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Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of avocado, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) were collected in the State of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The study was conducted for one year, during October 2008–October 2009.
As a result of this study, 34 scale insect species in seven families (Coccidae, Diaspididae, Kerriidae, Margarodidae,
Monophlebidae, Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) were collected. Together with previous records, the number of scale insects collected on avocado in Colombia increased to 44 species and to 137 species worldwide. Species commonly collected on avocado in Colombia include Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) (Diaspididae), Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, Coccus hesperidum L., Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell), Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, Saissetia neglecta De Lotto (Coccidae) and Ferrisia williamsi Kaydan and Gullan (Pseudococcidae). Twenty-two scale insect species are new records on avocado for Colombia of which nine species are new records worldwide, namely, Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell) (Diaspididae), Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, Saissetia neglecta De Lotto (Coccidae), Ferrisia kondoi Kaydan and Gullan, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller, Ps. landoi (Balachowsky) (Pseudococcidae), Eurhizococcus colombianus Jakubski (Margarodidae) and Austrotachardiella colombiana Kondo and Gullan (Kerriidae).
Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel) and Crypticerya genistae (Hempel) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae:
Iceryini) are herein reported for the fi rst time in Colombia. The above two species and Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh and Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell) are briefl y diagnosed based on the adult females. The presence of C. zeteki in Colombia is confi rmed and a key to the adult females of species of the tribe Iceryini reported in Colombia is provided.
The white coconut scale, Parlagena bennetti Williams, 1969 (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is reported for the fi rst time on New Zealand fl ax, Phormium tenax J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Xanthorrhoeaceae), coconut, Cocos nucifera L., Manila palm, Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H.E. Moore, oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. and an oil palm hybrid OxG: E. oleifera x E. guineensis (Arecaceae) in continental Colombia, and on coconut from Venezuela. Previously, P. bennetti was known only on the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and San Andres, causing serious damage to coconut, its only known host until now. A brief characterization of P. bennetti and an updated list of 23 species of scale insects of the family Diaspididae reported worldwide on Elaeis spp. is provided.
A new species of soft scale from Mexico, Toumeyella martinezi Kondo and Gonzalez sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) collected on Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Mart. ex Pfeiff.) Console (Cactaceae) is described and illustrated. An updated taxonomic key to the soft scale insects of the genus Toumeyella Cockerell known from Mexico is provided. A list of all currently known species of Toumeyella worldwide is given.
A new species of soft scale from Mexico, Toumeyella crataegi Kondo and González sp. nov., (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) collected on Crataegus mexicana DC. (Rosaceae), is described and illustrated based on the adult female. An updated taxonomic key to the soft scale insects of the genus Toumeyella Cockerell known from Mexico is provided. The specific epithet of Toumeyella martinezi Kondo and González is here emended to T. martinezae. A checklist with information on geographical distribution, host plants and brief notes of all 18 currently known species of Toumeyella is provided.
In recent years, populations of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), have increased in rural citrus orchards and urban backyard gardens. In order to fi nd biological control options for D. citri, a search for natural enemies was conducted in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The collections were carried out in citrus orchards in rural areas and house gardens and street trees in urban areas.
Natural enemies were collected from D. citri found on Citrus spp. and Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae). A total of 16 species of natural enemies of D. citri distributed in six families in fi ve orders are reported from Colombia.
Herein we provide an updated list of 95 species of arthropod (arachnids and insects) natural enemies of D. citri distributed in nine orders and 23 families recorded worldwide.
The first reports of the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Colombia appeared in 2011. However, based on museum insect specimens, the introduction of H. axyridis in Colombia occurred in 1989 or earlier, making it the second oldest record of the species in South America after the deliberate releases of the species in Argentina in 1986. Currently in Colombia, H. axyridis is well established and is here recorded from the States of Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Tolima and Valle del Cauca.
The crape myrtle aphid Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) collected on Lagerstroemia indica (Lythraceae) is herein reported as a new invasive species in the city of Palmira, State of Valle del Cauca, and on San Andres island, in the State of San Andres, Old Providence and Santa Catalina, Colombia. The species is illustrated and diagnosed. A brief review of recent invasive species in Colombia, i.e., Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) [invasive on the island of San Andres], Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Singhiella simplex (Singh) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); and other adventive (but non-invasive) species in Colombia, i.e., Anagyrus kamali Moursi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam and Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is provided.
Neolecanium amazonensis Foldi is redescribed and illustrated and is transferred to the new genus Foldilecanium Kondo as Foldilecanium amazonensis (Foldi) comb. nov. A new species, Foldilecanium multisetosus Kondo, is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in Cali, Colombia, on Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. and Thomson (Annonaceae). An updated taxonomic key to New World Myzolecaniinae and a key to separate the two species of Foldilecanium are provided.
Based on morphological features of the adult female, the Brazilian soft scale, Mesolecanium ferum Hempel, 1920 (= Toumeyella ferum) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) is transferred to the genus Neotoumeyella Kondo and Williams, 2009, as Neotoumeyella ferum (Hempel), comb. nov. The genus Neotoumeyella is rediagnosed in order to accommodate the unique features of M. ferum and an updated key to the six species of the genus is provided. An English translation of the Spanish redescription of M. ferum (as T. ferum) by Granara de Willink (2012) is also provided, with the author’s comments and interpretations.