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Prison-reformation has been a controversial and politically charged issue in Kenya. In the past it has elicited such legendary and emotional responses as 'What reforms? Prisons are not supposed to be five star hotels!' Recently, however, there has been a greater consensus between the public sector and the civic society in Kenya - than has ever in the past - of the need to revisit the human rights of inmates in various Kenyan prisons. Since 2003 a number of ground breaking reforms have been introduced in Kenyan prisons and more reforms seem to be on the way. Jacqueline Korir in this book takes a serious and despassionate look into a single variable: the quality of catering in Kenyan prisons. Her findings were both shocking and challenging. The food was lacking in both nutritive value as well aesthetic appeal. The site of food samples was only reminiscent of a grotesque meaning of the famous Council in Church History - The Diet of Worms! This book, grounded, in empirical data analysis by hard statistics and backed by rare photographs from inside Kenyan prisons serves as an eye-opener to both the prison-reformists as well as students and teachers of African sociology and institutional catering all over the world.
We conducted a systematic review investigating the efficacy and tolerability of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroids in children with epilepsies other than infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) that are resistant to anti-seizure medication (ASM). We included retrospective and prospective studies reporting on more than five patients and with clear case definitions and descriptions of treatment and outcome measures. We searched multiple databases and registries, and we assessed the risk of bias in the selected studies using a questionnaire based on published templates. Results were summarized with meta-analyses that pooled logit-transformed proportions or rates. Subgroup analyses and univariable and multivariable meta-regressions were performed to examine the influence of covariates. We included 38 studies (2 controlled and 5 uncontrolled prospective; 31 retrospective) involving 1152 patients. Meta-analysis of aggregate data for the primary outcomes of seizure response and reduction of electroencephalography (EEG) spikes at the end of treatment yielded pooled proportions (PPs) of 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52–0.67) and 0.56 (95% CI 0.43–0.68). The relapse rate was high (PP 0.33, 95% CI 0.27–0.40). Group analyses and meta-regression showed a small benefit of ACTH and no difference between all other corticosteroids, a slightly better effect in electric status epilepticus in slow sleep (ESES) and a weaker effect in patients with cognitive impairment and “symptomatic” etiology. Obesity and Cushing's syndrome were the most common adverse effects, occurring more frequently in trials addressing continuous ACTH (PP 0.73, 95% CI 0.48–0.89) or corticosteroids (PP 0.72, 95% CI 0.54–0.85) than intermittent intravenous or oral corticosteroid administration (PP 0.05, 95% CI 0.02–0.10). The validity of these results is limited by the high risk of bias in most included studies and large heterogeneity among study results. This report was registered under International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) number CRD42022313846. We received no financial support.
Key points
* Systematic review resulting in low to moderately solid evidence on the efficacy and tolerability of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroid treatment in children with epilepsy other than infantile spasms.
* Meta-analysis based on aggregate data from 2 controlled prospective, 5 uncontrolled prospective, and 31 retrospective studies.
* Pooled data showing a seizure response in 60% and electroencephalography (EEG) response in 56% of patients, with no major differences between drugs. However, 30%–40% of patients relapse after the cessation of treatment.
* The most frequent adverse effects are obesity and Cushing's syndrome, occurring in 70% of patients under continuous treatment for some weeks, but in less than 10% undergoing pulsed, intermittent regimens.
* More prospective, randomized-controlled studies are needed to improve the level of evidence and define the optimal doses and treatment duration.
Higher N170 amplitudes to words and to faces were recently reported for faster readers of German. Since the shallow German orthography allows phonological recoding of single letters, the reported speed advantages might have their origin in especially well-developed visual processing skills of faster readers. In contrast to German, adult readers of Hebrew are forced to process letter chunks up to whole words. This dependence on more complex visual processing might have created ceiling effects for this skill. Therefore, the current study examined whether also in the deep Hebrew orthography visual processing skills as reflected by N170 amplitudes explain reading speed differences. Forty university students, native speakers of Hebrew without reading impairments, accomplished a lexical decision task (i.e., deciding whether a visually presented stimulus represents a real or a pseudo word) and a face decision task (i.e., deciding whether a face was presented complete or with missing facial features) while their electroencephalogram was recorded from 64 scalp positions. In both tasks stronger event related potentials (ERPs) were observed for faster readers in time windows at about 200 ms. Unlike in previous studies, ERP waveforms in relevant time windows did not correspond to N170 scalp topographies. The results support the notion of visual processing ability as an orthography independent marker of reading proficiency, which advances our understanding about regular and impaired reading development.
The reading acceleration phenomenon refers to the effect that experimentally induced time constraints can generate instantaneous improvements of reading rate, accuracy and comprehension among typical and reading impaired readers of different age groups. An overview of studies applying the fading manipulation (i.e., letters are erased in reading direction), which induces the time constraints causing the acceleration phenomenon, is provided in the first part of this review. The second part summarises the outcomes of studies using a training approach called the reading acceleration program (RAP) that integrated core principles of the acceleration phenomenon to generate persistent reading performance improvements. Our review shows ample evidence for the validity of the acceleration phenomenon, since it has been replicated across various languages and populations. However, although there are several explanatory approaches for underlying mechanisms, none of them is well substantiated by empirical evidence so far. Similarly, although generally positive effects of RAP training were reported for several languages and groups of readers, the exact mechanisms causing improved reading rates and comprehension are not well understood. Our critical discussion points out several limitations of RAP that call for further research. However, we also highlight several benefits regarding RAP's potential as an intervention approach for enhancements in reading performance. Video abstract link: https://youtu.be/wO6aEXavk8w
Previous reports of improved oral reading performance for dyslexic children but not for regular readers when between-letter spacing was enlarged led to the proposal of a dyslexia-specific deficit in visual crowding. However, it is in this context also critical to understand how letter spacing affects visual word recognition and reading in unimpaired readers. Adopting an individual differences approach, the present study, accordingly, examined whether wider letter spacing improves reading performance also for non-impaired adults during silent reading and whether there is an association between letter spacing and crowding sensitivity. We report eye movement data of 24 German students who silently read texts presented either with normal or wider letter spacing. Foveal and parafoveal crowding sensitivity were estimated using two independent tests. Wider spacing reduced first fixation durations, gaze durations, and total fixation time for all participants, with slower readers showing stronger effects. However, wider letter spacing also reduced skipping probabilities and elicited more fixations, especially for faster readers. In terms of words read per minute, wider letter spacing did not provide a benefit, and faster readers in particular were slowed down. Neither foveal nor parafoveal crowding sensitivity correlated with the observed letter-spacing effects. In conclusion, wide letter spacing reduces single word processing time in typically developed readers during silent reading, but affects reading rates negatively since more words must be fixated. We tentatively propose that wider letter spacing reinforces serial letter processing in slower readers, but disrupts parallel processing of letter chunks in faster readers. These effects of letter spacing do not seem to be mediated by individual differences in crowding sensitivity.
Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction involving multiple organs including the bronchial and cardiovascular system. Most anaphylactic mediators, like platelet-activating factor (PAF), histamine, and others, act through G protein – coupled receptors, which are linked to the heterotrimeric G proteins Gq /G 11 , G12/G13 , and Gi . The role of downstream signaling pathways activated by anaphylactic mediators in defi ned organs during anaphylactic reactions is largely unknown. Using genetic mouse models that allow for the conditional abrogation of G q /G 11 - and G 12 /G 13 -mediated signaling pathways by inducible Cre/loxP-mediated mutagenesis in endothelial cells (ECs), we show that Gq /G11 -mediated signaling in ECs is required for the opening of the endothelial barrier and the stimulation of nitric oxide formation by various infl ammatory mediators as well as by local anaphylaxis. The systemic effects of anaphylactic mediators like histamine and PAF, but not of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are blunted in mice with endothelial G alpha q/G alpha 11 deficiency. Mice with endothelium-specific G alpha q /G alpha 11 deficiency, but not with G alpha 12/G alpha 13 deficiency, are protected against the fatal consequences of passive and active systemic anaphylaxis. This identifies endothelial Gq/G11 -mediated signaling as a critical mediator of fatal systemic anaphylaxis and, hence, as a potential new target to prevent or treat anaphylactic reactions.
This article parts from an interdisciplinary point of view. Its main interest lies in the rich and complex interaction between the literary text and the image. These relations are understood as a “reciprocal illumination between the arts”, according to a publication of Oskar Walzel (Berlin, 1917). It will first investigate two historical landmarks in relation to literature and the image: first, the social differentiation around 1800 and its imposition of a purely textual literature and second, the avant-garde with its intense interaction between the various forms of artistic communication. The paper will then approach two contemporary examples of novels which combine visual and textual material.
Este artigo reavalia a fase literária pop do escritor suíço Christian Kracht em relação aos seus últimos dois romances históricos. A superfície, ou até a superficialidade, talvez explique a ênfase da literatura pop dos anos 1990 em labels, servindo apenas como enumeração de elementos concretos, sem jamais entrar no abstrato. Argumentamos, quando nos referimos a Christian Kracht, que ele abandona tais tendências com seus últimos dois romances, "Imperium", de 2012, e "Os mortos", de 2017, sem, entretanto, renunciar à ambivalência entre o superficial e o profundo, pois ele foge habilmente de qualquer posição unívoca, tanto na forma narrativa em seus romances, quanto na forma extraliterária em entrevistas ou informações biográficas. Em virtude disso, há incertezas e ambiguidades quanto a um suposto "núcleo" autêntico ou verdadeiro de sua obra, sendo impossível distinguir claramente entre a teatralidade ficcional e a não-ficcional.
This article conceives the avant-garde as a form of art that emerges out of the experience with technical progress, city life and new patterns of perception and that succeeded in transforming multiple perspective and simultaneity of urban life into a central principle for their production. Analyzed are the European avant-gardes as well as their influences on Brazilian literature and painting in the 20s. Furthermore we take a look at concrete poetry of the 50's as a literary pendant to architectonic concepts of cities like São Paulo and Brasília.
O presente artigo objetiva abordar a obra e vida de Karl May, um dos mais bem-sucedidos escritores de língua alemã, sob o aspecto da encenação. Mostra como May mistura lembranças da infância e elementos literários, o desejado e o factual para uma memória encenada, que fornece um sentido mais profundo tanto para sua biografia como para sua obra. Assim, May se recria como homem ideal que consegue em seus romances superar seus problemas com a realidade, um "eu" multifacetado representado por suas diversas personagens literárias e suas aventuras, reclamadas por May como experiências próprias. Se os entrecruzamentos da identidade ficcional e pessoal criados por Karl May marcam a primeira fase de sua produção e se formamem volta do motivo do aprisionamento e da libertação, sua obra tardia se abstém de tais elementos e se dirige a uma reflexão quase filosófica sobre a humanidade e a paz.v
This article will provide a general look on modern literature as partially configured by medial history. It parts from the impact of Gutenberg’s invention on social differentiation and the romantic literary concepts, and then looks on photography as an important reference for the realistic aesthetics as well as the initial struggle of film against the domination of the traditional literary medium. It closes with a brief historical overview on what one may call precursors of the hyperlink in literary communication.
Walter Salles is probably the most widely known Brazilian director and producer. This article offers a portrait of his work over the last two decades as part of the cinematic and cultural changes that took place in Brazil. It starts with a historical overview of Brazilian film history and will then take a closer look at the films directed by Salles and his activities as producer. By looking at the evolution of the Brazilian film industry in the last ten to fifteen years in terms of market structures as well as aesthetic qualities, two major references become apparent: the more (but not only) commercial oriented productions of Globo Filmes, which often meet public taste and rely on a well-proven television language; second, the movies of Walter Salles as well as the films produced by Videofilmes, a company run and founded in 1987 by him and his brother, the documentarist João Moreira Salles. Videofilmes not only fosters many of the somewhat marginal, smaller film projects, but also serves as support for more artistically orientated movies.
"O estudante de Praga" (1913) é considerado o primeiro filme de arte produzido na Alemanha. Baseado num roteiro de Hanns Heinz Ewers, escritor e defensor destacado do novo medium fílmico, o filme remonta a motivos da tradição literária do romantismo alemão, sobretudo em relação às obras de E.T.A. Hoffmann e Adelbert von Chamisso e à figura do doppelgänger. Todo esse arcabouço literário não só dava sustentação à trama como também credibilidade ao filme, contribuindo, junto com a exploração dos recursos técnicos de câmera, para a aceitação definitiva do filme como medium de arte, bem como para o início do sucesso do cinema alemão, que atingiria seu apogeu nos anos 1920, com o movimento conhecido como 'expressionismo alemão'.
O artigo objetiva abordar o romance "Imperium" de Christian Kracht (2012) dentro da longa tradição estética de autoencenações de escritores e artistas em geral. No caso de Kracht, isso é feito inicialmente a partir do próprio texto narrativo como encenação literária em todas as suas facetas e, em seguida, a partir de suas desconcertantes aparições mediáticas, em que seus escritos literários, já de per si dúbios, são rearranjados, questionados ou enriquecidos. Geram-se assim incertezas, ambiguidades e desfigurações que são a marca registrada de Kracht no universo literário atual.
Fifteen years after his death in 1991 one can trace a certain tendency to turn the person and personality of Herbert Caro into a legendary figure where his work as a recognized translator mingles with episodes related to his passion for music as well as his specific kind of humour. It is therefore of no surprise that Caro himself turned into a literary character of the novel As Confissões de Lúcio by Brazilian writer Fernando Monteiro.
This article discusses the influence of electric illumination on theatre and the so called expressionist film. It starts with a short historical overview and will then argue that the only film with a narrative as well as a visual design in expressionist tradition is From Morn to Midnight, based on a play written in 1912 by Georg Kaiser and released in same year (1920) as its legend counterpart The Cabinet of Caligari. But different then Caligari or many other famous German silent movies from the 1920s it is not located in a romantic shadow world, syntactically created by lightning effects, but renounces the dark and spooky irrational in favor of an urban environment in the early twentieth century: a story of money, erotic seduction, escapist fantasies, eccentric bohemian life, crime and rapid alteration of scenes.
Nota de encerramento
(2011)
In Hoffmann’s tales, visual references and optical devices play an important role as thematic and structural components. This article will analyze this subject in a historical context where the social differentiation and the optical media result in a questioning of observation and perspective. Hoffmann’s writing may therefore be conceived, at least partially, through his position towards visibility. This paper will first provide a general look at the interrelations between Hoffmann’ s texts and certain painting styles and then take a closer look at “The Sandman” as a keywork for romantic perspectivism.
Based on a supposedly new discovery of pornographic magazines, James Hawes aimed, in Excavating Kafka (2008), to reset the almost saintlike image of Kafka. This article will argue that these publications are fare from being hard-core pornography and their existence has been a long known fact. It will then discuss relations between literary texts and biography with reference to Kafka’s novel Der Process, written in 1914 and published only posthumous.