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This study included 30 patients with diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 30 test subjects without RA (control group). The objective of the study was to examine both groups for the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and morphological changes of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). All individuals were examined using a systematic detailed clinical TMD examination as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The clinical TMD examination yielded significant differences between the RA patients and the control group concerning crepitus of the TMJ, and palpation tenderness of the masticatory muscles as well as the unassisted mandibular opening. The evaluation of the MRI images for the RA group showed significantly more frequent deformations of the condyle, osteophyte formations and erosions in the condylar compacta, and degenerative changes in the spongiosa. Increased intra-articular accumulation of synovial liquid and signs of inflammatory changes of the spongiosa were only found in the RA group. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between crepitus and specific osteoarthrotic changes (MRI), respectively, and between crepitus and a complete anterior disk displacement without reduction (MRI). The duration of the RA disease correlated neither with the anamnestic and clinical dysfunction index by Helkimo nor with RA-specific MRI findings.
Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Frage, welches Glück im Film zur Darstellung kommt. Denn Glück ist kontingent – so, wie wir es erleben, kann es, muss es aber nicht sein. Gegenstand ist nicht ein potentielles Glückserleben der Zuschauer_innen im Zuge der Rezeption eines Filmes, sondern der Wissenskomplex zu Glück, den Filme aktivieren und prägen.
Wenn gilt, dass Glück nicht nur ein legitimer Anspruch des Individuums ist, sondern auch ein in den Massenmedien erzeugtes Konstrukt, dann ist genau dieses Wissen zu Glücksvorstellungen, das nicht zuletzt durch Filme und das, was sie über das Glück erzählen, Verbreitung findet, zu untersuchen. Zu fragen ist demgemäß, welche Vorstellungen von Glück gezeigt, infrage gestellt, abgelehnt, perpetuiert oder sanktioniert werden. In der Analyse wird so ein Glückskonzept fassbar, das mehr offenlegt als nur das Gefühl des Glücklichseins.
Die fünf hier ausgewählten Spielfilme – DIE FETTEN JAHRE SIND VORBEI, SILBERHOCHZEIT, KEINOHRHASEN, KIRSCHBLÜTEN – HANAMI, VINCENT WILL MEER – werden einer qualitativen Analyse unterzogen, sodass sich ihre jeweiligen Glückskonzepte als belastbare Ergebnisse abstrahieren lassen. Ziel ist eine exemplarische Sammlung populärer Glückskonzepte, die in ihren Ausprägungen als für unsere heutige Gesellschaft charakteristisch gelten können.
Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt in der Analyse zwei Perspektiven: Erstens zeigt sie, welches Glück in den untersuchten Filmen zur Darstellung kommt, und zweitens skizziert sie, dass das Wissen zu Glück, das in den Filmen vorausgesetzt, vermittelt und herausgefordert wird, in Zusammenhang mit hegemonialen Diskursen der westlichen Moderne steht.
In dieser Arbeit setze ich mich mit den Themen Existenz, Tod und Absurdität in Thomas Bernhards Romanen 'Frost' und 'Verstörung' auseinander. Da beide Texte viele inhaltliche und formale Ähnlichkeiten aufweisen, bieten sie sich als Gegenstand für eine einzelne Analyse an. 'Frost' wurde 1963 veröffentlicht, 'Verstörung' 1967. Es sind die ersten umfangreichen Prosawerke Bernhards. Zuvor erschienen hauptsächlich Gedichte und kürzere Prosatexte. Thomas Bernhard lässt sich literarhistorisch als kanonisierter1 Autor der Moderne charakterisieren.
Lichens are present in most land ecosystems, frequently occupying habitats where few other organisms are able to survive. Their contribution to the ecosystems in terms of biomass and ground cover increases with latitude and altitude, being, together with bryophytes, the most conspicuous component of alpine and polar landscapes. Whereas some polar lichens have reduced distributions and are restricted to high latitudes, most of them have very wide distributional ranges, which oven extend over several climatic regions. Many of them are common to Polar Regions of both hemispheres, a distributional pattern that has been denominated as bipolar, antitropical or amphitropical. Bipolar distributions are not exclusive to lichens, but common to many groups of organisms. The bipolar element in lichens is exceptional as it includes a large number of species, while in most other land organisms it includes genera or families but very seldom species.
In this dissertation I use the bipolar lichen Cetraria aculeata to give a first insight into the phylogeography of this biogeographic element in lichens. I discuss how and when the disjunct distribution of C. aculeata came to be, and try to partial out the roles that historical and ecological processes played in shaping its distribution.
Sampling was designed to cover a wide geographic extension. The main e"ort was made to collect in boreal, temperate and tropical mountain ranges in North and South America, as well to include Mediterranean populations in which specimens with deviant morphologies are observed.
I found that Cetraria aculeata forms a genetically congruent taxon. Although whether it should include C. muricata remains unsolved, I excluded all specimens identified as the latter from our analyses. Thee populations of both algal and fungal symbionts have a strong geographic structure. The study of the lichen fungus suggested that the species originated in the Eurasian continent and later expanded to acquire its current distribution during the Pleistocene. The results showed that all American populations originated from an ancestral population, more similar to the extant Arctic populations than to the Mediterranean ones.
The comparison between the structure of fungal and algal populations showed a high degree of coherence between them. However, the similarity in photobiont use between Arctic and Antarctic populations suggests that photobiont use responds not only to a history of codispersal in vegetative propagula, but it is also a result of a selective process related to climate. Since this climatic pattern of similarity is also found in the community of Alphaproteobacteria associated with C. aculeata, we concluded that lichens might be able to accommodate or to respond to different environmental conditions by selectively associating with different symbiotic partners.
Lastly, we found the Mediterranean populations of C. aculeata to be genetically differentiated in algal and fungal symbionts from the rest of the populations. While we found no grounds to believe that the overgrown morphs encountered in the region are due to the association with different algal lineages, I believe that a switch in photobiont use might be responsible for the pattern of genetic isolation encountered. Furthermore, I suggest that the Mediterranean and bipolar C. aculeata could be two different species, since both are ecologically, genetically and at least in part morphologically divergent.