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The mainstream law and economics approach has dominated positive analysis and normative design of economic regulations. This approach represents a form of applied neoclassical and new institutional economics. Neoclassical and/or new institutional economic theories, models, and analytical concepts are applied automatically to economic regulatory problems.
This automatic application of neoclassical economics to economic regulatory problems loses sight of the valid insights of non-neoclassical schools of economic thought and theories, which may illuminate important aspects of the regulatory problems. This thesis, therefore, advocates an integrated law and economics approach to economic regulations. This approach identifies the relevant insights of neoclassical and non-neoclassical schools of thought and theories and refines them through a process of cross-criticism. In this process, the insights of each school of thought are subjected to the critiques of other schools of thought. The resulting refined insights, which are more likely to be valid, are then integrated consistently through various techniques of integration.
Not only does neoclassical (micro and macro) law and economics overlook the valid insights of non-neoclassical schools of thought, it is also highly reductionist. It ignores the interdependencies of legal institutions, highlighted mainly by the comparative capitalism literature, and the structural interlinkages among socio-economic actors, highlighted by economic sociology and complexity economics. Rather, it takes rational individuals and their interactions subject to the constraint of isolated institution(s) as its unit of analysis. In place of this reductionist perspective, the thesis argues for a systemic approach to economic regulations. This systemic perspective replaces the reductionist unit of neoclassical regulatory analysis with a systemic unit of analysis that consists of the least non-decomposable actors’ network and its associated least non-decomposable institutional network. Then, the thesis develops an operationalized and replicable systemic framework for systemic analysis and design of institutional networks.
Both the systemic and integrated approaches are theoretically consistent and complementary. The systemic approach is in essence a way of thinking that requires a broad and rich informational basis that can be secured by using the integrated approach. Due to their complementarity, they give rise to what I call “the integrated and systemic law and economics approach.” The thesis operationalizes this approach by setting out well-defined replicable steps and applying them to concrete regulatory problems, namely, the choice of a corporate governance model for developing countries and the development of a normative theory of economic regulations. These concrete applications demonstrate the critical bite of the integrated and systemic approach, which reveals significant shortcomings of mainstream law and economics’ answers to these regulatory questions. They also show the constructive potential of the integrated and systemic approach in overcoming the critiques advanced to the neoclassical regulatory conclusions.
The operationalized integrated and systemic approach is both a law and economics as well as a law and development approach. It does not only provide an alternative to mainstream law and economics analysis and design of economic regulations. It also fills a significant analytical lacuna in the law and development literature that lacks an analytical framework for analysis and design of context-specific legal institutions that can promote economic development in developing economies.
In the adult mammalian brain stem cells within defined neurogenic niches retain the capacity for lifelong de novo generation of neurons. The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular layer (SGL) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) have been identified as the two major sites of adult neurogenesis. Moreover, the third ventricle in the hypothalamus is emerging as a new neurogenic niche in the adult brain. Extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are involved in the control of both embryonic and adult neuro-genesis. These nucleotides act via ionotropic P2X or metabotropic P2Y receptors and studies of the adult SVZ and the DG provide strong evidence that ATP promotes progenitor cell proliferation in this stem cell rich regions. Previous studies have shown that the extracellular nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzyme NTPDase2 is highly expressed by adult neural stem and progenitor cells of the SVZ and the rostral migratory stream (RMS), the hippocampal SGL, and the third ventricle. NTPDase2 preferentially hydrolyzes extracellular nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) and, to a lower extent, diphosphates, thus modulating their effect on nearby nucleotide receptors. Deletion of the enzyme increases extracellular NTP concentrations, and might indicate roles of purinergic signaling in adult neurogenesis. As shown by enzyme histochemistry, genetic deletion of NTPDase2 essentially eliminates ATPase activity in neurogenic niches but does not affect protein expression levels and activity of other ectonucleotidases. Lack of NTPDase2 leads to expansion of the hippocampal stem cell pool as well as of the inter-mediate progenitor type-2 cells. Cell expansion is lost at around type-3 stage, paralleled by increased labeling for caspase-3, indicating increased apoptosis, and decreased levels in CREB phosphorylation in doublecortin-expressing cells, diminishing survival in this cell population. In line with increased cell death, P2Y12 receptor-expressing microglia is enriched at the hilus orientated side of the granule cell layer. These data strongly suggest that NTPDase2 functions as central homeostatic regulator of nucleotide-mediated neural progenitor cell proliferation and expansion in the adult brain by balancing extracellular nucleotide concentrations and activation of purinergic receptors.
In order to further characterize the role of purinergic signaling in adult neurogenesis, the ADP-sensitive P2Y13 receptor was identified as a potential candidate whose activation might inhibit neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the newly identified neurogenic niche at the third ventricle. Deletion of P2ry13 increased progenitor cell proliferation and long-term progenitor survival as well as new neuron formation in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. This was further paralleled by increased thickening of the granule cell layer, CREB phosphorylation, and expression of the neuronal activity marker c-Fos. Increased progenitor cell proliferation and progenitor survival persist in aged P2ry13 knockout animals. However, in the ventral dentate gyrus proliferation and expansion levels of progenitor cells did not differ significantly from the wild type. This study strongly supports the notion that extracellular nucleotides significantly contribute to the control of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in situ. Data in this work suggest that activation of the P2Y13 receptor dampens progenitor cell proliferation, new neuron formation, and neuronal activity. In contrast to several in vitro studies and studies in the SVZ in situ, a contribution of the ATP/ADP-sensitive P2Y1 receptor could not be confirmed in the dentate gyrus in vivo.
To unravel implications of purinergic signaling and P2Y13 receptor action in the control of adult hypothalamic neurogenesis a pilot study was performed. Mice null for P2ry13 revealed increased progenitor cell proliferation at the third ventricle as well as long-term progeny survival and new neuron formation in the hypothalamus. In contrast to results obtained in the dentate gyrus expression of the neuronal activity marker c-Fos was significantly decreased in hypothalamic nuclei, indicating increased inhibition of appetite-regulating neuronal circuits by surplus neurons in knockout animals. These data provide first evidence that extracellular nucleotide signaling contributes to the control of adult hypothalamic neurogenesis in situ. Activation of the P2Y13 receptor inhibits progenitor cell proliferation, long-term survival and neuron formation and therefore controls inhibition of appetite-regulating circuits in the adult rodent hypothalamus.
In dieser Arbeit wurde YM155 anhand eines Neuroblastom-Zellmodells bezüglich seiner antitumoralen Wirkung, sowie möglicher Resistenzmechanismen untersucht. Mit Hilfe eines Viabilitäts-‚Screenings‘ wurde eine Auswahl von 113 chemosensitiven und chemoresistenten Neuroblastomzellen auf mögliche Kreuzresistenzen gegen YM155 untersucht. Hinsichtlich der IC50 Werte gegen YM155, lagen insgesamt 74 % der untersuchten Zelllinien im therapeutisch erreichbaren Bereich von unter 50 nM. Zusätzlich wurden Neuroblastom-, Mammakarzinom- und Prostatakarzinomzellen an eine klinisch relevante YM155 Konzentration adaptiert. Diese zeigten wiederum, dass durch die Adaptierung hervorgerufene Expressionsänderung des ABC-Transporters ABCB1 und des ‚solute carrier‘ Protein SLC35F2 eine bedeutsame Rolle hinsichtlich des Resistenzmechanismus gegen YM155 spielen. Durch den Einsatz von spezifischen ABCB1-Inhibitoren, als auch durch siRNA-vermittelte Reduzierung von ABCB1 konnte eine Abhängigkeit für die Wirksamkeit YM155 von ABCB1 in Neuroblastomzellen bestätigt werden. Des Weiteren wurde in den untersuchten Zelllinien ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Wirkung von YM155 und der Expression des ‚solute carrier‘ Proteins SLC35F2 hergestellt. Dazu wurden Zellen mit verminderter SLC35F2 Expression verwendet, welche durch Transduktion mit einem für eine SLC35F2 spezifische shRNA kodierenden Vektor etabliert wurden. Dabei führte eine verminderte SLC35F2 Expression zu einer starken Minderung der Sensitivität gegen YM155. Das Zusammenspiel dieser beiden Transporter und der damit verbundene Resistenzmechanismus gegen YM155, konnte in fast allen etablierten YM155-resistenten Zelllinien (UKF-NB-3rYM15520, 22RV1rYM155300, PC-3rYM15520, HCC-1806rYM15520 und MDA-MB-231rYM15520) gezeigt werden. Wobei diese Zellen unabhängig von der Tumorentität als Resistenzmechanismus gegen YM155 entweder eine signifikant induzierte ABCB1 Expression (verstärkter YM155 Efflux) und/oder eine verminderte SLC35F2 Expression (verringerter YM155 Influx) entwickelten. Außerdem konnte mit Hilfe der p53-depletierten Zelllinie UKF-NB-3pc-p53 eine Abhängigkeit der YM155 Wirkung vom Tumorsuppressor p53 nachgewiesen werden, wobei es durch die Depletierung von p53 zu einer verminderten Sensitivität der Zellen gegen YM155 kam. Zudem kam es durch die Nutlin-3 hervorgerufene p53 Aktivierung und Akkumulierung zu einer Verstärkung der YM155 Wirkung in den untersuchten Zellen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass der p53 Status von Zellen einen Einfluss auf deren YM155 Resistenz haben kann. Da in der Behandlung von Neuroblastomen neben der Chemotherapie auch Bestrahlung eingesetzt wird, wurde zusätzlich untersucht ob eine Adaptierung von Neuroblastomzellen an YM155 zu einer verminderten Sensitivität gegen Bestrahlung führen kann. Da die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersuchten UKF-NB-3 Zelllinien (UKF-NB-3 und UKF-NB-3rYM15520) eine ähnliche Sensitivität gegenüber der Bestrahlung aufwiesen, konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen einer Adaptierung an YM155 und der Ausbildung einer Bestrahlungsresistenz gezeigt werden.
Ein weiterer wichtiger Teil dieser Arbeit war es, den primären Wirkmechanismus von YM155 in Neuroblastomzellen zu untersuchen. In vorangegangenen Studien wurde die vom Hersteller beschriebene Wirkung von YM155 als Survivin-Inhibitor in Frage gestellt. Stattdessen soll der primäre Apoptose-induzierende Effekt in erster Linie durch DNA-Schäden hervorgerufen werden, während die Survivin Inhibierung lediglich darauf folgen soll. In einer zeitlichen und konzentrationsabhängigen Kinetik der YM155 Behandlung konnte in UKF-NB-3 Zellen der genaue Zeitpunkt der Survivin-Inhibierung und der Induktion der DNA-Schadensantwort ermittelt werden. Dabei konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass in Neuroblastomzellen als Antwort auf die YM155 Behandlung zuerst eine Survivin-Inhibierung erfolgt, und die DNA-Schadensantwort als Folge dieser induziert wird. Darüber hinaus belegte die siRNA-vermittelte Survivin-Inhibierung in UKF-NB-3 und UKF-NB-6, dass eine fehlende Survivin Expression die DNA-Schadensantwort induziert.
Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit erstmals in YM155 adaptierten Neuroblastomzellen der Resistenzmechanismus gegen YM155 näher untersucht werden und darüber hinaus wurde demonstriert, dass die Wirkung von YM155 in Neuroblastomzellen nicht auf die Induktion der DNA-Schadensantwort beruht, sondern primär auf die Survivin-Inhibierung zurückzuführen ist.
The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable and increasingly important microorganism for industrial applications (Hong and Nielsen, 2012). Its robustness concerning process conditions like low pH, osmotic and mechanical stress as well as toxic compounds is an advantage. Moreover, S. cerevisiae is ‘generally regarded as safe’ (GRAS). The model organism has been studied intensively. The collected data, including genomic, proteomic and metabolic information, can be used to genetically modify and improve its metabolism. Fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives have wide applications as biofuels, biomaterials, and other biochemicals. Several studies have been dealing with the overproduction of fatty acids and derivatives thereof in S. cerevisiae. The fatty acid biosynthesis starting with acetyl-CoA requires two enzymes, the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc1p) and the fatty acid synthase complex (FAS), to produce acyl-CoA esters with predominantly 16 to 18 carbon atoms chain length (Lynen et al., 1980). For the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids in S. cerevisiae the ER bound acyl-CoA desaturase, Ole1p is essential (Tamura et al., 1976; Certik and Shimizu, 1999).
Using S. cerevisiae, the first section of this work dealt with the heterologous characterization of potential ω1-desaturases. Due to the fact that unsaturated fatty compounds can be modified further by hydrosilylations, hydrovinylations, oxidations to epoxides, acids, aldehydes, ketones or metathesis reactions, the interest in ω1-fatty acids is tremendous (Behr and Gomes, 2010). With the intention to find enzymes in fungi, that have a terminal desaturase activity a search in different genome databases was performed. The sequences of Pex-Desat3 and Obr-TerDes were used as reference sequences. The analysed proteins from Schizophyllum commune (EFI94599.1), Schizosaccharomyces octosporus (EPX72095.1), Wallemia mellicola (EIM20316.1), Wallemia ichthyophaga (EOR00207.1) and Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus (EKV44635.1), however, finally turned out to be Δ9 desaturases. A fungal desaturase with ω1-activity could not be found. The Δ9 desaturase SCD1 from Mus musculus was crystallized by Bai et al. (2015) and the information for specific amino acids responsible for the substrate specificity or enzyme activity were allocated. In combination with sequence and enzyme activity data form ChDes1 from Calanus hyperboreus, Desat2 from Drosophila melanogaster, Pex-Desat3 from Planotortrix excessana and Obr-TerDes from Operophtera brumata single amino acid exchanges were performed in the Δ9 desaturase Ole1p from S. cerevisiae. For all mutants, only fatty acids (C16 - C18) with a double bond between carbon C9 and C10 could be found. This indicates, that all inserted amino acid exchanges do not affect the substrate specificity or the position of the introduced double bond.
In the second section the focus was in the development of a production system for fatty acids in S. cerevisiae with regard to the previously established procedures by metabolic engineering. The combination of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH3), cytosolic malate enzyme (MAE1) and a citrate- α-ketoglutarate- carrier (YHM2) should improve the availability of acetyl-CoA in the cytosol, which is an important precursor for the fatty acid biosynthesis. If the major pathway (acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase) was already optimized by high expression levels than no positive effect on increased fatty acid synthesis was detectable. Only non-optimized strains, with the additional overexpression of ATP-citrate lyase and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, lead to a 41 % (20 mg/g dcw) improvement of fatty acid synthesis. In order to increase the fatty acid content further, the additional overexpression of DGA1 and TGL3 was performed. Hence, the highest amount of fatty acids could be observed with the strain S. cerevisiae WRY1ΔFAA1ΔFAA4 (2.5 g/L ± 0.8 g/L). The additional elimination of acyl-CoA synthetase Fat1p did not improve the yield.
It was recently reported, that chain length control of the fatty acid synthesis of bacterial FAS can be changed by rational engineering (Gajewski et al., 2017a). The knowledge about bacterial FAS was transferred in this work to S. cerevisiae FAS. Mutating up to five amino acids in the FAS complex enabled S. cerevisiae to produce medium chain fatty acids (C6 - C12). Further improvement was done by metabolic pathway engineering (promoter of alcohol dehydrogenase II from S. cerevisiae (pADH2), deletion of acyl-CoA synthetase FAA2) and optimization of fermentation conditions (YEPD-bacto medium buffered with potassium phosphate). The production of medium chain fatty acids resulted in the highest yield of 464 mg/L (C6 to C12 fatty acids). Furthermore, strains were created specifically overproducing hexanoic acid (158 mg/L) and octanoic acid (301 mg/L). The characterization of transferases, which could be responsible for the de-esterification of CoA-bound fatty acids, was analysed in an additional approach. It could be shown, that the genes EHT1, EEB1 and MGL2 have an influence on the MCFA yield in the supernatant. Generally speaking, the data from the single and double deletion strains suggest that Eeb1p has a selective hydrolytic activity for hexanoic acid-CoA ester, while Eht1p shows selective hydrolytic activity for octanoic acid-CoA ester, which is in line with Saerens et al. (2006).
One of the most important shifts in mathematics learning and instruction in the last decades has taken place in the conception of the subject matter, changing from a perspective of mathematics as composed of concepts and skills to be learned, to a new one emphasizing the mathematical modelling of the reality (De Corte, 2004). This shift has had, as it is to be expected, an impact on classroom processes, and changed instructional settings and practices.
Instructional explanations, the object of study in the present work, are an interesting topic in that landscape, since they continue to be a typical form of classroom discourse, especially −but no exclusively−when new contents are introduced to the students (e.g. Leinhardt, 2001; Perry, 2000; Wittwer & Renkl, 2008). Consequently, good teachers are also supposed to be good explainers, independently whether they are the main speaker, or play the role of moderator in exchange between students (e.g. Charalambous, Hill, & Ball, 2011; Danielson, 1996; Inoue, 2009).
Despite the central role that instructional explanations play in classroom practices, current instructional quality models, which describe how effective teaching practices should look like, do not consider instructional explanations as a key element (Danielson, 1996; Klieme, Lipowsky, Rakoczy, & Ratzka, 2006; Pianta & Hamre, 2009). Moreover, aside from a few notable exceptions (Duffy, Roehler, Meloth, & Vavrus, 1986; Leinhardt & Steele, 2005; Perry, 2000), instructional explanations have not been investigated empirically within other traditions either. Thus, there is scarce of empirical work about instructional explanations and their potential contribution to promote students’ learning.
The purpose of the present work is to examine instructional explanations from a theoretical perspective as well as empirically, in order to characterize them and investigate their association with students’ learning outcomes. The underlying theoretical framework chosen to organize the study is the one proposed by Leinhardt (2001) with some adaptations according to pertinent complementary literature (Drollinger-Vetter & Lipowsky, 2006; Leinhardt & Steele, 2005).
The empirical work of this dissertation was carried out in the context of the project “Analysis of mathematic lessons” (FONIDE 209) funded by the Chilean Ministry of Education during 2007. This study, in turn, was embedded in the international extension of the research project the ‘‘Quality of instruction, learning, and mathematical understanding’’ carried out between 2000 and 2006 by the German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF) in Frankfurt, Germany, and the University of Zurich in Switzerland (e.g. Klieme & Reusser, 2003; Klieme et al., 2006). According to the design of the original project, the study considers the inclusion of different perspectives, namely, teachers, students and external observers, by means of questionnaires, tests and classroom observation protocols.
The examination of instructional explanations in this dissertation begins in chapter 2 with the review of relevant literature and introduction of the theoretical background underpinning the study of instructional explanations. This theoretical review comprises three subsections, the first one describing the evolution of the process-product-paradigm into the actual instructional quality models that are presented in a next step. The second subsection includes a detailed theoretical presentation of explanations and instructional explanations, addressing the main theoretical issues and giving examples of the few empirical works about instructional explanations found in the literature. Finally, the third subsection with the description of Chilean teaching practices in order to contextualize the study.
Chapter 3 presents the research questions and lists the associated work hypotheses that are investigated throughout this work. Chapter 4 includes the methodological aspects of the work, indicating the description of the sample, design of the study, the methods used the gather the data and the analyses chosen to answer the proposed research questions.
Chapter 5 contains the presentation of results, which are organized by research question, starting with the results from quantitative analyses and continuing with the results from qualitative analyses. This chapter closes with a general summary of the results organized according to the central themes of the study. Finally, chapter 6 concludes with a discussion of the link between the results and the instructional explanations literature and research, or lack thereof, that originally motivated the research questions addressed in this study. This chapter finishes with a discussion of the limitations of the study and the implications of its results, as well as an examination of areas where the research on instructional explanations can be fruitfully expanded in the future.
In healthy older adults, resveratrol supplementation has been shown to improve long-term glucose control, resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the hippocampus, and memory function. Here, we aimed to investigate if these beneficial effects extend to individuals at high-risk for dementia, i.e., patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In a randomized, double-blind interventional study, 40 well-characterized patients with MCI (21 females; 50–80 years) completed 26 weeks of resveratrol (200 mg/d; n = 18) or placebo (1,015 mg/d olive oil; n = 22) intake. Serum levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c and insulin were determined before and after intervention. Moreover, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (3T) (n = 14 vs. 16) was conducted to analyze hippocampus volume, microstructure and RSFC, and neuropsychological testing was conducted to assess learning and memory (primary endpoint) at both time points. In comparison to the control group, resveratrol supplementation resulted in lower glycated hemoglobin A1c concentration with a moderate effect size (ANOVARM p = 0.059, Cohen's d = 0.66), higher RSFC between right anterior hippocampus and right angular cortex (p < 0.001), and led to a moderate preservation of left anterior hippocampus volume (ANOVARM p = 0.061, Cohen's d = 0.68). No significant differences in memory performance emerged between groups. This proof-of-concept study indicates for the first-time that resveratrol intake may reduce glycated hemoglobin A1c, preserves hippocampus volume, and improves hippocampus RSFC in at-risk patients for dementia. Larger trials with longer intervention time should now determine if these benefits can be validated and extended to cognitive function.
Evidence about distribution patterns of brain metastases with regard to breast cancer subtypes and its influence on the prognosis of patients is insufficient. Clinical data, cranial computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 300 breast cancer patients with brain metastases (BMs) were collected retrospectively in four centers participating in the Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer Registry (BMBC) in Germany. Patients with positive estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) statuses, had a significantly lower number of BMs at diagnosis. Concerning the treatment mode, HER2-positive patients treated with trastuzumab before the diagnosis of BMs showed a lower number of intracranial metastases (p < 0.001). Patients with a HER2-positive tumor-subtype developed cerebellar metastases more often compared with HER2-negative patients (59.8% vs. 44.5%, p = 0.021), whereas patients with triple-negative primary tumors had leptomeningeal disease more often (31.4% vs. 18.3%, p = 0.038). The localization of Brain metastases (BMs) was associated with prognosis: patients with leptomeningeal disease had shorter survival compared with patients without signs of leptomeningeal disease (median survival 3 vs. 5 months, p = 0.025). A shorter survival could also be observed in the patients with metastases in the occipital lobe (median survival 3 vs. 5 months, p = 0.012). Our findings suggest a different tumor cell homing to different brain regions depending on subtype and treatment. View Full-Text
Retinal OFF bipolar cells show distinct connectivity patterns with photoreceptors in the wild-type mouse retina. Some types are cone-specific while others penetrate further through the outer plexiform layer (OPL) to contact rods in addition to cones. To explore dendritic stratification of OFF bipolar cells in the absence of rods, we made use of the ‘cone-full’ Nrl-/- mouse retina in which all photoreceptor precursor cells commit to a cone fate including those which would have become rods in wild-type retinas. The dendritic distribution of OFF bipolar cell types was investigated by confocal and electron microscopic imaging of immunolabeled tissue sections. The cells’ dendrites formed basal contacts with cone terminals and expressed the corresponding glutamate receptor subunits at those sites, indicating putative synapses. All of the four analyzed cell populations showed distinctive patterns of vertical dendritic invasion through the OPL. This disparate behavior of dendritic extension in an environment containing only cone terminals demonstrates type-dependent specificity for dendritic outgrowth in OFF bipolar cells: rod terminals are not required for inducing dendritic extension into distal areas of the OPL.
Processes shaping the African Guineo-Congolian rain forest, especially in the West African part, are not well understood. Recent molecular studies, based mainly on forest tree species, confirmed the previously proposed division of the western African Guineo-Congolian rain forest into Upper Guinea (UG) and Lower Guinea (LG) separated by the Dahomey Gap (DG). Here we studied nine populations in the area of the DG and the borders of LG and UG of the widespread liana species, Chasmanthera dependens (Menispermaceae) by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), a chloroplast DNA sequence marker, and modelled the distribution based on current as well as paleoclimatic data (Holocene Climate Optimum, ca. 6 kyr BP and Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 22 kyr BP). Current population genetic structure and geographical pattern of cpDNA was related to present as well as historical modelled distributions. Results from this study show that past historical factors played an important role in shaping the distribution of C. dependens across West Africa. The Cameroon Volcanic Line seems to represent a barrier for gene flow in the present as well as in the past. Distribution modelling proposed refugia in the Dahomey Gap, supported also by higher genetic diversity. This is in contrast with the phylogeographic patterns observed in several rainforest tree species and could be explained by either diverging or more relaxed ecological requirements of this liana species.