchitektur, eine wichtige Rolle.
Ein aktueller Ansatz zur Nutzung als alternatives Knochenersatzmaterial ist das Knochen-Tissue-Engineering. Hierbei werden körpereigene, knochen-regenerative Zellen mit einem dreidimensionalen Gerüststoff (Knochenersatzmaterial oder -scaffold) kombiniert und in den Knochendefekt implantiert. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Fokus auf die Designentwicklung eines neuen Kochenersatz-Scaffolds gelegt. Nach Vorbild schon vorgestellter Knochenersatzdesigns und unter Berücksichtigung einer Grundstruktur, die auch Phasen der Knochenheilung wie die Frakturhämatomausbreitung und initiale Nährstoffversorgung einbeziehen sollte, wurden mehrere Designs (Raster, Tempel, Zwiebel) entwickelt. Mithilfe des additiv extrusionsbasierten Schmelzschichtverfahrens (Fused Filament Fabrication) wurden die in Computer-Aided Design entworfenen Scaffolds realisiert.
Dieser Ansatz beinhaltet, unter Verwendung des resorbierbaren und biokompatiblen Trägerpolymers Polylaktat, mehrstufige Designs, die kleine biologisch funktionelle Einheiten in eine tragende, kompressionsfeste Rahmenstruktur einbetten. Hierdurch entsteht einerseits die nötige mechanische Belastbarkeit und andererseits eine offene Architektur mit Poren, die Diffusion von Sauerstoff und
Nährstoffen in die inneren Bereiche des Implantats ermöglicht. Es wurden verschiedene Designs entwickelt, gedruckt und mechanisch sowie in vitro in den Kernbereichen Zelladhäsion, Zellaktivität und osteogene Differenzierung nach Besiedelung mit Saos-2-Zellen charakterisiert.
Ein weiterer Entwicklungsschritt stellte das Einführen eines neuartigen, innerhalb der Designs kompatiblen Baukastensystems dar. Hierdurch wird nicht nur die Anpassbarkeit an den Knochendefekt verbessert, es sind auch weitere Funktionen ergänzbar und die unterschiedlichen Designs untereinander kombinierbar.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertationsarbeit dienen als Basis für einen völlig neuen Ansatz von Knochenersatzmaterialien mit positiven biologischen sowie biophysikalischen Eigenschaften.
Background & Aims: HBV genotype G (HBV/G) is mainly found in co-infections with other HBV genotypes and was identified as an independent risk factor for liver fibrosis. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of HBV/G co-infections in healthy European HBV carriers and to characterize the crosstalk of HBV/G with other genotypes.
Methods: A total of 560 European HBV carriers were tested via HBV/G-specific PCR for HBV/G co-infections. Quasispecies distribution was analysed via deep sequencing, and the clinical phenotype was characterized regarding qHBsAg-/HBV-DNA levels and frequent mutations. Replicative capacity and expression of HBsAg/core was studied in hepatoma cells co-expressing HBV/G with either HBV/A, HBV/D or HBV/E using bicistronic vectors.
Results: Although no HBV/G co-infection was found by routine genotyping PCR, HBV/G was detected by specific PCR in 4%-8% of patients infected with either HBV/A or HBV/E but only infrequently in other genotypes. In contrast to HBV/E, HBV/G was found as the quasispecies major variant in co-infections with HBV/A. No differences in the clinical phenotype were observed for HBV/G co-infections. In vitro RNA and DNA levels were comparable among all genotypes, but expression and release of HBsAg was reduced in co-expression of HBV/G with HBV/E. In co-expression with HBV/A and HBV/E expression of HBV/G-specific core was enhanced while core expression from the corresponding genotype was markedly diminished.
Conclusions: HBV/G co-infections are common in European inactive carriers with HBV/A and HBV/E infection, but sufficient detection depends strongly on the assay. HBV/G regulated core expression might play a critical role for survival of HBV/G in co-infections.
Background: A link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been widely demonstrated. In this study, we used neuroimaging to investigate the connectivity traits that may contribute to the comorbidity of these disorders.
Methods: The study included an AUD group (N = 18), an ADHD group (N = 17), a group with AUD + ADHD comorbidity (N = 12) and a control group (N = 18). We used resting-state functional connectivity in a seed-based approach in the default mode networks, the dorsal attention network, and the salience network.
Results: Within the default mode networks, all affected groups shared greater connectivity toward the temporal gyrus when compared to the control group. Regarding the dorsal attention network, the Brodmann area 6 presented greater connectivity for each affected group in comparison with the control group, displaying the strongest aberrations in the AUD + ADHD group. In the salience network, the prefrontal cortex showed decreased connectivity in each affected group compared to the control group.
Conclusions: Despite the small and unequal sample sizes, our findings show evidence of common neurobiological alterations in AUD and ADHD, supporting the hypothesis that ADHD could be a risk factor for the development of AUD. The results highlight the importance of an early ADHD diagnosis and treatment to reduce the risk of a subsequent AUD.
The intestinal epithelium acts as a selective barrier for the absorption of water, nutrients and orally administered drugs. To evaluate the gastrointestinal permeability of a candidate molecule, scientists and drug developers have a multitude of cell culture models at their disposal. Static transwell cultures constitute the most extensively characterized intestinal in vitro system and can accurately categorize molecules into low, intermediate and high permeability compounds. However, they lack key aspects of intestinal physiology, including the cellular complexity of the intestinal epithelium, flow, mechanical strain, or interactions with intestinal mucus and microbes. To emulate these features, a variety of different culture paradigms, including microfluidic chips, organoids and intestinal slice cultures have been developed. Here, we provide an updated overview of intestinal in vitro cell culture systems and critically review their suitability for drug absorption studies. The available data show that these advanced culture models offer impressive possibilities for emulating intestinal complexity. However, there is a paucity of systematic absorption studies and benchmarking data and it remains unclear whether the increase in model complexity and costs translates into improved drug permeability predictions. In the absence of such data, conventional static transwell cultures remain the current gold-standard paradigm for drug absorption studies.
Verletzungen der Fingerkuppen stellen einen häufigen Grund für die Vorstellung in der Notaufnahme dar. Während viele Verletzungen konservativ behandelt werden können, benötigen einige Patienten eine operative Versorgung. Dabei kommen verschiedene operative Verfahren zur Anwendung, darunter eine Fingerkuppenrekonstruktion mit einer neurovaskulären Insel-Lappenplastik.
Ziel der neurovaskulären Insel-Lappenplastik ist die Wiederherstellung einer taktil sensiblen und wieder belastungsfähigen Fingerkuppe ohne ein Längendefizit des Fingers.
In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Langzeit-Behandlungsergebnisse mit einer mittleren Nachuntersuchungsdauer von 105 Monaten bei 28 Patienten mit 29 durch neurovaskuläre Insel-Lappenplastiken rekonstruierten Fingerkuppen in der Berufsgenossenschaftlichen Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main erfasst. Die untersuchten Patienten hatten zum Zeitpunkt der Verletzung ein Durchschnittsalter von 38,4 Jahren. Es handelte sich überwiegend um männliche und berufstätige Patienten.
Es wurden nur Fingerkuppenverletzungen mit freiliegenden Knochen (Allen-Klassifikation Zone III und IV) operativ versorgt. In unserer Studie traten am häufigsten die Verletzungen am Mittelfinger, Zeigefinger und Ringfinger auf. Die Mehrheit der Fingerkuppenverletzungen geschah in Folge eines Arbeitsunfalls, die Arbeitsunfähigkeitsdauer betrug ca. 6,1 Wochen. Die maximale Größe eines neurovaskulären Insel-Lappen lag bei 6 x 3,5 cm.
Alle Patienten waren mit den Behandlungsergebnissen anhand der numerischen Rating-Skala und des DASH Fragebogens bezüglich Funktionalität sowie dem ästhetischen Outcome zufrieden und würden sich wieder operieren lassen.
Die Sensibilität konnte anhand der Zwei-Punkte-Diskrimination sowie Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament-Testes als gut bewertet werden und normale physiologische Werte erreichen. Die Narbe war überwiegend weich und in der Mehrheit der Fälle entsprach sie anhand der Vancouver Scar Scale Werte annähend der normalen Haut. Zwei Drittel der Patienten gaben keine Schmerzen in Ruhe an. Die Hälfte der Patienten gaben Schmerzen unter Belastung anhand der numerischen Rating-Scala an.
Trotz der hohen Anzahl von Krallennagelbildungen in 56,5 % und einer Differenz der Nagellänge bzw. Form waren alle Patienten mit dem Erhalt des Nagels zufrieden und haben dies subjektiv nicht als störend empfunden.
Als besonders beeinträchtigend wurde eine Kälteempfindlichkeit von 48,3 % Patienten beschrieben.
Der Mittelwert der Fingerkraft im Schlüsselgriff mit Hilfe des Pinch-Gauge zwischen Daumen und den vier Fingerspitzen im Wechsel wurde bei fast allen Messungen an den gesunden Fingern gering größer gemessen ohne eine statistisch signifikante Differenz. Die Messung der Handkraft mittels Jamar-Dynamometer ergab ein Defizit von 8,8 % (Vergleich betroffene zur gesunden Hand).
Bei drei von 24 Patienten hat sich eine Beugekontraktur im Interphalangealgelenk von 5°, 15°, 20° und bei einem von 22 Patienten im distalen Interphalangealgelenk von 10° gebildet. Zum Nachuntersuchungszeitpunkt wurden durch die Untersucherin ein Hoffmann-Tinel- Zeichen in 24,1 % und Druckschmerz in 17,2 % im Bereich der verletzten Fingerkuppe festgestellt. Subjektiv empfand kein Patient diese Symptome als störend und alle berufstätigen Patienten konnten ihre vor dem Unfall ausgeübte Tätigkeit wieder aufnehmen. Diese Studie konnte belegen, dass die Defektdeckung der Fingerkuppenverletzungen mit Hilfe von neurovaskulären Insel-Lappenplastiken ein sehr gutes ästhetisches und funktionelles Ergebnis mit einer fast identischen Hautqualität erzielt. Mit dieser Methode konnte eine Wiederherstellung des Weichteilgewebes der sensiblen Fingerkuppe auch bei großflächigen Defekten der Fingerkuppe erreicht werden. Die subjektive Patientenzufriedenheit mit dieser Rekonstruktionsmethode ist hoch.
Background: Dentists are at a higher risk of suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) than the general population. However, the latest study investigating MSD in the dental profession in Germany was published about 20 years ago. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the current prevalence of MSD in dentists and dental students in Germany. Methods: The final study size contained 450 (287 f/163 m) subjects of different areas of specialization. The age of the participants ranged from 23 to 75 years. The questionnaire consisted of a modified version of the Nordic Questionnaire, work-related questions from the latest questionnaire of German dentists, typical medical conditions and self-developed questions. Results: The overall prevalence showed that dentists suffered frequently from MSD (seven days: 65.6%, twelve months: 92%, lifetime: 95.8%). The most affected body regions included the neck (42.7%–70.9%–78.4%), shoulders (29.8%–55.6%–66.2%) and lower back (22.9%–45.8%–58.7%). Overall, female participants stated that they suffered from pain significantly more frequently, especially in the neck, shoulders and upper back. Conclusion: The prevalence of MSD among dentists, especially in the neck, shoulder and back area, was significantly higher than in the general population. In addition, women suffered more frequently from MSD than men in almost all body regions.