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Schon im Jahr 1970 rechnet der noch junge und von Film und Rockmusik gleichermaßen begeisterte Wim Wenders mit einem Genre ab, "das es nicht gibt": mit dem Musikfilm, vor allem mit den "Rock'n'Roll- und Popmusikfilmen" (Wenders 1989, 82), die bis dato entstanden und denen er insgesamt vorwirft, gerade an der Darstellung der Musik zu scheitern. "Sie zeigen mehr ihr Desinteresse, ihr Missfallen oder ihre Verachtung als ihren Gegenstand. Das, was es zu sehen gibt, die Musiker, die Instrumente, die Bühne, die Arbeit, der Spaß oder die Anstrengung, Musik zu machen, erscheint ihnen nicht wert genug, so wie es ist, gezeigt zu werden" (83). Wenders wirft den Musikfilmen vor, nicht dem authentischen Entstehen der Musik im Augenblick, also live auf der Bühne, und nicht dem Ausdruck der Musik gerecht werden, sondern die eigene Sprache der Rockmusik in eine andere, in die des Films zu übertragen.
Ihrem letzten Roman "In Amerika" (2000) stellte Susan Sontag als Motto eine Zeile des afroamerikanischen Poeten Langston Hughes voran: "America will be!" Der Lockruf eines Landes, das permanent im Entstehen ist, das wird, um einmal zu existieren, vielleicht nur als schöner Traum, bestimmt diesen historischen Roman, in dem eine polnische Schauspielerin, eine Diva, im Jahr 1876 ihre Heimat verlässt, um ihm zu folgen und dann doch nie sesshaft zu werden in Amerika. Die "Sehnsucht nach Neuem, Leerem, Vergangenheitslosem", und der "Traum, das Leben in reine Zukunft zu verwandeln" in der neuen Welt, treiben sie stets weiter, von Stadt zu Stadt, von einer Rolle zur nächsten. Die Schauspielerin bringt Kultur in ein raues Land, indem sie Kunst lebt, auf einer "lange(n) Tournee", wie die letzen Worte des Romans verheißen.
Liest man die heute schon reichlich nostalgisch angehauchten Rückblicke auf die Blütezeit des Neuen deutschen Films in den siebziger Jahren, dann stößt man auf die Namen Fassbinder, Schlöndorff, Wenders und Herzog, vielleicht noch Kluge und Schroeter. Kaum aber noch fällt der Name Hans Jürgen Syberberg. Das ist um so erstaunlicher, da Syberberg damals im Ausland – und wo sonst, wenn nicht im Ausland, galt der Neue deutsche Film als das, was er in der Bundesrepublik nie war: als kulturelle Dominante – als der deutsche Filmemacher schlechthin angesehen wurde.
Die Sackspinne Clubiona similis L. Koch, 1867 wird in der älteren Literatur aus den verschiedensten Gebieten und Lebensraumtypen Mittel- und Osteuropas erwähnt. Nach HEIMER & NENTWIG (1991) ist sie "in feuchtem Gelände auf niedriger Vegetation" zu finden. Bei HANGGI et al. (1995) werden überwiegend Nachweise aus Küstendünen, daneben einzelne aus Wäldern und extensiv oder ungenutzten Lebensraumtypen des Offenlandes genannt.
The study objective was to assess the current status of HIV knowledge, attitudes and behavior (KAB) among employees of Namibian ministries. As most HIV campaigning takes place in the capital of Windhoek, an additional aim was to compare Windhoek to four regions (Hardap, Erongo, Oshana, and Caprivi). Between January and March 2011 a cross-sectional survey was conducted in two Namibian ministries, with participants selected randomly from the workforce. Data collection was based on questionnaires. 832 participants were included in the study (51.6% male). Nearly 90% of participants reported to have been tested for HIV before. Knowledge about HIV transmission ranged from 67% to 95% of correct answers, with few differences between the capital and regions. However, a knowledge gap regarding HIV transmission and prevention was seen. In particular, we found significantly lower knowledge regarding transmission from mother-to-child during pregnancy and higher rate of belief in a supernatural role in HIV transmission. In addition, despite many years of HIV prevention activities, a substantial proportion of employees had well-known HIV risk factors including multiple concurrent partnership rates (21%), intergenerational sex (19%), and lower testing rates for men (82% compared to women with 91%).
In this paper I intend to discuss the relation of Marcuse’s theory of technology to its grounding in the possibilities he believed lay inherent, but as yet untapped in nature. Marcuse was an early critic of what he considered to be the exploitative, predatory approach to nature brought about through the direction of technology, industry and science under consumer capitalism, however his alternative; a “new science” and “new technology” which would treat nature as an “ally” in the general struggle for liberation and emancipation, was not without its problems.
Combining cultural history with the insights of psychoanalytic theory, this article examines Maurice Sendak's Caldecott-winning and controversial Where the Wild Things Are (1963), arguing that Sendak’s book represents picturebook psychology as it stood in the early 1960s but also radically recasts it, paving the way for a groundswell in applied picturebook psychology. The book can be understood as rewriting classical Freudian analysis, retaining some of its rigor and edge while making it more palatably American. Where the Wild Things Are has been embraced as a psychological primer, a story about anger and its management through fantasy; it is also a text in which echoes of Freud remain audible. It is read it here as a bedtime-story version of Freud’s Wolf Man case history of 1918, an updated and upbeat dream of the wolf boy. It is to Sendak what the Wolf Man case was to Freud, a career-making feral tale. Standing at the crossroads of Freudian tradition, child analysis, humanistic psychology, and bibliotherapy, the article reveals how the book both clarified and expanded the uses of picturebook enchantment.
The widespread application of fertilizers has greatly influenced many processes and properties of agroecosystems, and agricultural fertilization is expected to increase even further in the future. To date, most research on fertilizer impacts has used short-term studies, which may be unrepresentative of long-term responses, thus hindering our capacity to predict long-term impacts. Here, we examined the effects of long-term fertilizer addition on key ecosystem properties in a long-term grassland experiment (Palace Leas Hay Meadow) in which farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizer treatments have been applied consistently for 120 years in order to characterize the experimental site more fully and compare ecosystem responses with those observed at other long-term and short-term experiments. FYM inputs increased soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, hay yield, nutrient availability and acted as a buffer against soil acidification (>pH 5). In contrast, N-containing inorganic fertilizers strongly acidified the soil (<pH 4.5) and increased surface SOC stocks by increasing the C stored in the coarse (2.8 mm-200 μm) and fine (200–50 μm) fractions. Application of N fertilizers also reduced plant species richness and the abundance of forbs and legumes. Overall, our results were broadly consistent with those observed in other very long-term studies (the Park Grass and Steinach Grassland experiments) in that fertilization effects on plant and soil properties appeared to be driven by differences in both nutrient input and changes to soil pH. We also established that the direction of long-term fertilization effects tended to be comparable with short-term experiments, but that their magnitude differed considerably, particularly where ammonium sulphate-induced acidification had occurred. We therefore conclude that short-term studies are unlikely to possess the required timeframe to accurately predict long-term responses, thus necessitating the use of long-term study sites. Such experiments should be strategically established in regions where future fertilizer use is expected to increase rapidly.
This book makes an important contribution to existing knowledge on the processes of reading and comprehension by identifying the various approaches and corresponding theories. The book is organized in various chapters that cumulatively lead to our entry into the three key areas. Chapter One provides important background to reading as a skill, explaining the hidden dynamics that avoid the process and outcome of reading. Chapter Two deals with comprehension and vocabulary, both very important aspects of the reading process, while Chapter Three focuses on the relationship between reading, remembering and perception. Chapters four and five deal with various ways of assessing comprehension and the role of the reader respectively.