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"Law after Auschwitz", das jüngste Buch des kanadischen Rechtswissenschaftlers David Fraser, ist keine streng durchgeführte Abhandlung mit nur einer strukturbildenden Fragestellung, sondern eine Sammlung von historischen, philosophischen und soziologischen Betrachtungen über den Holocaust, das Recht, die Justiz und die Juristen in verschiedenen Ländern. Anders als der Titel vermuten lässt, geht es Fraser keineswegs darum, die Erfahrung der Massenvernichtung als einzigartigen Zivilisationsbruch und nachhaltigste Zäsur in der Menschheitsgeschichte darzustellen. Das Buch reiht sich nicht in die inzwischen lange Serie von Studien ein, die aus einem "Davor" und "Danach"-Blickwinkel Auschwitz auf seine Folgen hin untersuchen, wie es bekanntlich für ›das Denken‹ im Allgemeinen, die Theologie, die Möglichkeit, Gedichte zu schreiben u.s.w. bereits geschehen ist. Fraser setzt der Grundrichtung dieser Literaturgattung eine drastische Kontinuitätsbehauptung entgegen: Auch bei den Normen, die den Massenmord regelten, handelte es sich um Recht und damit um ein Instrument, das heute nach wie vor ähnlich verwendet wird. Kritisiert werden Deutungsmuster, die das Recht unter der NS-Herrschaft als Nicht-Recht, Rechtsperversion oder Legalitätsfassade etikettieren und damit aus dem Rechtsgeschichtsverlauf ausklammern wollen. Auch Verbrechen können und konnten (im formellen Sinn) legal sein: Nazi law was law. Diese These ist eine Art Gravitationszentrum, das die weit in verschiedene Bereiche ausgreifende Darstellung (sie enthält Auseinandersetzungen mit der Philosophie Agambens sowie mit verschiedenen juristischen Behandlungen von NS-Verbrechen in Frankreich, den USA, Großbritannien, Kanada und Australien) vor dem Zerfall in völlig unzusammenhängende Einzelteile bewahrt. So gerät das Buch zu einem Thema mit Variationen; kaum ein Kapitel, in dem Fraser nicht dem heutigen Juristen vor Augen führt, dass sein Stoff und seine Methoden sich in vielen Aspekten nicht wesentlich von denen seiner deutschen Kollegen aus der Zeit von 1933 bis 1945 unterscheiden. ...
Chapter 1 contains the general background of our work. We briefly discuss important aspects of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and introduce the concept of the chiral condensate as an order parameter for the chiral phase transition. Our focus is on the concept of universality and the arguments why the O(4) model should fall into the same universality class as the effective Lagrangian for the order parameter of (massless) two-flavor QCD. Chapter 2 pedagogically explains the CJT formalism and is concerned with the WKB method. In chapter 3 the CJT formalism is then applied to a simple Z2 symmetric toy model featuring a one-minimum classical potential. As for all other models we are concerned with in this thesis, we study the behavior at nonzero temperature. This is done in 1+3 dimensions as well as in 1+0 dimensions. In the latter case we are able to compare the effective potential at its global minimum (which is minus the pressure) with our result from the WKB approximation. In chapter 4 this program is also carried out for the toy model with a double-well classical potential, which allows for spontaneous symmetry breaking and tunneling. Our major interest however is in the O(2) model with the fields treated as polar coordinates. This model can be regarded as the first step towards the O(4) model in four-dimensional polar coordinates. Although in principle independent, all subjects discussed in this thesis are directly related to questions arising from the investigation of this particular model. In chapter 5 we start from the generating functional in cartesian coordinates and carry out the transition to polar coordinates. Then we are concerned with the question under which circumstances it is allowed to use the same Feynman rules in polar coordinates as in cartesian coordinates. This question turns out to be non-trivial. On the basis of the common Feynman rules we apply the CJT formalism in chapter 6 to the polar O(2) model. The case of 1+0 dimensions was intended to be a toy model on the basis of which one could more easily explore the transition to polar coordinates. However, it turns out that we are faced with an additional complication in this case, the infrared divergence of thermal integrals. This problem requires special attention and motivates the explicit study of a massless field under topological constraints in chapter 8. In chapter 7 we investigate the cartesian O(2) model in 1+0 dimensions. We compare the effective potential at its global minimum calculated in the CJT formalism and via the WKB approximation. Appendix B reviews the derivation of standard thermal integrals in 1+0 and 1+3 dimensions and constitutes the basis for our CJT calculations and the discussion of infrared divergences. In chapter 9 we discuss the so-called path integral collapse and propose a solution of this problem. In chapter 10 we present our conclusions and an outlook. Since we were interested in organizing our work as pedagogical as possible within the narrow scope of a diploma thesis, we decided to make extensive use of appendices. Appendices A-H are intended for students who are not familiar with several important concepts we are concerned with. We will refer to them explicitly to establish the connection between our work and the general context in which it is settled.
Of central importance in the whole thesis is the concept of the generating functional and the partition function, respectively. In appendix A.1 we present the general context in which the partition function appears and its general definition within the operator formalism of second quantization. Alternatively, this definition can be rewritten via the path integral formalism. We restrict ourselves to scalar fields in this case. Furthermore, the understanding of the CJT formalism is based on knowledge about n-point functions (connected or disconnected, in the presence or in the absence of sources) and the context in which they arise. In appendix A.2 we give their definition taking account of the different modifications in which these quantities occur in this thesis, i.e., scalar field theory at zero or at nonzero temperature, respectively. From a didactic point of view, we believe that it is helpful if one can establish a relation between special cases and a general framework. Therefore, in appendix A.3 we want to keep an eye on the overall picture. We discuss the general concept of the generating functional for correlation functions, which also covers the partition function. We also briefly comment on the general concept of Feynman rules and we clarify the meaning of the terms Green’s function and propagator.
In der Präambel des europäischen Verfassungsvertrags von 2004 war das neu zu ordnende politische Gemeinwesen als ein "nach schmerzlichen Erfahrungen nunmehr geeintes Europa" beschrieben worden, das sich gerade wegen dieser Erfahrungen auf einen Weg des Fortschritts und der Zivilisation begeben habe. Dem normativen Text hatte man also einen offiziellen Hinweis auf Europas Geschichte vorangestellt. Die Union sollte nicht mehr in erster Linie als nüchterner ökonomischer Zweckverband präsentiert werden, sondern als notwendiges Ergebnis historischer Erfahrung, als universellen Werten zustrebende, rechtsstaatlich verfasste Schicksalsgemeinschaft von Menschen, die sich ihrer gemeinsamen Wurzeln und Ziele bewusst sind. Auch wenn das ehrgeizige Projekt einer europäischen Verfassung inzwischen gescheitert, die Union wieder auf dem Boden der konferenzdiplomatischen Tatsachen gelandet und zur üblichen, zähen Verhandlungsroutine zurückgekehrt ist, bleibt die Rolle der Vergangenheit im europäischen Einigungsprozess ein kompliziertes wie faszinierendes Thema. ...
The title co-crystal, 1,3,5,7-tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane (HMTA, 1)–4-fluorophenol (4-FP) (1/1), C6H12N4·C6H5FO, shows an unusual asymmetric unit that comprises eight independent molecules (Z′′ = 8), four for each component, with four formula units per asymmetric unit (Z′ = 4). In the molecular packing, each HMTA molecule bridges one 4-FP molecule via an O−H···N hydrogen bond to form a two-molecule aggregate. Differences can be observed between the bond lengths and angles of the independent HMTA and 4-FP molecules and those of the molecules in the aggregate. The C−N bonds exhibit different bond lengths in the tetrahedral cage-like structure of the HMTA molecules, but the largest differences between the molecular aggregates are in the bond lengths in the 4-fluorophenol ring. In the crystal, the HMTA and 4-FP molecules form two hydrogen-bonded (O−H···N, C−H···F and C−H···O) dimers of HMTA and 4-FP molecules, A···D and B···C inversion dimers, which generate enlarged R88(34) ring motifs in both supramolecular structures. In both structures, the crystal packing also features additional C−H···F and C−H···O interactions. The A···D and B···C dimers are linked by additional C−H···F and C−H···O hydrogen bonds, forming columns along the a and b axes, respectively. The importance of the C−H···F interaction to the structure and crystal packing has been demonstrated.
This article tries to outline possible research topics in the field of comparative 20th century legal history between Europe and Latin-America. It seeks to examine changes both in Labour and Property law as core areas where social conceptions began to influence »liberal« private law. Focussing on an example from Mexican law in the aftermath of the revolution which took place in the first decades of the 20th century, it is argued that new conceptions in both fields were discussed using similar conceptual patterns in Europe and LatinAmerica. In the reaction of the jurists from both continents to the challenges of the new century lies a possibility for fruitful comparison. Conducting research in such a framework can also produce comparative results on the interplay between constitutional law and private law – especially when the focus lies on Germany and Mexico, where new constitutions at the beginning of the new century did evoke reactions in the discourses about private law. With regard to methodology it has to be observed that such research has to go far beyond the traditional pattern of »reception« of legal concepts from Europe in Latin-America, and to highlight more complex ways of transition of legal forms between the two continents.
Introduction: Pediatric pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic pleural effusion/empyema (PPE/PE) remains a major concern despite general immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).
Methods: In a nationwide pediatric hospital surveillance study in Germany we identified 584 children <18 years of age with bacteriologically confirmed PPE/PE from October 2010 to June 2018. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified by culture and/or PCR of blood samples and/or pleural fluid and serotyped.
Results: S. pneumoniae was identified in 256 of 584 (43.8%) children by culture (n = 122) and/or PCR (n = 207). The following pneumococcal serotypes were detected in 114 children: serotype 3 (42.1%), 1 (25.4%), 7F (12.3%), 19A (7.9%), other PCV13 serotypes (4.4%) and non-PCV13 serotypes (7.9%). Between October 2010 and June 2014 serotype 1 (38.1%) and serotype 3 (25.4%) were most prevalent, whereas between July 2014 and June 2018 serotype 3 (62.7%) and non-PCV13 serotypes (15.7%) were dominant. Compared to children with other pneumococcal serotypes, children with serotype 3 associated PPE/PE were younger (median 3.2 years [IQR 2.1–4.3 years] vs. median 5.6 years [IQR 3.8–8.2 years]; p < 0.001) and more frequently admitted to intensive care (43 [89.6%] vs. 48 [73.8%]; p = 0.04). Seventy-six of 114 (66.7%) children with pneumococcal PPE/PE had been vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccines. Thirty-nine of 76 (51.3%) had received a vaccine covering the serotype detected. Thirty of these 39 breakthrough cases were age-appropriately vaccinated with PCV13 and considered vaccine failures, including 26 children with serotype 3, three children with serotype 19A and one child with serotype 1.
Conclusion: Following the introduction of PCV13 in general childhood vaccination we observed a strong emergence of serotype 3 associated PPE/PE in the German pediatric population, including a considerable number of younger children with serotype 3 vaccine breakthrough cases and failures. Future PCVs should not only cover newly emerging serotypes, but also include a more effective component against serotype 3.
Transdisciplinary research is research not only on, but also for and, most of all, with practitioners. In the research framework of transdisciplinarity, scholars and practitioners collaborate throughout research projects with the aim of mutual learning. This paper shows the value transdisciplinarity can add to media linguistics. It does so by investigating the digital literacy shift in journalism: the change, in the last two decades, from the predominance of a writing mode that we have termed focused writing to a mode we have called writing-by-the-way. Large corpora of writing process data have been generated and analyzed with the multimethod approach of progression analysis in order to combine analytical depth with breadth. On the object level of doing writing in journalism, results show that the general trend towards writing-by-the-way opens up new niches for focused writing. On a meta level of doing research, findings explain under what conditions transdisciplinarity allows for deeper insights into the medialinguistic object of investigation.
Die Florenliste von Deutschland enthält die akzeptierten Namen der in Deutschland gefundenen Gefäßpflanzen-Sippen, einschließlich Hybriden, Synonyme in der floristischen Literatur (im Aufbau), Verbreitung in den Bundesländern (im Aufbau), Status der Vorkommen, Angabe zur Betonung der wissenschaftlichen Namen, deutsche Namen (im Aufbau) und Zitate der Erstbeschreibungen (im Aufbau). Nicht enthalten sind die nur kultiviert auftretenden Sippen. Die hier dokumentierte Version 10 wurde am 18. August 2018 unter https://www.kp-buttler.de/ veröffentlicht. Sie enthält 62.620 Namen, die sich auf 11.530 akzeptierte Sippen und 51.090 Synonyme verteilen.
Raymond Saleilles (1855–1912) gilt als einer der größten Juristen seiner Epoche und Wegbereiter der französischen Rechtswissenschaft in ein neues Jahrhundert. Auch außerhalb Frankreichs hat sein vielschichtiges Werk in letzter Zeit historische Aufmerksamkeit erfahren, unter anderem mit Schwerpunkt auf der Rechtsvergleichung (Alfons Aragoneses) oder Saleilles’ Beurteilung der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft (Birte Gast). Der Florentiner Rechtshistoriker Marco Sabbioneti hat nun eine umfassende Monographie über Privatrechtsdogmatik und politisch-religiöse Grundeinstellungen des französischen Juristen vorgelegt, dessen Werk oft schlagwortartig mit – aus deutscher Sicht – kulturhistorischen Epocheneinteilungen wie "Belle Epoque" oder "Modernismo" in Verbindung gebracht wird. ...