Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (31128)
- Part of Periodical (11550)
- Book (8266)
- Doctoral Thesis (5713)
- Part of a Book (3967)
- Working Paper (3385)
- Review (2939)
- Contribution to a Periodical (2368)
- Preprint (2084)
- Report (1560)
Language
- German (42718)
- English (29217)
- French (1060)
- Portuguese (840)
- Spanish (309)
- Croatian (302)
- Multiple languages (258)
- Italian (198)
- mis (174)
- Turkish (168)
Has Fulltext
- yes (75568) (remove)
Keywords
- Deutsch (1076)
- Literatur (868)
- taxonomy (760)
- Deutschland (553)
- Rezension (511)
- new species (449)
- Rezeption (354)
- Frankfurt <Main> / Universität (341)
- Übersetzung (326)
- Geschichte (300)
Institute
- Medizin (7691)
- Präsidium (5170)
- Physik (4464)
- Extern (2738)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (2686)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (2369)
- Biowissenschaften (2184)
- Biochemie und Chemie (1975)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (1686)
- Center for Financial Studies (CFS) (1628)
Die deutsche Illustration
(1904)
Protective ant-plant mutualisms that are exploited by non-defending parasitic ants represent prominent model systems for ecology and evolutionary biology. The mutualist Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus is an obligate plant-ant and fully depends on acacias for nesting space and food. The parasite Pseudomyrmex gracilis facultatively nests on acacias and uses host-derived food rewards but also external food sources. Integrative analyses of genetic microsatellite data, cuticular hydrocarbons and behavioral assays showed that an individual acacia might be inhabited by the workers of several P. gracilis queens, whereas one P. ferrugineus colony monopolizes one or more host trees. Despite these differences in social organization, neither of the species exhibited aggressive behavior among conspecific workers sharing a tree regardless of their relatedness. This lack of aggression corresponds to the high similarity of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles among ants living on the same tree. Host sharing by unrelated colonies, or the presence of several queens in a single colony are discussed as strategies by which parasite colonies could achieve the observed social organization. We argue that in ecological terms, the non-aggressive behavior of non-sibling P. gracilis workers — regardless of the route to achieve this social structure — enables this species to efficiently occupy and exploit a host plant. By contrast, single large and long-lived colonies of the mutualist P. ferrugineus monopolize individual host plants and defend them aggressively against invaders from other trees. Our findings highlight the necessity for using several methods in combination to fully understand how differing life history strategies affect social organization in ants.
Chemokines play a key role in the cellular infiltration of inflamed tissue. They are released by a wide variety of cell types during the initial phase of host response to injury, allergens, antigens, or invading microorganisms, and selectively attract leukocytes to inflammatory foci, inducing both migration and activation. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a member of the CC chemokine superfamily, functions in attracting monocytes, T lymphocytes, and basophils to sites of inflammation. MCP-1 is produced by monocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in response to various stimuli such as tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interferon-g (IFN-g), and interleukin-1b (IL-1b). It also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, and overexpression of MCP-1 has been implicated in diseases including glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Oligonucleotide-directed triple helix formation offers a means to target specific sequences in DNA and interfere with gene expression at the transcriptional level. Triple helix-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) bind to homopurine/homopyrimidine sequences, forming a stable, sequence-specific complex with the duplex DNA. Purine-rich sequences are frequent in gene regulatory regions and TFOs directed to promoter sequences have been shown to prevent binding of transcription factors and inhibit transcription initiation and elongation. Exogenous TFOs that bind homopurine/ homopyrimidine DNA sequences and form triple-helices can be rationally designed, while the intracellular delivery of single-stranded RNA TFOs has not been studied in detail before. In this study, expression vectors were constructed which directed transcription of either a 19 nt triplex-forming pyrimidine CU-TFO sequence targeting the human MCP-1 or two different 19 nt GU- or CA-control sequences, respectively, together with the vector encoded hygromycin resistance mRNA as one fusion transcript. HEK 293 cells were stable transfected with these vectors and several TFO and control cell lines were generated. Functional relevant triplex formation of a TFO with a corresponding 19 bp GC-rich AP-1/SP-1 site of the human MCP-1 promoter was shown. Binding of synthetic 19 nt CUTFO to the MCP-1 promoter duplex was verified by triplex blotting at pH 6.7. Underlining binding specificity, control sequences, including the GU- and CA-sequence, a TFO containing one single mismatch and a MCP-1 promoter duplex containing two mismatches, did not participate in triplex formation. Establishing a magnetic capture technique with streptavidin microbeads it was verified that at pH 7.0 the 19 nt TFO embedded in a 1.1 kb fusion transcript binds to a plasmid encoded MCP-1 promoter target duplex three times stronger than the controls. Finally, cell culture experiments revealed 76 ± 10.2% inhibition of MCP-1 protein secretion in TNF-a stimulated CU-TFO harboring cell lines and up to 88% after TNF-a and IFN-g costimulation in comparison to controls. Expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) as one TNF-a inducible control gene was not affected by CU-TFO, demonstrating both highly specific and effective chemokine gene repression. Furthermore, another chemokine target, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), which plays an essential role in inflammation by recruiting T lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophils to inflammatory sites, was analysed using the triplex approach. A 28 nt TFO was designed targeting the murine RANTES gene promoter, and gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that the phosphodiester TFO formed a sequencespecific triplex with the double-stranded target DNA with a Kd of 2.5 x 10-7 M. It was analysed whether RANTES expression could be inhibited at the transcriptional level testing the TFO in two different cell lines, T helper-1 lymphocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells (bend3 cells). Although there was a sequence-specific binding of the TFO detectable in the gel shift assays, there was no inhibitory effect of the exogenously added and phosphorothioate stabilised TFO on endogenous RANTES gene expression visible. Additionally, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach was tested as another strategy to inhibit expression of the pro-inflammatory chemokines MCP-1 and RANTES. Two different methods were pursuit, describing transient transfection with vector derived and synthetic siRNA. The vector pSUPER containing the siRNA coding sequence was used to suppress endogenous MCP-1 in HEK 293 cells. An empty vector without RNA sequence served as a control. Inhibition due to the siRNA was measured in stimulated and unstimulated cells. In TNF-a stimulated cells MCP-1 protein synthesis was decreased by 35 ± 11% after siRNA transfection. Using a synthetic double-stranded siRNA, the TNF-a induced MCP-1 protein secretion could be successfully inhibited about 62.3 ± 10.3% in HEK 293 cells, indicating that the siRNA is functional in these cells to suppress chemokine expression. The siRNA approach targeting murine RANTES in Th1 cells and b-end3 cells revealed no inhibition of endogenous gene expression. Gene therapy approaches rely on efficient transfer of genes to the desired target cells. A wide variety of viral and nonviral vectors have been developed and evaluated for their efficiency of transduction, sustained expression of the transgene, and safety. Among them, lentiviruses have been widely used for gene therapy applications. In order to improve the delivery of TFOs or siRNAs into the target cells, cloning of the lentiviral transfer vector SEW, the production of lentiviral particles by transient transfection were performed with the aim to generate lentiviral vector-derived TFOs in further experiments. Here, Th1 cells were transduced with infectious lentiviral particles and transduction efficacy was measured. Transduction efficacy higher than 82% could be achieved using the lentiviral vector SEW, opening optimal possibilities for the TFO or siRNA approach.
Der 28. April 1789
(1889)
Volk und Proletariat
(1889)
We test whether investor mood affects trading with data on all stock market transactions in Finland, utilizing variation in daylight and local weather. We find some evidence that environmental mood variables (local weather, length of day, daylight saving and lunar phase) affect investors’ direction of trade and volume. The effect magnitudes are roughly comparable to those of classical seasonals, such as the Monday effect. The statistical significance of the mood variables is weak in many cases, however. Only very little of the day-to-day variation in trading is collectively explained by all mood variables and calendar effects, but lower frequency variation seems connected to holiday seasons.
We use unique data from financial advisers’ professional exam scores and combine it with other variables to create an index of financial sophistication. Using this index to explain long-term stock return expectations, we find that more sophisticated financial advisers tend to have lower return expectations. A one standard deviation increase in the sophistication index reduces expected returns by 1.1 percentage points. The effect is stronger for emerging market stocks (2.3 percentage points). The sophistication effect contributes 60% to the model fit, while employer fixed effects combined contribute less than 30%. These results help understand the formation of potentially excessively optimistic expectations.
A natural experiment in which customer-owned mutual companies converted to publicly listed firms created a plausibly exogenous shock to the stock market participation status of tens of thousands of people. We find the shock changed the way people vote in the affected areas, with a 10% increase in share-ownership rate being followed by a 1.3%–3.1% increase in right-of-center vote share. The institutional details and additional tests suggest that wealth, liquidity, and tax-related incentives cannot fully explain the results. A plausible explanation is that the associated increase in the salience of stock ownership causes a shift in voters’ attention.
It’s intuitively plausible to suppose that there are many things that we can be rationally certain of, at least in many contexts. The present paper argues that, given this principle of Abundancy, there is a Preface Paradox for (rational) credence. Section 1 gives a statement of the paradox, discusses its relation to its familiar counterpart for (rational) belief, and points out the congeniality between Abundancy and broadly contextualist trends in epistemology. This leads to the question whether considerations of context-sensitivity might lend themselves to solving the Preface for credence. Sections 2 and 3 scrutinize two approaches in this spirit—one mimicking Hawthorne’s (2002) Semantic Contextualist approach to an epistemic version of the Preface, the other one analogous to Clarke’s (2015) Sensitivist approach to the doxastic version—arguing that neither approach succeeds as it stands.
We investigate complexes of two paramagnetic metal ions Gd3+ and Mn2+ to serve as polarizing agents for solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of 1H, 13C, and 15N at magnetic fields of 5, 9.4, and 14.1 T. Both ions are half-integer high-spin systems with a zero-field splitting and therefore exhibit a broadening of the mS = −1/2 ↔ +1/2 central transition which scales inversely with the external field strength. We investigate experimentally the influence of the chelator molecule, strong hyperfine coupling to the metal nucleus, and deuteration of the bulk matrix on DNP properties. At small Gd-DOTA concentrations the narrow central transition allows us to polarize nuclei with small gyromagnetic ratio such as 13C and even 15N via the solid effect. We demonstrate that enhancements observed are limited by the available microwave power and that large enhancement factors of >100 (for 1H) and on the order of 1000 (for 13C) can be achieved in the saturation limit even at 80 K. At larger Gd(III) concentrations (≥10 mM) where dipolar couplings between two neighboring Gd3+ complexes become substantial a transition towards cross effect as dominating DNP mechanism is observed. Furthermore, the slow spin-diffusion between 13C and 15N, respectively, allows for temporally resolved observation of enhanced polarization spreading from nuclei close to the paramagnetic ion towards nuclei further removed. Subsequently, we present preliminary DNP experiments on ubiquitin by site-directed spin-labeling with Gd3+ chelator tags. The results hold promise towards applications of such paramagnetically labeled proteins for DNP applications in biophysical chemistry and/or structural biology.
Metal ions as novel polarizing agents for dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy
(2017)
High-spin complexes of Gd(III) and Mn(II) were introduced as polarizing agents (PAs) for solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in 2011. This dissertation was undertaken in 2013, with the intention of exploring these PAs further. Major goals of this work were to understand their DNP mechanism(s) and explore their application in biomolecular research. This cumulative thesis details the methods, advantages, and practical implications of using high-spin PAs for MAS DNP. Data from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and NMR spectroscopy are discussed for a complete understanding of DNP mechanisms.
Out of the two main mechanisms − solid effect (SE) and cross effect (CE − active under experimental conditions of solid-state DNP, commonly used nitroxide PAs evoke CE owing to their broad EPR spectra. On the other hand, DNP mechanisms evoked by high-spin metal ions seem non-trivial due to additional features (originating from spin-orbit coupling or zero field splitting) in their EPR spectra. The features of the EPR signal generally influence the shape of enhancement profiles. Therefore, the metal ion with a simpler EPR signal i.e., Gd(III) , is chosen as the starting point for the investigation of DNP mechanisms. Varying concentrations (2, 10, 20 mM) of a water-soluble and stable complex Gd-DOTA was dissolved as the PA in a glycerol-water solution of 13C,15N - urea. Field profiles of DNP enhancement on each nuclear type (1H, 13C, and 15N) establishes SE as the active DNP mechanism at the smallest PA concentration (2 mM). This confirms the theoretical predictions that narrow line width of the Gd(III) EPR signal arising from the central transition (CT, ms = -1/2 +1/2) allows for resolved SE DNP. However, that is no longer the case at higher PA concentrations of 10 and 20 mM. At higher Gd(III) concentrations, the CE mechanism contributes significantly and varies with nuclear Larmor frequency (ωn) of the concerned nuclei. The enhancement maxima shifts towards the EPR resonance as the contribution from CE increases. This shift is evident in the field profiles of 15N and 13C, whereas that of 1H is least influenced. This observation can be explained by combining theoretical estimates with the experimental data; the CE is evoked by increased dipolar coupling (Dee) – a prerequisite for CE – between neighboring Gd(III) spins as the statistical inter-spin distance shortens at elevated concentrations. This finding is important because the knowledge of active DNP mechanisms is essential for accurate interpretation of results from DNP experiments.
From the experiments on Gd-DOTA it becomes clear that concentration, inter-spin distances, and hence induced Dee are intertwined. In order to explicitly address the influence of inter-spin distances on DNP mechanisms we started a collaboration with the group of Adelheid Godt (Bielefeld). In this collaborative project, bis-complexes of the type Gd(III)-spacer-Gd(III) with variable spacer lengths were investigated. These PAs provided an excellent model system where the influence of only inter-spin distances can be determined for a fixed Gd(III) concentration. A small PA concentration of 4 mM is used to ensure absence of significant inter-molecular dipolar interactions. A mono-Gd complex of similar geometry and chemistry is taken as a reference for SE DNP.
The mono-Gd complex yields enhancements arising from SE as expected from negligible inter-molecular Dee. The contribution of CE increases as the inter-spin distances between Gd(III) ions become shorter going from 3.4 nm 2.1 nm 1.4 nm 1.2 nm due to corresponding increase in Dee. The extent of CE on ωn follows the same trend as for Gd-DOTA. Highest CE contribution is observed on nuclei with the smallest ωn 15N because smaller ωn approaches the width of the EPR signal, this is an additional requirement for CE DNP.
The field position for maximum DNP enhancement corresponding to Gd-DOTA, is used for DNP experiments on Ubiquitin with an attached Gd-tag as PA. The success of DNP on this sample illustrates the possibility of site-directed DNP with metal ions tags as PAs. As a perspective Gd-tags can be used to examine change in conformation of a protein that would give higher enhancements due to CE if two Gd(III) labeled domains are closer in space. In a separate project, Mn(II) (s=5/2) bound to the divalent site of a hammerhead ribozyme was used as a PA which resulted in the first demonstration of intra-complex DNP using an intrinsically bound metal ion PA.
Der Drömling ist mit einer Fläche von ca. 320 km2 das größte Feucht- und Niedermoorgebiet im deutschen Altpleistozän, das noch große geschlossene Niedermoorkomplexe aufweist. Das Gebiet ist Lebensraum zahlreicher seltener und vom Aussterben bedrohter Tier- und Pflanzenarten. Mit dem im Zuge der Kultivierung entstandenen umfangreichen Graben- und Stauanlagensystem und den historisch bedeutsamen Rimpau’schen Moordammkulturen ist die Drömlingsniederung zugleich eine einmalige Kulturlandschaft.
The title compound, C22H18N2O2, was derived from 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-dione. The central pyrazole ring forms dihedral angles of 16.83 (5), 48.97 (4) and 51.68 (4)°, respectively, with the methoxyphenyl, phenyl and hydroxyphenyl rings. The crystal packing is stabilized by O-H...N hydrogen bonding. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.002 Å; R factor = 0.037; wR factor = 0.096; data-to-parameter ratio = 17.0.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a superfamily of integral membrane proteins, catalyse the translocation of substrates across the cellular membrane by ATP hydrolysis. Here we demonstrate by nucleotide turnover and binding studies based on 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy that the ABC exporter and lipid A flippase MsbA can couple ATP hydrolysis to an adenylate kinase activity, where ADP is converted into AMP and ATP. Single-point mutations reveal that both ATPase and adenylate kinase mechanisms are associated with the same conserved motifs of the nucleotide-binding domain. Based on these results, we propose a model for the coupled ATPase-adenylate kinase mechanism, involving the canonical and an additional nucleotide-binding site. We extend these findings to other prokaryotic ABC exporters, namely LmrA and TmrAB, suggesting that the coupled activities are a general feature of ABC exporters.
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expression is extensively studied in bulk cDNA, but heterogeneity and functional patterning of GPCR expression in individual vascular cells is poorly understood. Here, we perform a microfluidic-based single-cell GPCR expression analysis in primary smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC). GPCR expression is highly heterogeneous in all cell types, which is confirmed in reporter mice, on the protein level and in human cells. Inflammatory activation in murine models of sepsis or atherosclerosis results in characteristic changes in the GPCR repertoire, and we identify functionally relevant subgroups of cells that are characterized by specific GPCR patterns. We further show that dedifferentiating SMC upregulate GPCRs such as Gpr39, Gprc5b, Gprc5c or Gpr124, and that selective targeting of Gprc5b modulates their differentiation state. Taken together, single-cell profiling identifies receptors expressed on pathologically relevant subpopulations and provides a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies in vascular diseases.
The re-emergence of tuberculosis in its present-day manifestations - single, multiple and extensive drug-resistant forms and as HIV-TB coinfections - has resulted in renewed research on fundamental questions such as the nature of the organism itself, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, definition of the immunological response in animal models and humans, and development of new intervention strategies such as vaccines and drugs. Foremost among these developments has been the precise chemical definition of the complex and distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis, elucidation of the relevant pathways and underlying genetics responsible for the synthesis of the hallmark moieties of the tubercle bacillus such as the mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the phthiocerol- and trehalose-containing effector lipids, the phosphatidylinositol-containing mannosides, lipomannosides and lipoarabinomannosides, major immunomodulators, and others. In this review, the laboratory personnel who have been the focal point of some to these developments review recent progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the basic physiology and functions of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis.
Seit 2000 ist die promovierte Geoökologin als Referatsleiterin in der Berliner Senatsverwaltung u.a. für die atomrechtliche Aufsichts- und Genehmigungsbehörde, die Katastrophenschutzbehörde, die Strahlenmessstelle Berlin und das Berliner Luftgütemessnetz zuständig. Seit 2010 ist Heike Kaupp stellvertretende Abteilungsleiterin der Abteilung Integrativer Umweltschutz. Sie ist Fellow des Mercator Science-Policy Fellowship-Programms an den Rhein-Main-Universitäten.
Background: Computed tomography (CT) low-dose (LD) imaging is used to lower radiation exposure, especially in vascular imaging; in current literature, this is mostly on latest generation high-end CT systems.
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of reduced tube current on objective and subjective image quality of a 15-year-old 16-slice CT system for pulmonary angiography (CTPA).
Material and Methods: CTPA scans from 60 prospectively randomized patients (28 men, 32 women) were examined in this study on a 15-year-old 16-slice CT scanner system. Standard CT (SD) settings were 100 kV and 150 mAs, LD settings were 100 kV and 50 mAs. Attenuation of the pulmonary trunk, various anatomic landmarks, and image noise were quantitatively measured; contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) were calculated. Three independent blinded radiologists subjectively rated each image series using a 5-point grading scale.
Results: CT dose index (CTDI) in the LD series was 66.46% lower compared to the SD settings (2.49 ± 0.55 mGy versus 7.42 ± 1.17 mGy). Attenuation of the pulmonary trunk showed similar results for both series (SD 409.55 ± 91.04 HU; LD 380.43 HU ± 93.11 HU; P = 0.768). Subjective image analysis showed no significant differences between SD and LD settings regarding the suitability for detection of central and peripheral PE (central SD/LD, 4.88; intra-class correlation coefficients [ICC], 0.894/4.83; ICC, 0.745; peripheral SD/LD, 4.70; ICC, 0.943/4.57; ICC, 0.919; all P > 0.4).
Conclusion: The LD protocol, on a 15-year-old CT scanner system without current high-end hardware or post-processing tools, led to a dose reduction of approximately 67% with similar subjective image quality and delineation of central and peripheral pulmonary arteries.
During early G1 phase, Rb is exclusively mono-phosphorylated by cyclin D:Cdk4/6, generating 14 different isoforms with specific binding patterns to E2Fs and other cellular protein targets. While mono-phosphorylated Rb is dispensable for early G1 phase progression, interfering with cyclin D:Cdk4/6 kinase activity prevents G1 phase progression, questioning the role of cyclin D:Cdk4/6 in Rb inactivation. To dissect the molecular functions of cyclin D:Cdk4/6 during cell cycle entry, we generated a single cell reporter for Cdk2 activation, RB inactivation and cell cycle entry by CRISPR/Cas9 tagging endogenous p27 with mCherry. Through single cell tracing of Cdk4i cells, we identified a time-sensitive early G1 phase specific Cdk4/6-dependent phosphorylation gradient that regulates cell cycle entry timing and resides between serum-sensing and cyclin E:Cdk2 activation. To reveal the substrate identity of the Cdk4/6 phosphorylation gradient, we performed whole proteomic and phospho-proteomic mass spectrometry, and identified 147 proteins and 82 phospho-peptides that significantly changed due to Cdk4 inhibition in early G1 phase. In summary, we identified novel (non-Rb) cyclin D:Cdk4/6 substrates that connects early G1 phase functions with cyclin E:Cdk2 activation and Rb inactivation by hyper-phosphorylation.
Hocherfreut zeigten sich die US-amerikanischen Wissenschaftler Prof. Michael R. Silverman Ph.D. (77) und Prof. Bonnie L. Bassler Ph.D. (58), als der Vorsitzende des Stiftungsrats Prof. Thomas Boehm sie informierte: Sie erhalten den Paul Ehrlich- und Ludwig Darmstaedter-Preis 2021 für ihre Entdeckungen zur bakteriellen Kommunikation. Die feierliche Würdigung der Preisträger in der Paulskirche – auch der mit dem Nachwuchspreis ausgezeichneten Prof. Dr. Elvira Mass (34) – wird allerdings wegen der Corona-Pandemie erst im nächsten Jahr stattfinden können.
Gen- und Stammzelltherapie stehen für das, wovon die Medizin schon immer geträumt hat: geschädigtes Gewebe durch gesundes ersetzen und die Wirkung defekter Gene durch intakte Kopien korrigieren. Wie ist der Stand der weltweiten Forschung? Welche Hindernisse sind zu überwinden, damit mehr Patienten von der regenerativen Medizin profi tieren werden?
Editionen separieren Texte von den Kontexten, in denen sie bei ihrem Entstehungsprozess mit der Hand und technischen Schreibwerkzeugen unterschiedlichster Art geschrieben, als Erstdruck publiziert und von den Zeitgenossen ursprünglich rezipiert worden sind. Zugleich generieren sie, je nach ihren editorischen Prämissen, für die späteren Leser durch die von ihnen vollzogene Selektion, die Anordnung nach Textsorten oder die Anwendung anderer Strukturierungsregeln sowie durch die dabei vorgenommene Hierarchisierung, Kommentierung oder auch Nicht-Kommentierung ihrerseits neue Kontexte und konstruieren so ein bestimmtes, die Rezeption lenkendes Profil von Autor und Werk. Das ist, wie bei anderen prominenten Autoren, auch in der Wirkungsgeschichte Walter Benjamins der Fall. Ich möchte diesem Spannungsverhältnis von Dekontextualisierung und Rekontextualisierung im Folgenden am Beispiel der sogenannten 'kleineren' literaturkritischen Arbeiten - schon das Epitheton ist ein Beispiel für den erwähnten Selektions- und Hierarchisierungsprozess - nachgehen, also anhand der 'Kritiken und Rezensionen', die Benjamin seit der zweiten Hälfte der 1920er Jahre in der 'Frankfurter Zeitung', der 'Literarischen Welt' und an anderer Stelle veröffentlicht hat und deren Korpus im Wesentlichen in dem 1972 publizierten dritten Band der 'Gesammelten Schriften' publiziert worden ist. Ich werde mich dabei, in Blick auf den für diesen Beitrag zur Verfügung stehenden Raum, auf die Skizze zentraler Grundprobleme, auf pointierte Thesen und exemplarische Beispiele beschränken – in der Hoffnung, gerade durch solche Verknappung und Pointierung Impulse für eine weiterführende Diskussion der angesprochenen Probleme zu liefern. Einleitend werde ich zunächst einige grundsätzliche Fragen der Benjamin-Edition skizzieren. Im Anschluss daran werde ich die aktuelle Editionslage von Benjamins Arbeiten zur Literaturkritik im Hinblick auf die Leitfrage meines Beitrags, also auf das Spannungsverhältnis von Text(en) und Kontext(en), kritisch analysieren. Schließlich soll anhand einiger ausgewählter Rezensionen exemplarisch gezeigt werden, welche Bedeutung die in der bisherigen Editionspraxis meist ausgeblendeten Kontexte (z.B. Publikations-, Medien-, Wissenschaftskontexte, biografisch-soziale Kontexte, historische und politische Kontexte etc.) für ein Verständnis des Literaturkritikers Benjamin gewinnen können, sofern man ihnen editorisch die gebührende Beachtung schenkt. Dabei werden Umrisse eines neuen und anderen Benjamin-Bildes sichtbar, das sich von dem bisher verbreiteten nicht nur in Nuancen unterscheidet.
In seiner Rezension zur Kritischen Ausgabe der 'Einbahnstraße' schreibt Lorenz Jäger in der 'Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung' vom 11.3.2010: "Zwischen Moskau und Paris liegt der geographische Raum dieses Buches, auch nach Süden hin ist er offen." Tatsächlich spielt der Süden Europas im Leben und Werk Benjamins eine wichtige Rolle. In Italien und Spanien hat er nicht nur längere Phasen seines Lebens verbracht, sondern bekanntlich auch zentrale, seine intellektuelle Entwicklung prägende Zäsuren erlebt. Seine autobiographischen Texte, Reisebilder und die Besprechungen einschlägiger Werke zur Kultur und Landschaft Südeuropas geben davon ein eindrucksvolles Zeugnis. Hinsichtlich der Rezeption der romanischen Literatur im engeren Sinn wird man aber von einer eher schmalen Tür nach Süden sprechen müssen, jedenfalls gemessen an den breiten Toren, die nach Westen in Richtung Frankreich bzw. nach Osten zur russischen Literatur führen. Gewiss, Benjamin kannte die italienischen Klassiker Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio, Aretino oder Marsilio Ficino, aber sehr tiefe Spuren haben sie in seinem Werk nicht hinterlassen. Etwas anders sieht es bei den großen Autoren des spanischen 'Siglo de Oro' aus. Mit Cervantes als Erzähler, vor allem aber mit dem "Handorakel" von Baltasar Gracián und den Trauerspielen Calderons hat er sich seit den 1920er Jahren wiederholt und intensiv auseinandergesetzt. Aber auch hier fehlt, sieht man von der kurzen Rezension des spanischen Surrealisten Ramón Gómez de la Serna ab, jede nähere Beschäftigung mit bedeutenden Autoren des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Umso auffälliger ist vor diesem Hintergrund das Interesse, das Benjamin dem italienischen Dichter, Philologen, Essayisten und großen Aphoristiker Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837) entgegengebracht hat. Es findet seinen deutlichsten Niederschlag in der Rezension einer deutschen Übersetzung von Leopardis 'Pensieri', die im Frühjahr 1928 geschrieben wurde und in der 'Literarischen Welt' vom 18.3.1928 erschienen ist. Größere Aufmerksamkeit hat diese Besprechung nicht gefunden. Bekannter ist der sich daran anschließende, zwei Monate später an gleicher Stelle publizierte Disput mit dem Übersetzer Richard Peters, der dem Kritiker Gelegenheit gab, zu grundsätzlichen Fragen der Übersetzungstheorie Stellung zu nehmen (WuN XIII, 144–147). Dagegen wurde die Verbindung zwischen Benjamin und Leopardi bislang in der Forschung von keiner Seite thematisiert.
Fließgewässer und ihre angrenzenden Auen bieten vielfältige Lebensräume für zahlreiche Tier- und Pflanzenarten. Diese Vielfalt zu sichern und vorhandene Defizite abzubauen, ist Ziel der naturnahen Gewässerentwicklung, wie sie im Wassergesetz für Baden-Württemberg verankert ist. Als Grundlage hierfür nimmt die vorliegende Schrift eine Bewertung der baden-württembergischen Fließgewässer als Lebensraum für die Artengruppen Vögel, Laufkäfer, Libellen und Muscheln vor (Karten 1 5, siehe Anhang). Einen Überblick gibt die Karte "Fließgewässer in Baden-Württemberg als Lebensraum ausgewählter Artengruppen", 2001 H im Maßstab 1 :350.000 (Anhang). Diese erste Analyse im Landesmaßstab, die ausschließlich durch die Sammlung und Aufbereitung verstreut vorliegender Daten entstand, soll den Zustand der Fließgewässer als Lebensraum von Arten verdeutlichen, prioritäre Gewässerabschnitte für den Gewässerschutz aufzeigen, aber auch Hinweise für die Gewässerentwicklung geben. Auf der Grundlage der Einzelbewertungen für die vier Artengruppen wurde eine Gesamtbewertung der Gewässer vorgenommen (Karte 6, siehe Anhang). Entstanden ist also neben Einzelbewertungen für die Artengruppen eine überblicksartige Gesamtbewertung der baden-württembergischen Fließgewässer als Artenlebensräume.
Vera Kaulbarsch findet in zwei Gedichten Rilkes, in "Die Rosenschale" und "Das Rosen-Innere", Berührung nach Novalis' Vorbild, als eine Bewegung der Annäherung und Zuwendung, der Distanz eingeschrieben bleibt. Rilke nähert sich in Kaulbarschs Lesart der Berührung nicht von außen, etwa mit männlichem Blick; die Berührungen vollziehen sich als Berührungen des Rilke'schen Dings mit sich selbst, nicht nur der Blütenblätter, sondern auch als lautliche Selbstberührungen des Kunstdings Gedicht.
Fischöle (n-3 PUFAs) haben potente antientzündliche Wirkungen und klinische Effekte bei chronischen kardialen Erkrankungen. Ebenso wurden positive Effekte auf die bronchiale Entzündung beschrieben. Ziel unserer Studie war es daher zu prüfen, ob eine alleinige fischölreiche Ernährung ohne zusätzliche PUFA-Supplementation messbare Auswirkungen einerseits auf den Lipidstatus im Blut der Patienten, andererseits auf das Ausmaß der nasalen und bronchialen Beschwerden sowie der bronchialen Entzündungsaktivität bei Graspollenallergikern aufweisen kann. Hierzu untersuchten wir 100 Patienten hinsichtlich ihrer nasalen und bronchialen Allergiesymptomatik, erfassten die Ernährungsgewohnheiten mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens, und bestimmten im Blut den Lipidstatus (Gehalt an mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren; n-3 PUFA). Wir konnten zeigen, dass die Ernährung einen messbaren Einfluss auf den Gehalt an n-3 PUFA im Blut hat und dass dieser Gehalt bei Patienten mit regelmäßigem Fischkonsum höher lag als bei denjenigen, die keinen Fisch zu sich nahmen (Plasma-EPA-Konzentration: Fischesser 1,01 ± 0,7 wt%, Fischhasser 0,28 ± 0,1 wt%; p< 0,004; Plasma-DHA-Konzentration: Fischesser 2,30 ± 0,6 wt%, Fischhasser: 1,19 ± 0,3 wt%; p< 0,0001). Der Vergleich der Fettsäurewerte unserer Patienten mit den Werten von Milbenallergikern unter fünfwöchiger Fischöl-Supplementation machte allerdings deutlich, dass der n-3 PUFA-Gehalt mit gezielter Nahrungsergänzung noch weiter ansteigen kann. Die möglicherweise durch hohe n-3 PUFA-Konzentrationen bedingten protektiven Effekte auf die allergische Atemwegsentzündung der Patienten wurden an der Höhe des eNO als einem spezifischen und sensiblen Marker gemessen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Patienten, die viel Fisch zu sich nahmen, durchschnittlich einen niedrigeren eNO- Ausgangswert entsprechend einer geringeren Entzündung aufwiesen als Patienten ohne Fischkonsum (Fischesser: 21,38 ± 11,8 ppB; Fischhasser: 31,35 ± 19,8; p=0,188). Allerdings unterschied sich der mittlere eNO-Anstieg 24 Stunden nach Graspollenprovokation nicht zwischen Patienten mit Fischkonsum (18,25 ± 23,7 ppB) und Patienten ohne Fischkonsum (19,53 ± 31,6 ppB). Ebenso zeigte sich kein signifikanter Einfluss der PUFA-Spiegel auf das Gesamt-IgE, das spezifische IgE gegen Graspollen und den FEV1-Abfall nach bronchialer Allergenprovokation. Zusammengefasst macht unsere Untersuchung deutlich, dass eine alleinige Ernährung ohne Supplementation keinen signifikanten Effekt auf allergische und entzündliche Parameter bei Graspollenallergikern und milden Asthmatikern besitzt.
Many consumers care about climate change and other externalities associated with their purchases. We analyze the behavior and market effects of such “socially responsible consumers” in three parts. First, we develop a flexible theoretical framework to study competitive equilibria with rational consequentialist consumers. In violation of price taking, equilibrium feedback non-trivially dampens a consumer’s mitigation efforts, undermining responsible behavior. This leads to a new type of market failure, where even consumers who fully “internalize the externality” overconsume externality-generating goods. At the same time, socially responsible consumers change the relative effectiveness of taxes, caps, and other policies in lowering the externality. Second, since consumer beliefs about and preferences over dampening play a crucial role in our framework, we investigate them empirically via a tailored survey. Consistent with our model, consumers are predominantly consequentialist, and on average believe in dampening. Inconsistent with our model, however, many consumers fail to anticipate dampening. Third, therefore, we analyze how such “naive” consumers modify our theoretical conclusions. Naive consumers behave more responsibly than rational consumers in a single-good economy, but may behave less responsibly in a multi-good economy with cross-market spillovers. A mix of naive and rational consumers may yield the worst outcomes.
Die Frankfurter Universitätsklinik hat mit der Eröffnung des interdisziplinären Brustkrebszentrums 1997 im Rhein-Main-Gebiet neue Maßstäbe bei der Behandlung von Brustkrebs gesetzt. Ziel ist es, die diagnostischen und therapeutischen Abläufe in der Brustkrebsbehandlung zu optimieren sowie die ökonomischen und fachlichen Ressourcen besser zu nutzen. Doch eine gute Therapie ist nur ein Werkzeug bei der Bekämpfung der seit Jahren zunehmenden Brustkrebserkrankungen. Nach Kaufmanns Ansicht ist es wichtig, "zweigleisig zu fahren: Früherkennungsmaßnahmen tragen dazu bei, Tumoren früh zu erkennen. Darüber hinaus gilt es, durch mehr Information mehr Körper- und Gesundheitsbewusstsein zu entwickeln. Denn wer gut informiert ist, hat die besseren Chancen."
The three-dimensional quantification of small scale processes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is one of the challenges of current atmospheric research and requires the development of new measurement strategies. This work presents first results from the newly developed Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) obtained during the ESSenCe and TACTS/ESMVal aircraft campaigns. The focus of this work is on the so-called dynamics mode data characterized by a medium spectral and a very high spatial resolution. The retrieval strategy for the derivation of two- and three-dimensional constituent fields in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is presented. Uncertainties of the main retrieval targets (temperature, O3, HNO3 and CFC-12) and their spatial resolution are discussed. During ESSenCe, high resolution two-dimensional cross-sections have been obtained. Comparisons to collocated remote-sensing and in-situ data indicate a good agreement between the data sets. During TACTS/ESMVal a tomographic flight pattern to sense an intrusion of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere has been performed. This filament could be reconstructed with an unprecedented spatial resolution of better than 500 m vertically and 20 km × 20 km horizontally.
The three-dimensional quantification of small-scale processes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is one of the challenges of current atmospheric research and requires the development of new measurement strategies. This work presents the first results from the newly developed Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) obtained during the ESSenCe (ESa Sounder Campaign) and TACTS/ESMVal (TACTS: Transport and composition in the upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere, ESMVal: Earth System Model Validation) aircraft campaigns. The focus of this work is on the so-called dynamics-mode data characterized by a medium-spectral and a very-high-spatial resolution. The retrieval strategy for the derivation of two- and three-dimensional constituent fields in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is presented. Uncertainties of the main retrieval targets (temperature, O3, HNO3, and CFC-12) and their spatial resolution are discussed. During ESSenCe, high-resolution two-dimensional cross-sections have been obtained. Comparisons to collocated remote-sensing and in situ data indicate a good agreement between the data sets. During TACTS/ESMVal, a tomographic flight pattern to sense an intrusion of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere was performed. It was possible to reconstruct this filament at an unprecedented spatial resolution of better than 500 m vertically and 20 × 20 km horizontally.
Ferrocenbasierte Polymere stellen interessante Verbindungen dar. Sie weisen herausragende optische und/oder elektronische Eigenschaften auf, die sich auf die redoxaktiven Eisenionen sowie die kooperativen Effekte entlang des Polymerstrangs zurückführen lassen. Befindet sich Ferrocen in der Hauptkette und sind die Ferrocenbausteine jeweils über ein einzelnes Atom miteinander verbunden, so ist dieses Brückenelement maßgebend für die substanzspezifischen Merkmale des Makromoleküls. Während bereits effiziente Syntheserouten bekannt sind, auf denen sich Atome der Gruppen 14 bis 16 in die Brücke einführen lassen, bereitet die Synthese borverbrückter Poly(ferrocenylene) große Schwierigkeiten. Gerade diese Stoffklasse wäre aber besonders attraktiv, da Boratome sowohl dreifach als auch vierfach koordiniert vorliegen können und über diese Eigenschaft das Ausmaß der elektronischen Wechselwirkungen entlang des Polymerrückgrats ebenso wie die Struktur des Makromoleküls gezielt beeinflussbar ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund galt es im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit, chemisch stabile Poly(ferrocenylene) mit tetrakoordinierten anionischen Boratbrücken darzustellen. Als Grundlage diente die Adduktbildung zwischen lewissauren 1 ,1'-fc(BRz)zDerivaten und dem lewisbasischen doppelt deprotonierten Ferrocen 1,1 '-fcLi2 x 2/3 TMEDA. Frühere Untersuchungen an BMez-verbrückten di- (35) und tri nuklearen (36) Ferrocenkomplexen haben gezeigt, dass diese Verbindungen extrem empfindlich gegenüber Luft und Feuchtigkeit sind. Auch mussten cyclovoltammetrische Messungen an 35 bzw. 36 bei tiefen Temperaturen (-78 Oe) durchgeführt werden, um zu verhindern, dass es zu einer Zersetzung der Moleküle im Zuge der Fe{fI)Oxidation kam. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sind Systeme dargestellt worden, bei denen die labilen BMe2-Gruppen durch BPh2- bzw. Borafluorenylbrücken ersetzt sind. An mononuklearen Verbindungen konnten (Diphenylboryl)ferrocen 57, 1, 1'MBis(diphenylboryl) ferrocen 58 und 9-Ferrocenyl-9-borafluoren 61 isoliert und voIlständig charakterisiert werden (Abb. 53). ....
Gene therapy on the move
(2013)
The first gene therapy clinical trials were initiated more than two decades ago. In the early days, gene therapy shared the fate of many experimental medicine approaches and was impeded by the occurrence of severe side effects in a few treated patients. The understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to treatment- and/or vector-associated setbacks has resulted in the development of highly sophisticated gene transfer tools with improved safety and therapeutic efficacy. Employing these advanced tools, a series of Phase I/II trials were started in the past few years with excellent clinical results and no side effects reported so far. Moreover, highly efficient gene targeting strategies and site-directed gene editing technologies have been developed and applied clinically. With more than 1900 clinical trials to date, gene therapy has moved from a vision to clinical reality. This review focuses on the application of gene therapy for the correction of inherited diseases, the limitations and drawbacks encountered in some of the early clinical trials and the revival of gene therapy as a powerful treatment option for the correction of monogenic disorders.
We synthesized two green-light activatable 5’-caps for oligonucleotides based on the BODIPY and coumarin scaffold. Both bear an alkyne functionality allowing their use in numerous biological applications. They were successfully incorporated in oligonucleotides via solid-phase synthesis. Copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) using a bisazide photo-tether gave cyclic oligonucleotides that could be relinearized by activation with green light and were shown to exhibit high stability against exonucleases. Chemical ligation as another example for bioconjugation yielded oligonucleotides with an internal strand break site. Irradiation at 530 nm or 565 nm resulted in complete photolysis of both caging groups.
For palaeotropical regions, only a few anecdotal reports had been published on the existence of 'ant-gardens' before this study started. As opposed to this, 'ant-house epiphytes' (i.e. domatiabearing epiphytes) were reported to be highly abundant in Southeast Asia and were presumed to be a second type of ant-epiphyte interaction. In the much better studied neotropical regions the situation seemed to be the reverse: Many reports on AGs in contrast to very few reports on anthouse epiphytes. In this study, I have presented extensive data which may help towards a better understanding of the 'Southeast Asian part' of this 'ant-epiphyte puzzle'. In Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, and Southern Thailand, a great variety of formerly unknown AG systems were discovered. 18 ant species (from 5 genera, 4 subfamilies) were identified as true AG ants, i.e. these ants actively retrieved seeds of certain epiphyte species into their carton nests. Another 49 ant species inhabited AGs as secondary, opportunistic settlers. On the epiphyte side, 84 plant species were found growing on AGs, 51 (19 genera, 12 families) of which were probably true AG epiphytes, i.e. ants retrieved the seeds to their arboreal carton nests, on which the epiphytes were then cultivated. Most of the epiphyte flora of lowland forests in Peninsular Malaysia (except for ferns, orchids and facultative epiphytes) seemed to be totally dependent on ants for their establishment in the canopy. Together with the high number of opportunistic AG inhabitants (ants, epiphytes, and many arthropod guests), these facts suggest that AGs function as pioneers in the canopy of Southeast Asian rain forests. Moreover, AG-associations might even have accounted for the unusual species richness in the epiphyte genera Dischidia, Hoya (Asclepiadaceae), Myrmecodia, and Hydnophytum (Rubiaceae). The definition of the term ant-garden only describes the basic interactions. In the ant-garden associations investigated in this study, interactions going beyond these basic ones varied depending on ant and epiphyte species. Ant-gardens initiated by Diacamma spKfmA111 were regarded as the 'most primitive' type, because this ponerine was totally dependent on preformed cavities for nest establishment, did not tend any trophobionts, and was the least selective in its seed-retrieving behavior. On the other end of the scale, Crematogaster spKfmA18 and Camponotus spKfmA9 were rated as 'most advanced' because both lived in free (i.e. cavityindependent) AGs, tended trophobionts underneath their nests, were associated with a couple of other organisms, and were highly selective in their seed-retrieving behavior. Moreover, Camponotus spKfmA9 occurred preferentially with one single epiphyte species, Hoya elliptica (Asclepiadaceae), and Crematogaster spKfmA18 was specialized on some species of giant bamboo as phorophyte. Philidris spKfmA160, which occupied a medium position in relation to the other AGs was particularly interesting for several reasons. This ant species was mainly associated with ant- house epiphytes and occurred in the heath forests of Borneo. However, the major part of the colonies, including the queen, was located underneath carton structures near the surface of the host tree and not inside the domatia of the associated plants. Moreover, very young Philidris spKfmA160 colonies had only small seedlings growing on their carton nests. The ant workers actively retrieved the seeds of their epiphyte partners into the nests. These results indicate that associations with ant-house epiphytes must be regarded as a special case of ant-gardens. I therefore suggest using the term 'ant-house' only to describe the epiphytes, but not to describe the association, and to include this type of association in the group of AGs. Strict species-specificity never occurred, but some epiphytes showed great preference for growing on the nests of certain ant species, while others occurred over a wider range. Vice versa, most ant species had several epiphytes growing on their nests, while others were mostly found with one or very few epiphyte species. These patterns were shown to be the effect of different factors, including common microclimatic preferences of ants and epiphytes, interspecific competition of epiphytes, and selective seed retrieval of AG ants. The main behavioral trait responsible for the establishment of AGs was the selectivity shown by the ants in the epiphyte seeds they carried. However, details of the mechanisms, i.e. what characteristics of the seeds are important and what motivates the ants to retrieve them, varied widely. In many cases, seed compounds located on the surface triggered carrying behavior. Detailed experimental investigations combined with literature data from the two other known 'myrmecochory systems', terricolous myrmecochores and neotropical AGs, suggested that myrmecochory is frequently triggered by a two-stage system. One relatively unspecific compound (or a combination of such compounds) constitutes the basic attractiveness for a number of ant species. Other seed characteristics (elaiosomes, mechanical properties, other surface-compounds) modulate this basic signal, accounting for species-specific preferences of ants towards certain plant species. A comparison of AGs in Southeast Asia and the neotropics shows that the numbers of AG ant and epiphyte species in each case are almost equal. Southeast Asian AG epiphytes might even turn out to outnumber the neotropical ones. Thus, not only was it possible to break down the distinction between ant-house and AG associations, but also to show that AGs in Southeast Asia are present in such high diversity and abundance as to diminish the apparent contrast between the two biogeographical regions yet further. These data help to solve at least the Southeast Asian part of the 'ant-epiphyte puzzle'.
Two diametrically opposed stances have emerged from recent theoretical debates on adverbial syntax. One approach, represented by Alexiadou (1997) and Cinque (1999), espouses a rigid hierarchy of functional projections hosting individual adverbs. The other, represented broadly by Jackendoff (1972), McConnell-Ginet (1982) and most recently Ernst (2002), takes adverb placement to be determined by the semantics of the adverbs themselves as opposed to the functional architecture of the clause. Under the latter view, adverbs may be divided into several categories based on their meaning with each category being licensed in a certain range within the sentence.
Here, I undertake a detailed examination of Tagalog adverbs and compare the predictions of the two best articulated recent theories of adverbs, that of Cinque (1999, 2004) and Ernst (2002). The results offer support for some of the basic predictions of the semantically based approach of Ernst. Particularly important are scopal facts which do not obtain a clear explanation under a functional projection-based theory such as Cinque's.
Second April
(1959)
In this paper we put forward a legal argument in favour of granting more independence to BaFin, the German securities market supervisor. Following the Wirecard scandal, our reform proposal aims at strengthening the impartiality and credibility of the German supervisor and, as a consequence, at restoring capital market integrity. In order to achieve the necessary degree of democratic legitimacy for giving BaFin more independence and disassociating it from the Ministry of Finance, the paper sets out the necessary steps for a legal reform that creates accountability of BaFin vis-à-vis the Parliament, subjecting it to strict disclosure and reporting obligations.
Große Stammbäume
(2003)
Sei T ein kritischer oder subkritischer Galton-Watson Stammbaum (GW-Baum) mit einer Kinderzahlverteilung endlicher oder unendlicher Varianz. Wir sind an der Struktur von T , bedingt darauf, dass T "groß" ist, interessiert. Der klassische sowie naheliegende Zugang ist, T auf eine große Gesamtgröße oder eine große Höhe zu bedingen. In dieser Arbeit werden drei, zum GW-Baum eng verwandte Typen von zufälligen Stammbäumen vorgestellt, deren Analyse aufschlussreiche Einsichten über große GW-Stammbäume liefert. Zur Untersuchung dieser auf große Gesamtgröße bedingten Stammbäume schlagen wir eine Familie von zufälligen, größenverzerrten Bäumen vor, deren auf Größe bedingte Verteilung mit der des, auf gegebener Größe bedingten, Baumes T übereinstimmt. Diese zufälligen Stammbäume besitzen eine einfache probabilistische Struktur, wenn man sie entlang der Ahnenlinien von rein zufällig gezogenen Knoten zerlegt. Die Verwandschaftsstruktur des von den gezogenen Knoten und der Wurzel aufgespannten Teilbaumes hängt im wesentlichen von dem asymptotischen Verhalten der Kinderzahlverteilung ab. Während bei endlicher Varianz diese Teilbäume asymptotisch binär sind, können bei unendlicher Varianz im Limes auch andere Formen auftreten. Wir zeigen, dass diese Teilbäume GW-Bäume bedingt auf ihre Gesamtblätterzahl sind. Mit Hilfe der Zerlegung entlang der Ahnenlinien erhalten wir zudem einen Grenzwertsatz für die reskalierte Gesamtgröße des Baumes mit einer Gamma-Verteilung als Limes. Die Analyse großer Bäume führen wir unter dem Aspekt des Größenverzerrens fort, indem wir eine weitere Familie zufälliger Bäume vorschlagen. Diese erhalten wir durch Größenverzerrung in der n-ten Generationsgröße. Wir werden sehen, dass der dadurch gewonnene zufällige Stammbaum eine ähnliche probabilistische Struktur wie der in der Gesamtgröße größenverzerrte Baum besitzt. Hier beweisen wir mit einfachen Überlegungen Aussagen über die Generation des jüngsten gemeinsamen Vorfahren (MRCA) von uniform aus Generation n gezogenen Knoten, sowie die Struktur des von diesen Knoten aufgespannten Skeletts. Schließlich betrachten wir die in [15] vorgestellte probabilistische Zerlegung des auf Mindesthöhe n bedingten GW-Baumes. Damit werden wir klassische Sätze über die Höhe des MRCA und die Grenzverteilung der reskalierten n-ten Generationsgröße für den Fall einer Kinderzahlverteilung mit unendlicher Varianz auf alternativem und anschaulichem Weg beweisen. Zudem erhalten wir eine Grenzverteilung für die Anzahl der Kinder des MRCA.