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Paläoklimarekonstruktionen, die es sich zum Ziel gesetzt haben, Klima-Mensch Interaktionen auf lange Zeitreihen betrachtet zu erforschen, nehmen begünstigt durch die aktuell intensiv geführte Klimadebatte, einen immer größer werdenden Stellenwert in der öffentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Wahrnehmung ein. Denn trotz aller wissenschaftlicher Fortschritte, die in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten im Bereich der modernen Klimaforschung gemacht wurden, bleibt die zuverlässige Vorhersage und Modellierung von zukünftigen Klimaveränderungen noch immer eine der größten Herausforderungen unser heutigen Zeit. Betrachtet man die Karibik exemplarisch in diesem Rahmen, dann prognostizieren viele Modellrechnungen, infolge steigender Ozeantemperaturen, ein deutlich häufigeres Auftreten von tropischen Stürmen und Hurrikanen sowie eine Verschiebung hin zu höheren Sturmstärken. Dieser Trend stellt für die Karibik und viele daran angrenzende Staaten eine der größten Gefahren des modernen Klimawandels dar, den es wissenschaftlich über einen langen Zeitrahmen zu erforschen gilt.
Klimaprognosen stützen sich meist vollständig auf hoch-aufgelöste instrumentelle Datensätze. Diese sind aber alle durch einen wesentlichen Aspekt limitiert. Aufgrund ihrer eingeschränkten Verfügbarkeit (~150 Jahre) fehlt ihnen die erforderliche Tiefe, um die auf langen Zeitskalen operierenden Prozesse der globalen Klimadynamik adäquat abbilden zu können. Betrachtet man das Holozän in seiner Gesamtheit, so wurde die globale Klimadynamik über die vergangenen ~11,700 Jahre von periodisch auftretenden Prozessen und Abläufen gesteuert. Diese wirken grundsätzlich über Zeiträume von mehreren Jahrzehnten, teilweise Jahrhunderten und in einigen Fällen sogar Jahrtausenden. Viele dieser natürlichen Prozesse, können in der kurzen Instrumentellen Ära nicht gänzlich identifiziert und angemessen in Klimamodellen berücksichtig werden. Die alleinige Berücksichtigung der Instrumentellen Ära bietet daher nur eine eingeschränkte Perspektive, um die Ursachen und Abläufe von vergangenen sowie mögliche Folgen von zukünftigen Klimaveränderungen zu verstehen. Um diese Einschränkung zu überwinden, ist es somit erforderlich, dass die geowissenschaftliche Forschung mit Proxymethoden ein zusammenfassendes und mechanistisches Verständnis über alle Holozänen Klimaveränderungen erlangt.
Wenn man sich diese Limitierung, die ansteigenden Ozeantemperaturen und das in der Karibik in den vergangen 20 Jahren vermehrte Auftreten von starken tropischen Zyklonen ins Gedächtnis ruft, ist es nachvollziehbar, dass im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit ein zwei Jahrtausende langer und jährlich aufgelöster Klimadatensatz erarbeitet werden soll, der spät Holozäne Variationen von Ozeanoberflächenwasser-temperaturen (SST) und daraus resultierende lang-zeitliche Veränderungen in der Häufigkeit tropischer Zyklone widerspiegelt. In Zentralamerika wird das Ende der Maya Hochkultur (900-1100 n.Chr.) mit drastischen Umweltveränderungen (z.B. Dürren) assoziiert, die während der Mittelalterlichen Warmzeit (MWP; 900-1400 n.Chr.) durch eine globale Klimaveränderung hervorgerufen wurde. Die aus einem „Blue Hole“ abgeleiteten Informationen über Klimavariationen der Vergangenheit können als Referenz für die gegenwärtige Klimakriese verwendet werden.
Als „Blue Hole“ wird eine Karsthöhle bezeichnet, die sich subaerisch während vergangener Meeresspiegeltiefstände im karbonatischen Gerüst eines Riffsystems gebildet hat und in Folge eines Meeresspiegelanstiegs vollständig überflutet wurde. In einigen wenigen marinen „Blue Holes“ treten anoxische Bodenwasserbedingungen auf. Die in diesen anoxischen Karsthöhlen abgelagerten Abfolgen mariner Sedimente können als einzigartiges Klimaarchiv verwendet werden, da sie aufgrund des Fehlens von Bioturbation eine jährliche Schichtung (Warvierung) aufweisen.
In dieser kumulativen Dissertation über das „Great Blue Hole“ werden die Ergebnisse eines 3-jährigen Forschungsprojekts vorgestellt, dass das Ziel verfolgte einen wissenschaftlich herausragenden spät Holozänen Klimadatensatz für die süd-westliche Karibik zu erzeugen. Beim „Great Blue Hole“ handelt es sich um ein weltweit einzigartiges marines Sedimentarchiv für diverse spät Holozäne Klima-veränderungen, das im Zuge dieser Dissertation sowohl nach paläoklimatischen als auch nach sedimentologischen Fragestellungen untersucht wurde. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit befasst sich im Einzelnen mit (1) der Ausarbeitung eines jährlich aufgelösten Archives für tropische Zyklone, (2) der Entwicklung eines jährlich aufgelösten SST Datensatzes und (3) einer kompositionellen Quantifizierung der sedimentären Abfolgen sowie einer faziell-stratigraphischen Charakterisierung von Schönwetter-Sedimenten und Sturmlagen. Zu jedem dieser drei Aspekte, wurde jeweils ein Fachartikel bei einer anerkannten wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschrift mit „peer-review“ Verfahren veröffentlicht.
Der insgesamt 8.55 m lange Sedimentbohrkern („BH6“), der für diese Dissertation untersucht wurde, stammt vom Boden des 125 m tiefen und 320 m breiten „Great Blue Holes“, das sich in der flachen östlichen Lagune des 80 km vor der Küste von Belize (Zentralamerika) gelegenen „Lighthouse Reef“ Atolls befindet. Durch seine besondere Geomorphologie wirkt das, innerhalb des atlantischen „Hurrikan Gürtels“ positionierte, „Great Blue Hole“ wie eine gigantische Sedimentfalle. Die unter Schönwetter-Bedingungen kontinuierlich abgelagerten Abfolgen feinkörniger karbonatischer Sedimente, werden von groben Sturmlagen unterbrochen, die auf „over-wash“ Prozesse von tropischen Zyklonen zurückzuführen sind.
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The paper proposes a new semantics for good-predications involving finite if -and that-clauses. The proposal combines a standard semantics for conditionals with a standard semantics for the positive form of gradable adjectives and a minimal semantics for modal good. The predicted truth-conditions and conditions of use solve the mood puzzle presented in the first part of the paper. The remainder of the paper defends the classical notion of comparative goodness in terms of a comparison between possible worlds against Lassiter (2017)’s challenge.
This article presents the findings from systematically reviewing 26 empirical research studies published from 2005 to 2014 on the use of GIS for learning and teaching. By employing methods of narrative synthesis and qualitative content analysis, the study gives evidence about the state of knowledge of competence‐based GIS education. The results explain what factors and variables effect GIS learning in terms of technology use, major subject contents, learning contexts, and didactic and pedagogical aspects. They also show what facets of knowledge, process skills, and affect the research literature has investigated. The analysis of the type and quality of the methods used indicates that current GIS education research is a heterogeneous field that needs a systematic research framework for future efforts, according to empirical education research.
This article presents the findings from systematically reviewing 26 empirical research studies published from 2005 to 2014 on the use of GIS for learning and teaching. By employing methods of narrative synthesis and qualitative content analysis, the study gives evidence about the state of knowledge of competence-based GIS education. The results explain what factors and variables effect GIS learning in terms of technology use, major subject contents, learning contexts, and didactic and pedagogical aspects. They also show what facets of knowledge, process skills, and affect the research literature has investigated. The analysis of the type and quality of the methods used indicates that current GIS education research is a heterogeneous field that needs a systematic research framework for future efforts, according to empirical education research.
Jeanette Winterson's newest novel "Frankissstein: A Love Story" revolves around technological innovation and its effects on human development. The book's examinations feature trans* character Ry Shelley and transhumanist Victor Stein who interprets Ry's transitioned body as a metaphor for his ideal transhumanist future. This metaphor is based on three main textually conceptualized similarities between trans* identity and transhumanism: a hybridity in Ry's gender identity and embodiment as well as in a transhumanist vision of future human identity, the dissolution of biological determinism and the autonomy to change one's body, associated with recent technological advancement. The novel characterizes this metaphorization process as questionable, positing it with a character who represents not just the Frankenstein archetype but a possibly metaphysical, non-human entity. However, despite this inherent critique of harmful practices of objectification and exploitation of trans* people, "Frankissstein" ultimately reproduces similar practices in other aspects of its trans* representation.
It is an established policy in the United States to separate commercial banking (the business of taking deposits and making commercial loans) from other commercial activities. The separation of banking and commercial activities is achieved by federal and state banking laws, which enumerate the powers that banks may exercise, the activities that banks may engage in, and the investments that banks may lawfully make, and expressly exclude banks from certain activities or relationships. Some of these provisions could be circumvented if a nonbank company could carry on banking activities through a banking subsidiary and nonbanking activities either itself or through a nonbanking subsidiary.
We assess the relationship between finance and growth over the period 1980-2014. We estimate a cross-country growth regression for 48 countries during 20 periods of 15 years starting in 1980 (to 1995) and ending in 1999 (to 2014). We use OLS and IV estimations and we find that: 1) overall financial development had a positive effect on economic growth during all periods of our sample, i.e., we confirm that from 1980 to 2014 financial services provided by the various financial systems were significant (to various degrees) for firm creation, industrial expansion and economic growth; but that, 2) the structure of financial markets was particularly relevant for economic growth until the financial crisis; while 3) the structure of the banking sector played a major role since; and finally that, 4) the legal system is the primary determinant of the effectiveness of the overall financial system in facilitating innovation and growth in (almost) all of our sample period. Hence, overall our results suggest that the relationship between finance and growth matters but also that it varies over time in strength and in sector origination.
JEL Classification: O16, G16, G20.
Conference Reader zur gemeinsam von Athansios Orphanides (Federal Reserve Board, Washington D.C.), John C. Williams (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco), Heinz Hermann (Deutsche Bundesbank), und Volker Wieland (Center for Financial Studies and Goethe University Frankfurt) organisierten Konferenz, die vom 30. - 31. August, 2003 in Eltville stattgefunden hat. Inhaltsverzeichnis: * Volker Wieland (Director Center for Financial Studies): Foreword * Hans Georg Fabritius (Member of the Executive Board of the Deutsche Bundesbank): Opening Remarks * Charles Goodhart (Norman Sosnow Professor of Banking and Finance at the London School of Economics and External Member of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Commitee): After Dinner Speech * Paper Abstracts * List of Participants
"European" interventions
(2017)
'Enough'-/'too'-constructions (E/T constructions) have an implicative reading: e.g., "Mary was clever enough to leave early yesterday" entails Mary left early yesterday. I argue that this implicative reading is not due to the lexical semantics proper of 'enough'/'too', but due to its bi-clausal structure (e.g., the above-mentioned example is analyzed as "Mary left early yesterday because she was clever enough"). I analyze 'enough' and 'too' simply as degree modifiers that involve a comparison: 'enough' means reaching the lower bound of an interval, while 'too' means exceeding the upper bound of an interval. Then inspired by Schulz (2011), Baglini and Francez (2015), and Nadathur (2016), I relate the semantics of E/T constructions to causal dependence: due to some sufficiency/excess, the infinitival complement clause in E/T constructions is episodically or generically (depending on its aspect being perfective or imperfective) true/false. I also argue that this infinitive has its tense and aspect marked on the main predicate of sentences, resulting in the seeming correlation between aspect and implication in languages that overtly make a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects (e.g., French).
PELDOR (pulse electron-electron double resonance) is an established method to study intramolecular distances and can give evidence for conformational changes and flexibilities. However, it can also be used to study intermolecular interactions as for example oligerimization. Here, we used PELDOR to study the ‘end-to-end’ stacking of small double stranded (ds)RNAs. For this study, the dsRNA molecules were only singly labelled with the spin label TPA to avoid multi-spin effects and to measure only the intermolecular stacking interactions. It can be shown that small dsRNAs tend to assemble to rod-like structures due to π-π-interactions between the base pairs at the end of the strands. On the one hand, these interactions can influence or complicate measurements aimed at the determining of the structure and dynamics of the dsRNA molecule itself. On the other hand, it can be interesting to study such intermolecular stacking interactions in more detail, as for example their dependence on ion concentration. We quantitatively determined the stacking probability as a function of the monovalent NaCl salt and the dsRNA concentration. From this data the dissociation constant Kd was deduced and found to depend on the ratio between the NaCl salt and dsRNA concentrations. Additionally, the distances and distance distributions obtained predict a model for the stacking geometry of dsRNAs. Introducing a nucleotide overhangs at one end of the dsRNA molecule restricts the stacking to the other end, leading only to dimer formations. Introducing such an overhang at both ends of the dsRNA molecule fully suppresses stacking, as we could demonstrate by PELDOR experiments quantitatively.
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This paper seeks to demonstrate the ways in which Bachmann's work constitutes a prime case for examining the scope and the boundaries of philological research. It does so by focusing on Bachmann‘s fragmentary and unfinished novel, "Das Buch Franza" [1965-1966], exploring the text and its author in an interdisciplinary light. Forming part of Bachmann's uncompleted "Todesarten"-Projekt, "Das Buch Franza" deals with the continuing legacy of fascism and its displaced forms in the post-war era. In its thematisation of the traumatic and necessarily belated after-effects of the Second World War and the Holocaust, Bachmann‘s text draws on various disciplines and discourses, namely geology, archaeology and psychoanalysis. I consider the ways in which the interdisciplinary ambitions of the text reflect Bachmann‘s struggle for a new form of representation, one that adequately mirrors the concerns of her society. Finally, drawing on Bachmann‘s own theoretical reflections on the field of literary study in her Frankfurt Lectures on poetics, I trace the ways in which the author's work repeatedly encourages us to adopt multiple disciplinary perspectives, as well as privileging literature with a utopian function that exceeds any generic or disciplinary boundaries.
The experience in the period during and after the Asian crisis of 1997-98 has provoked an extensive debate about the credit rating agencies' evaluation of sovereign risk in emerging markets lending. This study analyzes the role of credit rating agencies in international finan-cial markets, particularly whether sovereign credit ratings have an impact on the financial stability in emerging market economies. The event study and panel regression results indicate that credit rating agencies have substantial influence on the size and volatility of emerging markets lending. The empirical results are significantly stronger in the case of government's downgrades and negative imminent sovereign credit rating actions such as credit watches and rating outlooks than positive adjustments by the credit rating agencies while by the market participants' anticipated sovereign credit rating changes have a smaller impact on financial markets in emerging economies.
Vasointestinal peptide metabolism plays a key physiological role in multimodular levels of vasodilatory, smooth muscle cell proliferative, parenchymal, and inflammatory lung reactions. In animal studies, vasointestinal peptide relaxes isolated pulmonary arterial segments from several mammalian species in vitro and neutralizes the pulmonary vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin. In some animal models, it reduces pulmonary vascular resistance in vivo and in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. A 58-year-old woman presented with dyspnea and mild edema of the lower extremities. A bronchoscopy was performed without any suspicious findings suggesting a central tumor or other infiltrative disease. Endobronchial ultrasound revealed enlarged pulmonary arteries containing thrombi, a few enlarged lymph nodes, and enlarged mediastinal tissue anatomy with suspicion for mediastinal infiltration of a malignant process. We estimated that less than 10% of the peripheral vascular bed of the lung was involved in direct consolidated fibrosis as demonstrated in the left upper lobe apex. Further, direct involvement of fibrosis around the main stems of the pulmonary arteries was assumed to be low from positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans. Assuming a positive influence of low-dose radiation, it was not expected that this could have reduced pulmonary vascular resistance by over two thirds of the initial result. However; it was noted that this patient had idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension mixed with "acute" (mediastinal) fibrosis which could have contributed to the unexpected success of reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful treatment of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, probably as a result of low-dose radiation to the pulmonary arterial main stems. The patient continues to have no specific complaints concerning her idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
German Expressionist cinema is a movement that began in 1919. Expressionist film is marked by distinct visual features and performance styles that rebel against prior realist art movements. More than 20 years prior to the Expressionist movement, Sigmund Frued published "The Interpretation of Dreams" in 1899, a ground breaking study that links dreams to unconcious impulses. This thesis argues that the unexplained dream - like imagery found in two Expressionist films, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Robert Wiene, 1920) and Dr. Mabus, the Gambler (Fritz Lang, 1922) - can be seen in terms of Freud's model of dreaming.