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Der Nucleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN) ist ein Kerngebiet des Hypothalamus mit der Funktion des zentralen Taktgebers für die Generierung der circadianen Rhythmik. Zahlreiche petale Verbindungen zum SCN dienen der Synchronisierung der circadianen Uhr mit der tatsächlichen Tagesphase. Fugale Verbindungen des SCN dienen der Verteilung der Tageszeiteninformation über das Gehirn, insbesondere in vegetativen Zentren. So werden beispielsweise die physiologischen Vorgänge des Kreislaufsystems, Hormonausschüttung, der Schlaf-Wach-Zyklus etc. kontrolliert und mit Tag-Nacht-Wechsel synchronisiert. Obwohl viele dieser Verbindungen verstanden und beschrieben sind, sind die nahen Verbindungen in der unmittelbaren Nähe des SCN und des-sen intrinsische Verbindung nicht genau untersucht. Zur Darstellung dieser nahen Verbindungen wurden DiI-Tracer-Studien an Gehirnschnitten von Mäusen durchgeführt. Untersucht wurde parallel zu der DiI-Färbung das Neuropeptid Vasopressin innerhalb und außerhalb des SCN bei Mäusen von zwei verschiedenen Mäusestämmen (C3H und C57BL); C57BL ist defizient für das photoperiodische sezernierte Epiphysenhormon Melatonin, C3H-Mäuse er-blinden im frühen Lebensalter. Die immunzytochemische Untersuchung des Vasopressin-Systems belegte einen Unterschied in der Zytoarchitektur des SCN zwischen den C3H und C57BL Mäusen. Obwohl einige Elemente ähnliche Lokalisations- und Reaktivitätscharakteristika aufwiesen z.B. die dorsomediale Verteilung der Vasopressin-Perikaryen im Kerngebiet, so zeigte sich bei den C57BL-Mäusen eine deutlich schwächere Reaktivität des Neuropeptids AVP in diesem Bereich und ferner eine deutliche inhomogenere Verteilung der Vasopressin-Elemente im gesamten Kerngebiet. Die Tracing Untersuchung zeigte bei beiden Mäuse-Stämmen die gleichen Verbindungswege des SCN mit der nahen Periphere. Zum einen zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass der Hauptpassage des SCN im dorsomedialen, also im periventrikulären Bereich lokalisiert ist und das der SCN multiple Zugänge an seiner dorsalen und lateralen Grenze zur subparaventrikulären Zone besitzt. Ferner konnte auch gezeigt werden, dass beide bilateralen SCN-Kerne direkt über ausgeprägte Kommissurfaserverbindungen miteinander kommunizieren. Diese Kommissuren dürften dafür verantwortlich sein, den SCN einer Seite mit dem SCN der kontralateralen Seite zu synchronisieren. Obwohl in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Tracer nur einseitig appliziert wurde, ist dennoch von einer gekreuzten kontralateralen Verbindung auszugehen. Hier liegen Ansätze für weitere Un-tersuchungen. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Untersuchungen zeigen Faserverbin-dungen in die Area hypothalamica lateralis (AHL), die eine wichtige Rolle in der Kontrolle der zentralen Nahrungsaufnahme besitzt. Diese Faserverbin-dungen haben ihren Ursprung im SCN bzw. Nucl. paraventricularis und dem Nucl. arcuatus. Diese Verbindungen dienen am ehesten der Modulation der zentralen Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme und spielen daher eine besondere Rolle in der Krankheitsentstehung wie Adipositas, Diabetes und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankung bei gestörter circadianen Rhythmik. Neu ist der Befund einer beachtlichen Anzahl von suprachiasmaticopetalen Fasern aus der sub-paraventrikulären Zone. Diese könnten die Einbindung des limbischen Systems in die Modulation der inneren Uhr erklären, die darüber hinaus ursächlich für zahlreiche Pathologien sein könnten.
In China and other countries of East Asia, so-called Ling-zhi or Reishi mushrooms are used in traditional medicine since several centuries. Although the common practice to apply the originally European name ‘Ganoderma lucidum’ to these fungi has been questioned by several taxonomists, this is still generally done in recent publications and with commercially cultivated strains. In the present study, two commercially sold strains of ‘G. lucidum’, M9720 and M9724 from the company Mycelia bvba (Belgium), are compared for their fruiting body (basidiocarp) morphology combined with molecular phylogenetic analyses, and for their secondary metabolite profile employing an ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC–ESIMS) in combination with a high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). According to basidiocarp morphology, the strain M9720 was identified as G. lucidum s.str. whereas M9724 was determined as Ganoderma lingzhi. In molecular phylogenetic analyses, the M9720 ITS and beta-tubulin sequences grouped with sequences of G. lucidum s.str. from Europe whereas those from M9724 clustered with sequences of G. lingzhi from East Asia. We show that an ethanol extract of ground basidiocarps from G. lucidum (M9720) contains much less triterpenic acids than found in the extract of G. lingzhi (M9724). The high amount of triterpenic acids accounts for the bitter taste of the basidiocarps of G. lingzhi (M9724) and of its ethanol extract. Apparently, triterpenic acids of G. lucidum s.str. are analyzed here for the first time. These results demonstrate the importance of taxonomy for commercial use of fungi.
The term superconductivity describes the phenomenon of vanishing electrical resistivity in a certain material, then called a superconductor, below a critical typically very low temperature. Since the discovery of superconductivity in mercury in 1911 many other superconductors have been found and the critical temperature below which superconductivity occurs could recently be raised to the temperatures encountered in a cold antarctic winter.
Superconductors are promising materials for applications. They can serve as nearly loss-free cables for energy transmission, in coils for the generation of high magnetic fields or in various electronic devices, such as detectors for magnetic fields. Despite their obvious advantages, the cost for using superconductors, however, depends a lot on the cooling effort needed to realize the superconducting state. Therefore, the search for a superconductor with critical temperature above room-temperature, which would avoid the need for any specialized cooling system, is one of the main projects of contemporary research in condensed matter physics.
While a theory of superconductivity in simple metals has already been developed in the 1950s, it has meanwhile been recognized that many superconductors are unconventional in the sense that their behavior does not follow the aforementioned theory. Unconventional superconductors differ from conventional superconductors mainly by the momentum- and real-space symmetry of the order parameter, which is associated with the superconducting state. While conventional superconductors have a uniform order parameter, unconventional superconductors can have an order parameter that bears structure. Of course, alternative theoretical descriptions have been suggested, but the discussion on the right theory for unconventional superconductivity has not yet been settled. Ultimately, this lack of a general theory of superconductivity prevents a targeted search for the room-temperature superconductor. Any new theoretical approach must, however, prove its value by correctly predicting the structure of the superconducting order parameter and further material properties.
In this work we participate in the search for a theory of unconventional superconductivity. We discuss the theory of superconductivity mediated by electron-electron interactions, which has been popular in the last few decades due to its success in explaining various properties of the copper-based superconductors that emerged in the 1980s. We give a detailed derivation of the so-called random phase approximation for the Hubbard model in terms of a diagrammatic many-body theory and apply it in conjunction with low-energy kinetic Hamiltonians, which we construct from first principles calculations in the framework of density functional theory. Density functional theory is an established technique for calculating the electronic and magnetic properties of materials solely based on their crystal structure. Its practical implementations in computer codes, however, do for example not describe complicated many-electron phenomena like the superconducting state that we are interested in here. Nevertheless, it can provide important information about the properties of the normal state of the material, which superconductivity emerges from. In our theory we use these information and approach the superconducting state from the normal state.
Such an interfacing of different calculational techniques requires a lot of implementation work in the form of computer code. Inclusion of the computer code into this work would consume by far too much space, but since some of the decisions on approximations in the calculational formalism are guided by the feasibility of the associated computer calculations, we discuss the numerical implementation in great detail.
We apply the developed methods to quasi-two-dimensional organic charge transfer salts and iron-based superconductors. Finally, we discuss implications of our findings for the interpretation of various experiments.
For a chaotic system pairs of initially close-by trajectories become eventually fully uncorrelated on the attracting set. This process of decorrelation can split into an initial exponential decrease and a subsequent diffusive process on the chaotic attractor causing the final loss of predictability. Both processes can be either of the same or of very different time scales. In the latter case the two trajectories linger within a finite but small distance (with respect to the overall extent of the attractor) for exceedingly long times and remain partially predictable. Standard tests for chaos widely use inter-orbital correlations as an indicator. However, testing partially predictable chaos yields mostly ambiguous results, as this type of chaos is characterized by attractors of fractally broadened braids. For a resolution we introduce a novel 0-1 indicator for chaos based on the cross-distance scaling of pairs of initially close trajectories. This test robustly discriminates chaos, including partially predictable chaos, from laminar flow. Additionally using the finite time cross-correlation of pairs of initially close trajectories, we are able to identify laminar flow as well as strong and partially predictable chaos in a 0-1 manner solely from the properties of pairs of trajectories.
Background: The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is increasingly used at medical schools to assess practical competencies. To compare the outcomes of students at different medical schools, we introduced standardized OSCE stations with identical checklists.
Methods: We investigated examiner bias at standardized OSCE stations for knee- and shoulder-joint examinations, which were implemented into the surgical OSCE at five different medical schools. The checklists for the assessment consisted of part A for knowledge and performance of the skill and part B for communication and interaction with the patient. At each medical faculty, one reference examiner also scored independently to the local examiner. The scores from both examiners were compared and analysed for inter-rater reliability and correlation with the level of clinical experience. Possible gender bias was also evaluated.
Results: In part A of the checklist, local examiners graded students higher compared to the reference examiner; in part B of the checklist, there was no trend to the findings. The inter-rater reliability was weak, and the scoring correlated only weakly with the examiner’s level of experience. Female examiners rated generally higher, but male examiners scored significantly higher if the examinee was female.
Conclusions: These findings of examiner effects, even in standardized situations, may influence outcome even when students perform equally well. Examiners need to be made aware of these biases prior to examining.
Aim: We investigated the long-term impact of adjunctive systemic antibiotics on periodontal disease progression. Periodontal therapy is frequently supplemented by systemic antibiotics, although its impact on the course of disease is still unclear.
Material & Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-centre trial comprising patients suffering from moderate to severe periodontitis evaluated the impact of rational adjunctive use of systemic amoxicillin 500 mg plus metronidazole 400 mg (3x/day, 7 days) on attachment loss. The primary outcome was the percentage of sites showing further attachment loss (PSAL) ≥1.3 mm after the 27.5 months observation period. Standardized therapy comprised mechanical debridement in conjunction with antibiotics or placebo administration, and maintenance therapy at 3 months intervals.
Results: From 506 participating patients, 406 were included in the intention to treat analysis. Median PSAL observed in placebo group was 7.8% compared to 5.3% in antibiotics group (Q25 4.7%/Q75 14.1%; Q25 3.1%/Q75 9.9%; p < 0.001 respectively).
Conclusions: Both treatments were effective in preventing disease progression. Compared to placebo, the prescription of empiric adjunctive systemic antibiotics showed a small absolute, although statistically significant, additional reduction in further attachment loss. Therapists should consider the patient's overall risk for periodontal disease when deciding for or against adjunctive antibiotics prescription.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a frequent neurodegenerative process in old age. Accumulation and aggregation of the lipid-binding SNARE complex component α-synuclein (SNCA) underlies this vulnerability and defines stages of disease progression. Determinants of SNCA levels and mechanisms of SNCA neurotoxicity have been intensely investigated. In view of the physiological roles of SNCA in blood to modulate vesicle release, we studied blood samples from a new large pedigree with SNCA gene duplication (PARK4 mutation) to identify effects of SNCA gain of function as potential disease biomarkers. Downregulation of complexin 1 (CPLX1) mRNA was correlated with genotype, but the expression of other Parkinson's disease genes was not. In global RNA-seq profiling of blood from presymptomatic PARK4 indviduals, bioinformatics detected significant upregulations for platelet activation, hemostasis, lipoproteins, endocytosis, lysosome, cytokine, Toll-like receptor signaling and extracellular pathways. In PARK4 platelets, stimulus-triggered degranulation was impaired. Strong SPP1, GZMH and PLTP mRNA upregulations were validated in PARK4. When analysing individuals with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, the most specific known prodromal stage of general PD, only blood CPLX1 levels were altered. Validation experiments confirmed an inverse mutual regulation of SNCA and CPLX1 mRNA levels. In the 3′-UTR of the CPLX1 gene we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism that is significantly associated with PD risk. In summary, our data define CPLX1 as a PD risk factor and provide functional insights into the role and regulation of blood SNCA levels. The new blood biomarkers of PARK4 in this Turkish family might become useful for PD prediction.
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) such as quality of life and work productivity are important for measuring patient's experience. We assessed PROs during and after treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients.Data were obtained from a phase 3 open label study of sofosbuvir and ribavirin (SOF + RBV) with and without interferon (IFN). Patients completed 4 PRO assessment instruments (SF-36, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue, Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire- HCV, Work Productivity and Activity-Specific Health Problem) before, during, and after treatment.A total of 533 patients with chronic HCV were enrolled; 28.9% treatment-naïve, 23.1% cirrhotic, 219 received IFN + SOF + RBV and 314 received IFN-free SOF + RBV. At baseline, there were no differences in PROs between the IFN-free and IFN-containing treatment arms (all P > 0.05). During treatment, patients receiving IFN + SOF + RBV had a substantial impairment in their PROs (up to -24.4% by treatment week 12, up to -8.3% at week 4 post-treatment). The PRO decrements seen in the SOF + RBV arm were smaller in magnitude (up to -7.1% by treatment week 12), and all returned to baseline or improved by post-treatment week 4. By 12 weeks after treatment cessation, patients who achieved sustained viral response-12 showed some improvement of PRO scores regardless of the regimen (up to +7.1%, P < 0.0001) or previous treatment experience. In multivariate analysis, the use of IFN was independently associated with lower PROs.IFN-based regimens have a profoundly negative impact to PROs. By contrast, the impact of RBV on these PROs is relatively modest. Achieving HCV cure is associated with improvement of most of the PRO scores.
Expression, perception and recognition of intense emotions in healthy and depressed individuals
(2017)
Die Fähigkeit die Gefühle anderer zu erkennen und einzuordnen ermöglicht es soziale Situationen richtig einzuschätzen und soziale Beziehungen aufzubauen. Da Emotionen also in unserem Leben eine wichtige Rolle spielen, kann eine Dysregulation der Emotionsverarbeitung auch zu elementaren Einschränkungen führen. Menschen, die unter depressiven Episoden leiden, durchleben beispielsweise regelmäßig Phasen intensiver und anhaltender Traurigkeit. Jedoch ist noch nicht vollständig erklärt, wie es zu dieser verzerrten Emotionswahrnehmung kommt. Diese Dissertation hatte deshalb das Ziel, den Ausdruck, die Wahrnehmung und das Erkennen extremer Emotionen genauer zu beleuchten.
In Studie 1 wurden der Ausdruck und das Erkennen extremer Emotionen untersucht.
Hierbei dienten aus dem Internet bezogene Videosequenzen von Kindern und Erwachsenen als Basis, in denen diese sich in Situationen befanden, die sie extrem negative oder extrem positive Emotionen durchleben ließen. Die Gesichtsausdrücke der Kinder und Erwachsenen wurden dann zum Zeitpunkt der stärksten emotionalen Erregung in ein Bild umgewandelt und von unabhängigen Ratern auf ihre Valenz und ihr Arousal eingeschätzt. Es wurde beobachtet, dass - entgegen der Vorhersage etablierter Emotionstheorien (z.B. Ekman, 1993) – Emotionen hoher positiver und negativer Intensität schwer auseinander zu halten sind. Tatsächlich wurden positive Emotionsausdrücke häufig als negativ eingeschätzt. Eine mögliche Erklärung dafür liefern Aragón und Kollegen (2015). Sie schätzen den Ausdruck negativer Emotionen in positiven Situationen als Emotionsregulationsstrategie ein, die dazu dient ein emotionales Equilibrium wieder herzustellen, das durch die überwältigenden positiven Emotionen aus dem Gleichgewicht gebracht wurde.
In Studie 2 und 3 wurde die Wahrnehmung negativer Emotionen bei depressiven Menschen im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollprobanden auf subjektiver und physiologischer Ebene untersucht. Hierbei wurde zunächst im Rahmen von Studie 2 untersucht, ob Parameter des autonomen Nervensystems (ANS) sich zwischen depressiven und gesunden Probanden unterscheiden. ANS-Parameter umfassten Hormone (Cortisol und DHEA), Herzratenvariabilität (HRV), Hautleitfähigkeit (GSR), Hauttemperatur (TEMP) und Atemfrequenz (RSP). Es konnten erhöhte DHEA-Werte, eine erhöhte Hauttemperatur und eine reduzierte Atemfrequenz in der Patientengruppe gefunden werden. Eine erhöhte Hauttemperatur korrelierte zudem mit der Ausprägung depressiver Symptome und der aktuellen Stimmung. Reduzierte HRV-Werte wurden hauptsächlich auf antidepressive Medikation zurückgeführt.
In Studie 3 wurde dann die Reaktion der Probanden auf emotionsevozierende Stimuli verschiedener Valenzkategorien (neutral, leicht negative, hoch negative) untersucht. Hierbei wurden sowohl physiologische Parameter (TEMP, HRV, GSR, RSP) als auch die subjektive Einschätzung der Stimuli bezüglich ihrer Valenz und ihres Arousal erhoben. Die Befunde bezüglich Hauttemperatur und HRV-Werte aus Studie 2 konnten in Studie 3 repliziert
werden. Zudem zeigte sich eine akzentuierte Reaktion der RSP sowie höhere Valenz- und Arousalratings in der Patientengruppe. Das subjektiv intensivere Empfinden der Stimuli bei den Patienten hing zusätzlich mit emotionaler und sozialer Kompetenz zusammen.
In dieser Dissertation konnte gezeigt werden, dass Ausdrücke intensiver Emotionen im Gesicht oft als zweideutig wahrgenommen werden. Um ein genaueres Verständnis der Emotionswahrnehmung bei depressiven Menschen zu erlangen, konnten zudem mehrere Parameter des ANS identifiziert werden, die teils noch nicht untersucht wurden und einer intensiveren Emotionswahrnehmung bei depressiven Patienten zugrunde liegen könnten.
Hierbei wurden zusätzlich Zusammenhänge zu weiteren Aspekten der Depression, wie Defiziten in sozialen Kompetenzen, aufgezeigt. Damit gibt diese Dissertation umfassende Aufschlüsse über Emotionsverarbeitungsprozesse bei gesunden und depressiven Menschen.
Background: Detailed injury data are not available for international tournaments in field hockey. We investigated the epidemiology of field hockey injuries during major International Hockey Federation (Fédération Internationale de Hockey, FIH) tournaments in 2013.
Materials: and methods FIH injury reports were used for data collection. All major FIH tournaments for women (n=5) and men (n=11) in 2013 were included. The main focus of this study was to assess the pattern, time, site on the pitch, body site and mechanism of each of the injuries. We calculated the average number of injuries per match and the number of injuries per 1000 player match hours.
Results: The average number of injuries was 0.7 (95% CI 0.5 to 1.0) per match in women's tournaments and 1.2 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.7) per match in men's tournaments. The number of injuries per 1000 player match hours ranged from 23.4 to 44.2 (average 29.1; 95% CI 18.6 to 39.7) in women and 20.8 to 90.9 (average 48.3; 95% CI 30.9 to 65.8) in men. Most injuries occurred in the circle (n=25, 50%, in women, n=95, 51%, in men). The rate of injuries increased after the first quarter. Injuries to the head and face (n=20, 40%) were most common in women. The head/face (n=51, 27%) and the thigh/knee (n=52, 28%) were equally affected in men. The ball caused the most injuries, followed by the stick, collisions and tripping/falling. There were no deaths or injuries that required hospital treatment in the entire cohort.
Summary: Field hockey has a low incidence of acute injuries during competition.
Ocular gene therapy approaches have been developed for a variety of different diseases. In particular, clinical gene therapy trials for RPE65 mutations, X-linked retinoschisis, and choroideremia have been conducted at different centers in recent years, showing that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy is safe, but limitations exist as to the therapeutic benefit and long-term duration of the treatment. The technique of vector delivery to retinal cells relies on subretinal injection of the vector solution, causing a transient retinal detachment. Although retinal detachments are known to cause remodeling of retinal neuronal structures as well as significant cell loss, the possible effects of this short-term therapeutic retinal detachment on retinal structure and circuitry have not yet been studied in detail. In this study, retinal morphology and apoptotic status were examined in healthy rat retinas following AAV-mediated gene transfer via subretinal injection with AAV2/5.CMV.d2GFP or sham injection with fluorescein. Outer plexiform layer (OPL) morphology was assessed by immunohistochemical labeling, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and electron microscopy. The number of synaptic contacts in the OPL was quantified after labeling with structural markers. To assess the apoptotic status, inflammatory and pro-apoptotic markers were tested and TUNEL assay for the detection of apoptotic nuclei was performed. Pre- and postsynaptic structures in the OPL, such as synaptic ribbons or horizontal and bipolar cell processes, did not differ in size or shape in injected versus non-injected areas and control retinas. Absolute numbers of synaptic ribbons were not altered. No signs of relevant gliosis were detected. TUNEL labeling of retinal cells did not vary between injected and non-injected areas, and apoptosis-inducing factor was not delocalized to the nucleus in transduced areas. The neuronal circuits in the OPL of healthy rat retinas undergoing AAV-mediated gene transfer were not altered by the temporary retinal detachment caused by subretinal injection, the presence of viral particles, or the expression of green fluorescent protein as a transgene. This observation likely requires further investigations in the dog model for RPE65 deficiency in order to determine the impact of RPE65 transgene expression on diseased retinas in animals and men.
Hyponatremia is the most common and by far underestimated electrolyte disorder in clinical practice. Especially in elderly patients, treatment of symptomatic hyponatremia is challenging. Herein we describe the case of an octogenarian with recurrent symptomatic hyponatremia due to idiopathic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release (SIADH). Fluid restriction was insufficient to prevent repeated episodes of hyponatremia complicated by falls and coma. After introduction of a low-dose therapy with tolvaptan, serum sodium levels as well as the clinical condition were stable under vaptan therapy, without any relapse for more than six years now. This case demonstrates that long-term tolvaptan treatment for hyponatremia caused by SIADH is safe and well tolerated, even in the elderly.
We have developed a new in vitro skin irritation test based on an open source reconstructed epidermis (OS-REp) with openly accessible protocols for tissue production and test performance. Due to structural, mechanistic and procedural similarity, a blinded catch-up validation study for skin irritation according to OECD Performance Standards (PS) was conducted in three laboratories to promote regulatory acceptance, with OS-REp models produced at a single production site only. While overall sensitivity and predictive capacity met the PS requirements, overall specificity was only 57%. A thorough analysis of the test results led to the assumption that some of the false-positive classifications could have been evoked by volatile skin-irritating chemicals tested in the same culture plate as the non-irritants falsely predicted as irritants. With GC/MS and biological approaches the cross-contamination effect was confirmed and the experimental set-up adapted accordingly. Retesting of the affected chemicals with the improved experimental set-up and otherwise identical protocol resulted in correct classifications as non-irritants. Taking these re-test results into account, 93% overall sensitivity, 70% specificity and 82% accuracy was achieved, which is in accordance with the OECD PS. A sufficient reliability of the method was indicated by a within-laboratory-reproducibility of 85–95% and a between-laboratory-reproducibility of 90%.
The first myrmecophilous fl ea beetle genus (Myrmeconycha Konstantinov and Tishechkin, new genus) with four new species (M. erwini Konstantinov and Tishechkin, new species – Ecuador, M. gordoni Konstantinov and Tishechkin, new species – Brazil, M. pakaluki Konstantinov and Tishechkin, new species – Panama, and M. pheidole Konstantinov and Tishechkin, new species – Costa Rica) is described and illustrated. It is compared with fl ea beetles of the subtribe Disonychina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini) and may be easily differentiated based on the external and internal features, which include the waxy surface of the head and pronotum, reticulated surface of the pronotum, and four longitudinal ridges on each elytron.
A new species of Autostichidae, Eraina beechei nov. sp., is described from specimens collected in the Andean mountains of Ñuble, Biobío. Diagnostic characters for the species are presented; photographs of adults, illustrations of male and female genitalia, and a key for identifi cation of Eraina species are provided.
The species of Dipropus Germar (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of the west-central region of North America are taxonomically reviewed. Historical records of D. approximatus (Candèze), D. ferreus (LeConte), D. simplex (LeConte) and D. soleatus (Say) in the region are based on misidentifi cations. Dipropus pericu new species is described from Baja California Sur. Dipropus reinae new species, D. sonora new species and D. yaqui new species are described from southern Arizona, New Mexico and Sonora. Dipropus warneri new species is described from Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Dipropus sus (Candèze) is reported from Morelos, Sonora and Sinaloa as new state records. Keys to the species of the region are provided. The historical value of a specimen of Elater soleatus Say in the Dejean collection is discussed and its lectotype designated. Ischiodontus oblitus Candèze is treated as an objective synonym of Dipropus soleatus.
Ptyoiulus Cook 1895, the dominant parajulid diplopod genus in the eastern United States (US), comprises two species – P. impressus (Say 1821), with a slanted, fl ared, circumferentially entire, and marginally serrate apical calyx on the anterior gonopod coxal process, and P. montanus (Cope 1869), n. comb., with a smooth, upright, cupulate calyx that is open caudad and coaxial with the process’ stem. The genus occupies a broad area between the Mississippi River and Atlantic Ocean extending from southern New England, Ontario, and Michigan to the Florida Panhandle and four small disjunct ones – from Montreal, Québec, to northern Vermont, along southwestern Lake Michigan in Wisconsin and Illinois; northeastern/eastcentral Arkansas, primarily in Crowley’s Ridge physiographic feature and beside the “bootheel” of Missouri; and a point locality in northeastern Louisiana just south of the Arkansas line. A male from Chester County (Co.), Pennsylvania, is designated as the neotype of Julus impressus, as is one from Durham Co., North Carolina, for J. montanus. As both species inhabit Montgomery Co., Virginia, the type locality of J. montanus, we exercise the right of first reviser, conserve the latter name, and assign it to the species with the smooth, cupulate, and coaxial calyx. We also exercise first reviser rights and assign Parajulus ectenes Bollman 1887 to this form, thereby relegating it to synonymy under Ptyoiulus montanus. Other new synonymies include Ptyoiulus georgiensis Chamberlin 1943 under P. impressus and P. coveanus Chamberlin 1943 under P. montanus. Both Ptyoiulus and P. impressus are projected for Delaware and Rhode Island and newly reported from Québec, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Maryland, Mississippi, South Carolina, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, and the genus and species, respectively, are newly documented from Louisiana and Arkansas; P. montanus is newly cited from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Ptyoiulus impressus occupies every state except perhaps Louisiana and is the only species in areas that were inundated during the Cretaceous and glaciated during the Pleistocene; by contrast, P. montanus inhabits a relatively narrow east/west transect through the center of the generic range. Their distribution patterns suggest an old species, montanus, being actively displaced by the younger and more successful impressus. The decurvature of the epiproct in uroblaniulinines appears to increase with age and developmental stage. A key is presented to parajulid familygroup taxa in the US and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains.
Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is reported from Pennsylvania for the fi rst time, new state record. Specimens were collected using baited Lindgren funnels as early as 2013. Within Pennsylvania, C. mutilatus is now reported from Berks, Bucks, Lehigh, Montgomery, and York Counties.
Five new species of Bakerius Bondar (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae: Aleurodicinae) are described and illustrated from the Americas and Vietnam based on the adult, nymph, and pupal stages: Bakerius asiaticus, Bakerius colombianus, Bakerius hondurensis, Bakerius leei and Bakerius peruvianus. The following six species: Bakerius attenuatus Bondar 1923, Bakerius calmoni Bondar 1928, Bakerius marmoratus (Hempel 1923), Bakerius phrygilanthi Bondar 1923, Bakerius sanguineus Bondar 1928, and Bakerius sublatus Bondar 1928 are re-described. An identification key to the New World genera of the subfamily Aleurodicinae, and a key to the adults and the puparia of Bakerius species are provided.
Eine neuere Entscheidung des Bundesgerichtshofs zu den Anforderungen an die Mitteilung nach § 20 AktG über die Mitteilung eines Beteiligungserwerbs2 gibt Anlass zu Überlegungen zu den Rechtsfolgen einer Verletzung von Mitteilungspflichten durch mittelbar beteiligte Gesellschafter.
Der Bundesgerichthof hat, ohne auf abweichende Ansichten einzugehen, die h.M.3 bestätigt, nach der bei Verletzungen einer Mitteilungspflicht durch ein herrschendes Unternehmen die Rechtsfolge des Rechtsverlustes das unmittelbar beteiligte Tochterunternehmen selbst dann trifft, wenn dieses seine eigene Mitteilungspflicht ordnungsgemäß erfüllt hat.4 Im Hinblick auf den (zeitweiligen) Verlust von Dividendenansprüchen, um die es in dem vom BGH entschiedenen Fall ging, dürfte die in der Sache entscheidende Erwägung sein, dass anderenfalls dem herrschenden Unternehmen die mittelbaren Folgen der Gewinnausschüttung auch dann erhalten blieben, wenn es den eigenen Verstoß gegen die Mitteilungspflicht und den daraus folgenden temporären Wegfall des Gewinnbezugsrechts kannte oder kennen musste.
In den vergangen Jahren wurde erkannt, dass eine Quantenfeldtheorie (QFT) namens Quantenchromodynamik (QCD) die richtige Theorie der starken Wechselwirkungen ist. QCD beschreibt erfolgreich die starken Wechselwirkungen, die Quarks zu Nukleonen und Nukleonen zu Atomkernen zusammenbinden. Jedoch ist die theoretische Beschreibung vieler Phänomene der starken Wechselwirkung aufgrund des starken Kopplungsverhaltens bei niedrigen Energien schwierig. Stoßexperimente mit Schwerionen sind ein möglicher Weg, um die charakteristischen Phänomene und Eigenschaften der QCD-Materie zu untersuchen. In Stoßexperimenten mit Schwerionen werden schwere (d.h. große) Atomkerne aufeinander geschossen, beispielsweise Gold (am RHIC) oder Blei (am CERN, LHC), mit einer ultrarelativistischen Energie √s im Schwerpunktsystem. Auf diese Art ist es möglich, eine große Menge von Materie mit hoher Energiedichte hervorzubringen. Das Ziel von Schwerionenkollisionen ist die Erzeugung und Charakterisierung einer makroskopischen Phase von freien Quarks und Gluonen im lokalen thermischen Gleichgewicht. Ein solcher Aggregatzustand kann neue Informationen über das QCD-Phasendiagramm und den QCD-Phasenübergang liefern. Man nimmt an, dass ein solcher Übergang stattfand, als sich die Materie des frühen Universums von einem Plasma aus Quarks und Gluonen (QGP) in ein Gas von Hadronen umwandelte...
The elliptic flow of heavy-flavour decay electrons is measured at midrapidity |eta| < 0.8 in three centrality classes (0-10%, 10-20% and 20-40%) of Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76TeV with ALICE at LHC. The collective motion of the particles inside the medium which is created in the heavy-ion collisions can be analyzed by a Fourier decomposition of the azimuthal anisotropic particle distribution with respect to the event plane. Elliptic flow is the component of the collective motion characterized by the second harmonic moment of this decomposition. It is a direct consequence of the initial geometry of the collision which is translated to a particle number anisotropy due to the strong interactions inside the medium. The amount of elliptic flow of low-momentum heavy quarks is related to their thermalization with the medium, while high-momentum heavy quarks provide a way to assess the path-length dependence of the energy loss induced by the interaction with the medium.
The heavy-quark elliptic flow is measured using a three-step procedure.
First the v2 coefficient of the inclusive electrons is measured using the event-plane and scalar-product methods. The electron background from light flavours and direct photons is then simulated, calculating the decay kinematics of the electron sources which are initialised by their respective measured spectra. The final result of this work emerges by subtracting the background from the inclusive measurement. A significant elliptic flow is observed after this subtraction. Its value is decreasing from low to intermediate pT and from semi-central to central collisions.
The results are described by model calculations with significant elastic interactions of the heavy quarks with the expanding strongly-interacting medium.
At sufficiently high temperatures and baryon densities, nuclear matter is expected to undergo a transition into the Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) consisting of deconfined quarks and gluons and accompanied by chiral symmetry restoration. Signals of these two fundamental characteristics of Quantum-Chromo-Dynamics (QCD) can be studied in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions producing a relatively large volume of high energy and nucleon densities as existent in the early universe. Dileptons are unique bulk-penetrating sources for this purpose since they penetrate through the surrounding medium with negligible interaction and are created throughout the entire evolution of the initially created fireball. A multitude of experiments at SIS18, SPS and RHIC have taken on the challenging task to measure these rare probes in a heavy-ion environment. NA60's results from high-quality dimuon measurements have identified the broadened ρ spectral function as favorable scenario to explain the low-mass dilepton excess, and partonic sources as dominant at intermediate dilepton masses.
Enabled by the addition of a TOF detector system in 2010, the first phase of the Beam Energy Scan (BES-I) at RHIC allows STAR to conduct an unprecedented energy-dependent study of dielectron production within a homogeneous experimental environment, and hence close the wide gap in the QCD phase diagram between SPS and top RHIC energies. This thesis concentrates on the understanding of the LMR enhancement regarding its invariant mass, transverse momentum and energy dependence. It studies dielectron production in Au+Au collisions at beam energies of 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV with sufficient statistics. In conjunction with the published STAR results at top RHIC energy, this thesis presents results on the first comprehensive energy-dependent study of dielectron production.
This includes invariant mass- and transverse momenta-spectra for the four beam energies measured in 0-80% minimum-bias Au+Au collisions with high statistics up to 3.5 GeV/c² and 2.2 GeV/c, respectively. Their comparison with cocktail simulations of hadronic sources reveals a sizeable and steadily increasing excess yield in the LMR at all beam energies. The scenario of broadened in-medium ρ spectral functions proves to not only serve well as dominating underlying source but also to be universal in nature since it quantitatively and qualitatively explains the LMR enhancements measured over the wide range from SPS to top RHIC energies. It shows that most of the enhancement is governed by interactions of the ρ meson with thermal resonance excitations in the late(r)-stage hot and dense hadronic phase. This conclusion is supported by the energy-dependent measurement of integrated LMR excess yields and enhancement factors. The former do not exhibit a strong dependence on beam energy as expected from the approximately constant total baryon density above 20 GeV, and the latter show agreement with the CERES measurement at SPS energy. The consistency in excess yields and agreement with model calculations over the wide RHIC energy regime makes a strong case for LMR enhancements on the order of a factor 2-3.
The extent of the results presented here enables a more solid discussion of its relation to chiral symmetry restoration from a theoretical point of view. High-statistics measurements at BES-II hold the promise to confirm these conclusions along with the LMR enhancment's relation to total baryon density with decreasing beam energy.
Identifizierung des vertebraten-spezifischen Proteins C7orf43 als neue TRAPPII Komplexuntereinheit
(2016)
Bei den transport protein particle (TRAPP) Komplexen handelt es sich um eine Familie von Protein Komplexen, die jeweils aus mehreren Untereinheiten bestehen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte das Protein C7orf43 als neue potenzielle TRAPPII Untereinheit identifiziert werden, die - wie auch die beiden anderen TRAPPII-spezifischen Komponenten TRAPPC9 und TRAPPC10 - sowohl für die Erhaltung von ERGIC, Golgi-Apparat und COPI Vesikel als für den ER zu Golgi Transportweg benötigt wird.
Die folgenden Ausführungen widmen sich der von Müller zur Steigerung der sinnlichen Erfahrbarkeit und zur Einübung in die ethnologische Perspektive genutzten ästhetisch-literarischen Verfahrensweisen. Neben die durch die Briefform vorgebebene, breit angewandte und von der Forschung bereits untersuchte Leseransprache, mit der er das Gesehene vergegenwärtigte, fügte Müller Originaldokumente ein, die Authentizität und Anschaulichkeit garantierten und den reizvollen Charakter des Fremden transportierten. Den Charakter der Anschaulichkeit seiner Darstellung unterstützte Müller, indem er immer wieder auf die bekannten und in weiten Kreisen auch außerhalb Italiens kursierenden Darstellungen des römischen Alltagslebens durch den Kupferstecher und Maler Bartolomeo Pinelli (1781-1835) rekurrierte. Auf ihr spannungsvolles Verhältnis zu den beschriebenen Volksszenen und den gesammelten Originaldokumenten möchte ich zunächst das Augenmerk legen, bevor mit den 1825 erschienenen 'Scenen aus Rom' des Spätaufklärers Christian August Vulpius ein gänzlich anderes Verfahren vorgestellt wird, das den Leser ebenfalls möglichst nah an das italienische Volksleben heranzuführen beabsichtigt.
Der Wald ist eines der wichtigsten Landschaftselemente im Kulissenfundus der Literatur - mit entsprechender Bedeutungsvielfalt: Die christlich-abendländische Tradition sieht ihn als Ort der Finsternis, der durch das göttliche Licht erhellt werden muss. In den berühmten Eingangsversen der 'Divina Commedia' erscheint er als rauer, wilder und dunkler Raum, Dantes "selva oscura" ist Stätte des Verwirrtseins und Zeichen irdischer Sündhaftigkeit. Aufgrund seiner transzendenten Unermesslichkeit jenseits rein geographischer Dimensionen kommt Gaston Bachelard in seiner 'Poetik des Raumes' zu dem Schluss: "Der Wald ist ein Seelenzustand". Als Metapher für die Seele des Menschen ist der Wald nicht nur in der Romantik beliebt, als Ausdruck des kollektiven Unbewussten interessiert er auch die Psychoanalyse, etwa in Gestalt der Archetypenlehre C. G. Jungs. In seiner Studie 'Masse und Macht' rechnet Elias Canetti den Wald zu den "Massensymbolen", mit durchaus unangenehmen Konnotationen für das Individuum. Da jeder einzelne Stamm, aus denen sich dieser zusammensetzt, fest verwurzelt und unverrückbar in der Erde stehe, sei "der Wald zum Symbol des Heeres geworden: ein Heer in Aufstellung, ein Heer, das unter keinen Umständen flieht; das sich bis zum letzten Mann in Stücke hauen läßt, bevor es einen Fußbreit Boden aufgibt". In diametralem Gegensatz zu diesem Szenario der Bedrohung des Einzelnen durch die Masse zusammengerotteter Bäume erscheint der Wald jedoch gleichermaßen als Ort der Freiheit, als Abbild der ursprünglichen Natur jenseits der einengenden menschlichen Zivilisation, als fruchtbare Wildnis, in der sich das Individuum frei entfalten kann. In dieser Bildtradition stehen zwei Texte, die ungefähr im Abstand von 100 Jahren und auf zwei verschiedenen Kontinenten entstanden sind: Henry David Thoreaus 'Walden' (1854) und Ernst Jüngers 'Der Waldgang' (1951). Wenn diese beiden in ihren historischen Voraussetzungen so unterschiedlichen Essays im Folgenden miteinander verglichen werden, so geschieht dies deshalb, weil sich in den Werken Jüngers und Thoreaus die einschlägige Rede von der Freiheit des Waldes mit einer dezidiert individualanarchistischen Programmatik verbindet, die dieser Raumsymbolik eine neue Bedeutungsdimension verleiht, die bisher in der einschlägigen topologischen Forschung unterbelichtet geblieben ist.
Die Analogien zwischen der Barthes'schen Theorie und den Konzepten der deutschen Romantik sind von der Forschung durchaus registriert worden, Beobachtungen in diese Richtung haben aber bislang kaum über die Nominierung des Desiderats hinausgeführt. Das ist sicher überraschend, da in den letzten Jahrzehnten bekanntermaßen eine Vielzahl aktualisierender Romantik-Lektüren vor der Folie postmoderner Ästhetik und Erkenntnistheorie veröffentlicht wurden. Zur Behebung dieses Defizits beizutragen, ist dementsprechend das Anliegen dieses Beitrags. Im Folgenden sind Ansätze zur systematischen Aufarbeitung der vielfachen Bezüge zu konzipieren, die sich zwischen dem Text der Deutschen Romantik und den Arbeiten Barthes' aufzeigen lassen. In methodologischer Hinsicht bewegt sich ein solcher Vergleich allerdings auf nicht eben einfachem Terrain. Das resultiert zunächst aus dem beträchtlichen Volumen der theoretischen Erträge Roland Barthes' sowie der romantischen Autoren, infolgedessen eine strenge Reduktion der Textbasis notwendig wird. Hinzu kommt, dass diese Erträge jeweils in rigoros fragmentierten und hermetischen Schreibweisen codiert sind, die das Paradox und die begriffliche Unklarheit bewusst suchen. Das multipliziert die Zahl der Blickwinkel und wirft die Frage nach der Wahl der interpretativen Zugänge auf. Um diesem Dilemma zu entgehen, rekurriert das Folgende bewusst auf eine einzelne Darstellung romantischer Theorie, die sich durch ihre besondere Prägnanz und ein überdurchschnittliches analytisches Niveau auszeichnet: Walter Benjamins Dissertation zum Begriff der Kunstkritik in der deutschen Romantik.
Der vorliegende Beitrag versteht sich als Versuch, die interkulturelle Dimension der modernen Metropole von ihrer Kehrseite her zu analysieren. Stellt die 'global city' tatsächlich in allen ihren Bereichen jenen offenen Raum interkultureller Kombinatorik dar, als den sie sich auf ihrer Schauseite der Produktion und Konsumption präsentiert? Oder perpetuiert sie Mechanismen der Ausgrenzung und der Segregation, die unterschwellig wirksam bleiben? Die Analyse erfolgt unter zwei Prämissen. Sie setzt zum einen voraus, dass der Umgang mit dem Müll als kulturelle, d.h. symbolische Praxis begriffen wird. Sie bestimmt Müll nicht als etwas Überflüssiges, sondern als Zeichenmüll, der gelesen werden kann, und schließt somit an kultur- und sozialanthropologische Ansätze zur Erforschung des Abfalls an. Zum anderen werden nicht die symbolischen Praktiken der Müllbehandlung selbst, sondern ihre literarischen Repräsentationen untersucht. Dies geschieht unter der Annahme, dass die Literatur der Moderne ein besonderes Sensorium für die symbolische Ordnung entwickelt hat, die sich im Müll abzeichnet.
"La cosmogonie est un genre littéraire d’une remarquable persistance et d’une étonnante variété, l’un des genres les plus antiques qui soient." Mit diesen Worten umreißt Paul Valéry in einem Essay über Edgar Allan Poes Prosagedicht "Eureka" die Bedeutung des literarischen Genres der Kosmogonie, der mythischen Erzählung der Weltentstehung, und hebt dabei deren anhaltende, bis in die Moderne reichende Wirkungsgeschichte hervor. Man wird Valérys Bemerkung ohne weiteres zustimmen können: Ist doch die Idee des Kosmos nicht nur eine alte, bis in die Antike zurückreichende Denkfigur, die ihrer Herkunft nach mythischen und religiösen Vorstellungen entstammt. Sie ist darüber hinaus eine Figur, die auch im neuzeitlichen Denken, etwa in verschiedenen philosophischen und literarischen Richtungen der Renaissance, eine erneute Konjunktur erfährt und deren Nachwirkungen sich bis in die Moderne verfolgen lassen. Dabei mag man nicht nur an die Rekurrenz des Kosmischen in moderner Esoterik, New Age oder Fantasy-Literatur denken, sondern mehr noch an neuere philosophische und epistemologische Ansätze, die in entscheidenden Hinsichten an Momente des alten Kosmos-Denkens anschließen und letzteres unter wenngleich veränderten Vorzeichen wieder aufnehmen. Doch wie kommt es zu dieser eigentümlichen Persistenz des Kosmos-Begriffs?
Purpose: High precision radiosurgery demands comprehensive delivery-quality-assurance techniques. The use of a liquid-filled ion-chamber-array for robotic-radiosurgery delivery-quality-assurance was investigated and validated using several test scenarios and routine patient plans.
Methods and material: Preliminary evaluation consisted of beam profile validation and analysis of source–detector-distance and beam-incidence-angle response dependence. The delivery-quality-assurance analysis is performed in four steps: (1) Array-to-plan registration, (2) Evaluation with standard Gamma-Index criteria (local-dose-difference ⩽ 2%, distance-to-agreement ⩽ 2 mm, pass-rate ⩾ 90%), (3) Dose profile alignment and dose distribution shift until maximum pass-rate is found, and (4) Final evaluation with 1 mm distance-to-agreement criterion. Test scenarios consisted of intended phantom misalignments, dose miscalibrations, and undelivered Monitor Units. Preliminary method validation was performed on 55 clinical plans in five institutions.
Results: The 1000SRS profile measurements showed sufficient agreement compared with a microDiamond detector for all collimator sizes. The relative response changes can be up to 2.2% per 10 cm source–detector-distance change, but remains within 1% for the clinically relevant source–detector-distance range. Planned and measured dose under different beam-incidence-angles showed deviations below 1% for angles between 0° and 80°. Small-intended errors were detected by 1 mm distance-to-agreement criterion while 2 mm criteria failed to reveal some of these deviations. All analyzed delivery-quality-assurance clinical patient plans were within our tight tolerance criteria.
Conclusion: We demonstrated that a high-resolution liquid-filled ion-chamber-array can be suitable for robotic radiosurgery delivery-quality-assurance and that small errors can be detected with tight distance-to-agreement criterion. Further improvement may come from beam specific correction for incidence angle and source–detector-distance response.
Chronic hepatitis C is a major reason for development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and a leading cause for liver transplantation. The development of direct-acting antiviral agents lead to (pegylated) interferon-alfa free antiviral therapy regimens with a remarkable increase in sustained virologic response (SVR) rates and opened therapeutic options for patients with advanced cirrhosis and liver graft recipients. This concise review gives an overview about most current prospective trials and cohort analyses for treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis and liver graft recipients. In patients with compensated cirrhosis Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CTP) class A, all approved agents are safe and SVR rates do not significantly differ from patients without cirrhosis in general. In patients with decompensated cirrhosis CTP class B or C, daclastasvir, ledipasvir, velpatasvir, and sofosbuvir are approved, and SVR rates higher than 90% can be achieved. Especially for patients with a model of end stage liver disease score higher than 15 and therefore eligible for liver transplantation, data is scarce. Reported SVR rates in patients with cirrhosis CTP class C are lower compared to patients with a less severe liver disease. In liver transplant recipients with a maximum of CTP class A, SVR rates are comparable to patients without LT. Patients with decompensated graft cirrhosis should be treated on an individual basis.
Global investment in biomedical research has grown significantly over the last decades, reaching approximately a quarter of a trillion US dollars in 2010. However, not all of this investment is distributed evenly by gender. It follows, arguably, that scarce research resources may not be optimally invested (by either not supporting the best science or by failing to investigate topics that benefit women and men equitably). Women across the world tend to be significantly underrepresented in research both as researchers and research participants, receive less research funding, and appear less frequently than men as authors on research publications. There is also some evidence that women are relatively disadvantaged as the beneficiaries of research, in terms of its health, societal and economic impacts. Historical gender biases may have created a path dependency that means that the research system and the impacts of research are biased towards male researchers and male beneficiaries, making it inherently difficult (though not impossible) to eliminate gender bias. In this commentary, we – a group of scholars and practitioners from Africa, America, Asia and Europe – argue that gender-sensitive research impact assessment could become a force for good in moving science policy and practice towards gender equity. Research impact assessment is the multidisciplinary field of scientific inquiry that examines the research process to maximise scientific, societal and economic returns on investment in research. It encompasses many theoretical and methodological approaches that can be used to investigate gender bias and recommend actions for change to maximise research impact. We offer a set of recommendations to research funders, research institutions and research evaluators who conduct impact assessment on how to include and strengthen analysis of gender equity in research impact assessment and issue a global call for action.
La littérature comparée est aujourd’hui solidement implantée dans les cursus universitaires français. Elle a engagé depuis le tournant des années 2000 une série de bilans et de réflexions sur son histoire, conditions d’un renouvellement pour affronter les nouveaux défis contemporains, notamment celui du numérique et de la mondialisation. On peut difficilement, de fait, comprendre sa place dans l’enseignement et la recherche français sans rappeler, même très brièvement, l’histoire de sa constitution en pratique de la critique et en discipline universitaire, et sans tenir compte des cadres institutionnels au sein desquels elle s’exerce. Cette présentation commencera donc par là, avant d’esquisser un état des lieux et des perspectives pour l’avenir.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic disease characterized by progressive tissue damage. In recent decades, novel treatments have greatly extended the life span of SLE patients. This creates a high demand for identifying the overarching symptoms associated with SLE and developing therapies that improve their life quality under chronic care. We hypothesized that SLE patients would present dysphonic symptoms. Given that voice disorders can reduce life quality, identifying a potential SLE-related dysphonia could be relevant for the appraisal and management of this disease. We measured objective vocal parameters and perceived vocal quality with the GRBAS (Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain) scale in SLE patients and compared them to matched healthy controls. SLE patients also filled a questionnaire reporting perceived vocal deficits. SLE patients had significantly lower vocal intensity and harmonics to noise ratio, as well as increased jitter and shimmer. All subjective parameters of the GRBAS scale were significantly abnormal in SLE patients. Additionally, the vast majority of SLE patients (29/36) reported at least one perceived vocal deficit, with the most prevalent deficits being vocal fatigue (19/36) and hoarseness (17/36). Self-reported voice deficits were highly correlated with altered GRBAS scores. Additionally, tissue damage scores in different organ systems correlated with dysphonic symptoms, suggesting that some features of SLE-related dysphonia are due to tissue damage. Our results show that a large fraction of SLE patients suffers from perceivable dysphonia and may benefit from voice therapy in order to improve quality of life.
Quantification of spatially and temporally resolved water flows and water storage variations for all land areas of the globe is required to assess water resources, water scarcity and flood hazards, and to understand the Earth system. This quantification is done with the help of global hydrological models (GHMs). What are the challenges and prospects in the development and application of GHMs? Seven important challenges are presented. (1) Data scarcity makes quantification of human water use difficult even though significant progress has been achieved in the last decade. (2) Uncertainty of meteorological input data strongly affects model outputs. (3) The reaction of vegetation to changing climate and CO2 concentrations is uncertain and not taken into account in most GHMs that serve to estimate climate change impacts. (4) Reasons for discrepant responses of GHMs to changing climate have yet to be identified. (5) More accurate estimates of monthly time series of water availability and use are needed to provide good indicators of water scarcity. (6) Integration of gradient-based groundwater modelling into GHMs is necessary for a better simulation of groundwater–surface water interactions and capillary rise. (7) Detection and attribution of human interference with freshwater systems by using GHMs are constrained by data of insufficient quality but also GHM uncertainty itself. Regarding prospects for progress, we propose to decrease the uncertainty of GHM output by making better use of in situ and remotely sensed observations of output variables such as river discharge or total water storage variations by multi-criteria validation, calibration or data assimilation. Finally, we present an initiative that works towards the vision of hyperresolution global hydrological modelling where GHM outputs would be provided at a 1-km resolution with reasonable accuracy.
Am 10. Mai 2014 starb, im hohen Alter von 99 Jahren, Elisabeth Frenzel, geborene Lüttig-Niese, in ihrem letzten Wohnort in Berlin. Zu ihrer Beerdigung erschienen, wie ein lesenswerter Nachruf von David Ensikat im Berliner 'Tagesspiegel' berichtet, 15 Menschen. Die Pastorin stellte die Trauerfeier unter das Thema des schwierigen Erbes, der Schuld und den Möglichkeiten der Vergebung. Das war vielleicht nicht im Sinne der Verstorbenen, aber im Sinne der Lebensgeschichte der Verstorbenen sicherlich ein sehr guter Ansatz, um sich von Elisabeth Frenzel zu verabschieden.