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Introduction: In the time of increasing resistance and paucity of new drug development there is a growing need for strategies to enhance rational use of antibiotics in German and Austrian hospitals. An evidence-based guideline on recommendations for implementation of antibiotic stewardship (ABS) programmes was developed by the German Society for Infectious Diseases in association with the following societies, associations and institutions: German Society of Hospital Pharmacists, German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology, Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy, The Austrian Association of Hospital Pharmacists, Austrian Society for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Austrian Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Robert Koch Institute.
Materials and methods: A structured literature research was performed in the databases EMBASE, BIOSIS, MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library from January 2006 to November 2010 with an update to April 2012 (MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library). The grading of recommendations in relation to their evidence is according to the AWMF Guidance Manual and Rules for Guideline Development.
Conclusion: The guideline provides the grounds for rational use of antibiotics in hospital to counteract antimicrobial resistance and to improve the quality of care of patients with infections by maximising clinical outcomes while minimising toxicity. Requirements for a successful implementation of ABS programmes as well as core and supplemental ABS strategies are outlined. The German version of the guideline was published by the German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF) in December 2013.
Background: Baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as one of the most often used workhorses in biotechnology has been developed into a huge family of application optimised strains in the last decades. Increasing numbers of strains render their characterisation highly challenging, even with the simple methods of growth-based analytics. Here we present a new sensor system for the automated, non-invasive and parallelisable monitoring of biomass in continuously shaken shake flask cultures, called CGQ (“cell growth quantifier”). The CGQ implements a dynamic approach of backscattered light measurement, allowing for efficient and accurate growth-based strain characterisation, as exemplarily demonstrated for the four most commonly used laboratory and industrial yeast strains, BY4741, W303-1A, CEN.PK2-1C and Ethanol Red.
Results: Growth experiments revealed distinct carbon source utilisation differences between the investigated S. cerevisiae strains. Phenomena such as diauxic shifts, morphological changes and oxygen limitations were clearly observable in the growth curves. A strictly monotonic non-linear correlation of OD600 and the CGQ’s backscattered light intensities was found, with strain-to-strain as well as growth-phase related differences. The CGQ measurements showed high resolution, sensitivity and smoothness even below an OD600 of 0.2 and were furthermore characterised by low background noise and signal drift in combination with high reproducibility.
Conclusions: With the CGQ, shake flask fermentations can be automatically monitored regarding biomass and growth rates with high resolution and parallelisation. This makes the CGQ a valuable tool for growth-based strain characterisation and development. The exceptionally high resolution allows for the identification of distinct metabolic differences and shifts as well as for morphologic changes. Applications that will benefit from that kind of automatized biomass monitoring include, amongst many others, the characterization of deregulated native or integrated heterologous pathways, the fast detection of co-fermentation as well as the realisation of rational and growth-data driven evolutionary engineering approaches.
Background: Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) are of interest as drug targets due to their regulatory roles in chromatin organization and their tight associations with diseases including cancer and mental disorders. The first KDM inhibitors for KDM1 have entered clinical trials, and efforts are ongoing to develop potent, selective and cell-active ‘probe’ molecules for this target class. Robust cellular assays to assess the specific engagement of KDM inhibitors in cells as well as their cellular selectivity are a prerequisite for the development of high-quality inhibitors. Here we describe the use of a high-content cellular immunofluorescence assay as a method for demonstrating target engagement in cells.
Results: A panel of assays for the Jumonji C subfamily of KDMs was developed to encompass all major branches of the JmjC phylogenetic tree. These assays compare compound activity against wild-type KDM proteins to a catalytically inactive version of the KDM, in which residues involved in the active-site iron coordination are mutated to inactivate the enzyme activity. These mutants are critical for assessing the specific effect of KDM inhibitors and for revealing indirect effects on histone methylation status. The reported assays make use of ectopically expressed demethylases, and we demonstrate their use to profile several recently identified classes of KDM inhibitors and their structurally matched inactive controls. The generated data correlate well with assay results assessing endogenous KDM inhibition and confirm the selectivity observed in biochemical assays with isolated enzymes. We find that both cellular permeability and competition with 2-oxoglutarate affect the translation of biochemical activity to cellular inhibition.
Conclusions: High-content-based immunofluorescence assays have been established for eight KDM members of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases covering all major branches of the JmjC-KDM phylogenetic tree. The usage of both full-length, wild-type and catalytically inactive mutant ectopically expressed protein, as well as structure-matched inactive control compounds, allowed for detection of nonspecific effects causing changes in histone methylation as a result of compound toxicity. The developed assays offer a histone lysine demethylase family-wide tool for assessing KDM inhibitors for cell activity and on-target efficacy. In addition, the presented data may inform further studies to assess the cell-based activity of histone lysine methylation inhibitors.
Die Rezeption von Kosellecks Konzeption der Begriffsgeschichte in Polen begann Anfang der 1990er Jahre auf Umwegen und als Resultat von Zufällen. Die Tatsache, dass der polnische Philosoph Krzysztof Michalski (1948–2013), der Direktor des Wiener 'Instituts für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen', die Ergebnisse der vom ihm organisierten Castelgandolfo-Gespräche nicht nur im deutschen Original, sondern ab 1990 auch in Polen herausgab, führte dazu, dass auch drei Vorträge Kosellecks in polnischer Übersetzung erschienen. Da Koselleck in zweien seiner Vorträge mit 'Krise' und 'Emanzipation' die Geschichte von Begriffen behandelte, die er auch in den 'Geschichtlichen Grundbegriffen' (GG) erörtert hatte, gelangten auf dem Umweg der Castelgandolfo-Sammelbände erstmals Texte Kosellecks zur Begriffsgeschichte in den akademischen Diskurs in Polen. Auch in seinem dritten Castelgandolfo-Vortrag, in dem es um die Möglichkeit eines auf der historischen Semantik basierenden Vergleichs bürgerlicher Gesellschaften ging, hatte Koselleck weiterreichende Konsequenzen der Begriffsgeschichte behandelt. In den 1990er Jahren selbst erfuhren die genannten Texte in Polen allerdings noch kaum Beachtung. Dies sollte sich erst 2001 ändern, als der Germanist Hubert Orłowski in der von ihm verantworteten 'Posener Deutschen Bibliothek' (Poznańska Biblioteka Niemiecka) einen Sammelband mit vom ihm ausgewählten Aufsätzen Kosellecks zur historischen Semantik herausgab, der im Wesentlichen auf dessen Band 'Vergangene Zukunft. Zur Semantik geschichtlicher Zeiten' (1979) basierte, allerdings um die Einleitung zu den GG und weitere Texte ergänzt worden war.
Die offensichtlichen Ähnlichkeiten zwischen Neurasthenie und Burnout dürfen den wissenschaftlichen Blick jedoch nicht dazu verleiten, vorschnell von einer substantiellen Identität auszugehen. Es ist keineswegs gleichgültig, unter welchem Namen ein Leiden amtiert. Vielmehr gehe ich davon aus, dass die Etablierung eines neuen Begriffs ein Ereignis ist, das genauer in den Blick genommen zu werden verdient, weil es auf eine veränderte Problemlage hinweist. Die Frage lautet also, wie genau sich das Verhältnis zwischen Neurasthenie und Burnout darstellt, was diese beiden Begriffe trennt und verbindet, welche semantischen Bedeutungsebenen sich in ihnen jeweils abgelagert haben und welche Rückschlüsse sich aus der Untersuchung dieser Bedeutungsschichten für das Verständnis unserer Gegenwart möglicherweise ziehen lassen. Der erste Schritt einer solchen Fragestellung muss immer darin bestehen, die Phänomene gegeneinander zu legen und sie auf ihre Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede hin zu untersuchen, um auf dieser Grundlage eine schärfere Kontur ihrer Besonderheiten zu erlangen - was im Folgenden geschehen soll.
Das Thema der Entstehung der modernen Welt steht im Zentrum des Interesses Reinhart Kosellecks, sowohl in Bezug auf die historische Semantik der politischen Begriffe, als auch bezüglich der sozialen Veränderungen der gesellschaftlichen Strukturen. Kosellecks Begriffsgeschichte geht es darum, den "Umwandlungsprozess zur Moderne" zu zeigen, wie er sich in der Verwendung der politischen Sprache ereignet. Mit der Theorie historischer Zeiten entwickelt Koselleck eine eigene Theorie der Entstehung der Neuzeit, die die Absicht hat, die spezifischen und charakteristischen Merkmale der modernen Welt und ihrer Zeitlichkeit durch die Darstellung der Beziehung zwischen den Erfahrungsräumen und den Erwartungen zu beschreiben. In seiner Doktorarbeit hat Koselleck die Diagnose über den Beginn der modernen Welt auf die Beziehung zwischen aufklärerischer Kritik und politischer Krise zurückgeführt; 1959 wurde die Doktorarbeit verbessert und veröffentlicht. Nun wird die Genese der modernen Welt zur "Pathogenese der bürgerlichen Welt", also vor allem im Sinne einer Krankheit verstanden: die Krise der Moderne entspricht also einer Pathologie. Der Horizont des strukturellen Verhältnisses zwischen der Neuzeit und der Krise bleibt auch in den folgenden Schriften das Thema Kosellecks, wenn er sich mit der historischen Zeitlichkeit beschäftigt. Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes besteht darin, diese Beziehung zu rekonstruieren, und zwar darzustellen, wie Koselleck den auf den semantischen Raum der Krankheit und der Pathologie verweisenden Krisenbegriff als diagnostische und prognostische Kategorie verwendet, um die spezifische Natur der historischen Wandlung zur modernen Welt festzulegen.
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) was discovered in the 1980s as the precursor protein of the amyloid A4 peptide. The amyloid A4 peptide, also known as A-beta (Aβ), is the main constituent of senile plaques implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In association with the amyloid deposits, increasing impairments in learning and memory as well as the degeneration of neurons especially in the hippocampus formation are hallmarks of the pathogenesis of AD. Within the last decades much effort has been expended into understanding the pathogenesis of AD. However, little is known about the physiological role of APP within the central nervous system (CNS). Allocating APP to the proteome of the highly dynamic presynaptic active zone (PAZ) identified APP as a novel player within this neuronal communication and signaling network. The analysis of the hippocampal PAZ proteome derived from APP-mutant mice demonstrates that APP is tightly embedded in the underlying protein network. Strikingly, APP deletion accounts for major dysregulation within the PAZ proteome network. Ca2+-homeostasis, neurotransmitter release and mitochondrial function are affected and resemble the outcome during the pathogenesis of AD. The observed changes in protein abundance that occur in the absence of APP as well as in AD suggest that APP is a structural and functional regulator within the hippocampal PAZ proteome. Within this review article, we intend to introduce APP as an important player within the hippocampal PAZ proteome and to outline the impact of APP deletion on individual PAZ proteome subcommunities.
Background: Infection is a main cause of morbidity and mortality after heart surgery, with multi-resistant pathogens increasingly representing a challenge. Daptomycin provides bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms that are resistant to standard treatment including vancomycin.
Methods: A cohort of cardiac surgical patients, treated with daptomycin for major infection at two tertiary care centers, were retrospectively studied with a particular focus on the type of infection, causative pathogens and co-infections, daptomycin dosage, adverse events and outcome in order to provide evidence for the efficiency and safety of daptomycin in a distinct high-risk patient population.
Results: Sixty-five patients (87.7 % males, 60.4 ± 13.5 years) who had undergone aortic surgery (20.0 %), ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation (21.5 %), combined procedures (21.5 %), coronary artery bypass grafting (12.3 %), isolated valve surgery (15.4 %) and heart transplantation (7.7 %) were diagnosed with catheter-related infection (26.1 %), valve endocarditis (18.8 %), sternal wound (13.0 %), VAD-associated (11.6 %), cardiac implantable electrophysiological device (CIED)-associated (4.1 %), respiratory tract (4.3 %), bloodstream (4.3 %) and other infection (4.3 %). In 13.0 %, no focus of infection was identified though symptoms of severe infection were present. The most frequent pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis (30.4 %), Staphylococcus aureus (23.1 %) and Enterococcus species (10.1 %). Daptomycin doses ranging from 3 mg/kg every 48 h to 10 mg/kg every 24 h were administered for 15.4 ± 11.8 days. 87.0 % of the cases were classified as success, 7.2 % as treatment failure and 5.8 as non-evaluable. Adverse events were limited to one case of mild and one case of moderate neutropenia with recovery upon termination of treatment.
Conclusion: Daptomycin proved safe and effective in major infection in high-risk cardiac surgical patients.
A small collection of Odonata from Nuku Hiva Island, Marquesas Islands is presented. It adds Anax guttatus as a new species to this oceanic group. Hemicordulia sp. nov. is reported, but not described because the same species has been sampled before and is pending a formal description. A short taxonomic discussion on observed morphological similarity of male anal appendages in taxa presently assigned to Amorphostigma, Hivaagrion and Ischnura east of New Caledonia is provided. Important considerations for biogeography of the Pacific Odonata are discussed too.
New data on Odonata of the Guadalcanal Island, Solomon Islands are provided following a recently completed Rapid Biodiversity Assessment of the Tetena Haiaja ridge. Two new species, Lieftinckia ulunorum and Procordulia valevahalo are described.
The first is a new member of the Solomon Islands endemic genus while the second is a new genus for the country and the second validated species from the Corduliidae family known from this Pacific archipelago. As L. ulunorum is found to be very closely related to formerly known L. lairdi Lieftinck, 1963, which was also collected during the field trip, both are described in detail based on mature adults and teneral specimens. Comparison with L. salomonis Kimmins, 1957 (investigated only from figures published in the original species description) and Salomoncnemis gerdae Lieftinck, 1987 (also sampled during this study) were provided as well.
Additional morphological data is given on the following species: Teinobasis bradleyi Kimmins, 1957, female is illustrated here for the first time; Anax sp. cf. gibbosulus, second record of the genus for the country and Gynacantha amphora Marinov & Theischinger, 2012, originally described by a single male, here the description of the female is provided.
All other species collected during the field trip will be published separately in the final expedition report.
The results of a short collecting trip to Perlis in the northwest
of Peninsular Malaysia are reported. Eighty three species were collected, at least 61 of these are new records for the state, and three species are recorded from Malaysia for the first time: Euphaea
masoni Selys, 1879, Archibasis oscillans (Selys, 1877) and Paracercion calamorum (Ris, 1916). A checklist of the Odonata recorded from Perlis is given in an appendix.
This PhD thesis has been carried out within an interdisciplinary cooperational project between the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum and the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, which is dedicated to ancient Pb-Ag mining and metal production in the hinterland of the municipium Ulpiana in central Kosovo. Geochemical analysis (OM, XRD, EMP, MC-ICP-MS) of ores, metallurgical (by-) products and metal artefacts allowed to reconstruct the local chaîne opératoire and to decipher significant chronological differences between presumably Roman/late antique and medieval/early modern metallurgical processing. Pb isotope provenance studies documented the relevance of local metal production within the Roman Empire and confirmed the actual existence of a Metalla Dardanica district, which until now solely has been suspected on basis of epigraphy.
The predominant abundance of the by-products matte (Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn sulphides) and speiss (ferrous speiss: Fe-As compounds; base metal speiss: ~(Cu,Ni,Fe,Ag )x(Sb,Sn,As )y ) at smelting sites with a preliminary Roman/late antique dating points to treatment of complex polymetallic ore. Pb isotope analysis demonstrated that the mining district of Shashkoc-Janjevo (partially) supplied six of the ten investigated metallurgical sites. In this mineralisation, parageneses with elevated Cu, As and Sb abundances comprise significant proportions of particularly tennantite-tetrahedrite minerals, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and were generated during the early and main stages of ore formation. Later precipitated ore in contrast is marked by a significantly less versatile mineralogy and consists almost exclusively of galena, sphalerite and pyrite/marcasite. Besides increased Cu, As and Sb contents, ore from the main formation stage also exhibits generally higher Ag abundances, which are mainly hosted by fahlore and locally abundant secondary Cu sulphides (chalcocite, digenite and covellite) and oxidised phases (e.g. malachite, azurite). The higher precious metal grades of this ore type, whose geochemical signature (i.e. higher proportions of Cu, As and Sb) is mirrored by the abundance of the metallurgical by-products matte and speiss (almost exclusively found at potentially Roman/late antique smelting sites; see above), presumably were a pivotal factor leading to its preferential exploitation in earlier times. Matte and base metal-rich speiss contain notable amounts of Ag, which are mainly present in Cu-(Fe) sulphides and particularly antimonides ((Cu,Ni)2Sb, Ag3Sb), respectively. While the speiss compounds due to their close association with Pb bullion presumably were cupelled automatically, the metallurgical treatment of matte could not have been proven unambiguously, but overall certainly is highly likely.
The beneficiated ore (i.e. crushed and sorted, potentially also treated by more lavish techniques such as grinding, sieving or wet-mechanical methods) possibly was partially roasted and subsequently together with fluxes and charcoal submitted to the furnaces. The working temperatures approximately ranged between 1100 and 1400 °C. Slags from all presumably Roman/late antique dated and few of their potentially medieval/early modern analogues were produced from smelting of (partially roasted) ore with charcoal and added siliceous material, thus resulting in fayalite-dominant phase assemblages or rarely observed glassy parageneses. Even though several subtypes of fayalite slags have been established on basis of the abundance of Fe-rich oxide phases (i.e. spinel ss and wüstite), late clinopyroxene and the general solidification sequence of the slags, the process conditions (i.e. temperature, fO2, added fluxing agents) must have been widely similar; chemical variations could be explained by varying degrees of interaction of the slag melt with charcoal ash and furnace material. The other investigated metallurgical remains indicate employment of a calcareous flux, which led to formation of Ca-rich olivine-, olivine+clinopyroxene-, clinopyroxene- or melilite-type slags. These types as well as glassy slags were generated at more oxidising conditions outside the fayalite stability field (FMQ buffer equilibrium, cf. Lindsley, 1976) than their olivine-dominant analogues. Conclusions on the furnace construction could be drawn on basis of the typology of the slags, which mostly were tapped into a basin located outside the furnace, but partially (at two presumably medieval/early modern sites) also accumulated in a reservoir within the smelter.
Lead artefacts excavated in Ulpiana could be isotopically related to ores from mineralisations in its vicinity and demonstrate that the resources were at least utilised for local metal production. However, also ship wreck cargo from Israel - including several lead ingots with the inscription 'MET DARD' (Raban, 1999) - and late antique lead-glazed pottery from Serbia and Romania (Walton & Tite, 2010) could be related to a possible Kosovarian/Serbian provenance of the raw material and thus indicate flourishing trade of metal from the Metalla Dardanica district within the Roman Empire.
References:
Lindsley, D. H. (1976). Experimental studies of oxide minerals. In D. Rumble, III (Hrsg.), Oxide minerals (61-88). Reviews in Mineralogy, Volume 3. Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America.
Raban, A. (1999). The lead ingots from the wreck site (area K8). Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series, 35, 179-188.
Walton, M. S., & Tite, M. S. (2010). Production technology of Roman lead-glazed pottery and its continuance into late antiquity. Archaeometry, 52(5), 733-759.
Records of Odonata collected in the vicinity of the Borneo Highlands Resort on Gunung Penrissen in south western Sarawak in the period 2014-2016 are presented.
Notable records include new species of Telosticta Dow & Orr, 2012, Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 and Leptogomphus Selys, 1878, as well as the first record of the recently described genus Borneogomphus Karube & Sasamoto, 2014 from Sarawak.
We compare the cost effectiveness of two pronatalist policies:
(a) child allowances; and
(b) daycare subsidies.
We pay special attention to estimating how intended fertility (fertility before children are born) responds to these policies. We use two evaluation tools:
(i) a dynamic model on fertility, labor supply, outsourced childcare time, parental time, asset accumulation and consumption; and
(ii) randomized vignette-survey policy experiments.
We implement both tools in the United States and Germany, finding consistent evidence that daycare subsidies are more cost effective. Nevertheless, the required public expenditure to increase fertility to the replacement level might be viewed as prohibitively high.
We extend the classical ”martingale-plus-noise” model for high-frequency prices by an error correction mechanism originating from prevailing mispricing. The speed of price reversal is a natural measure for informational efficiency. The strength of the price reversal relative to the signal-to-noise ratio determines the signs of the return serial correlation and the bias in standard realized variance estimates. We derive the model’s properties and locally estimate it based on mid-quote returns of the NASDAQ 100 constituents. There is evidence of mildly persistent local regimes of positive and negative serial correlation, arising from lagged feedback effects and sluggish price adjustments. The model performance is decidedly superior to existing stylized microstructure models. Finally, we document intraday periodicities in the speed of price reversion and noise-to-signal ratios.
Stephan Günzel, dem Herausgeber des hier anzuzeigenden 'Lexikons der Raumphilosophie', verdankt die kulturwissenschaftliche Forschung zu Begriff und Metapher des Raumes eine Reihe bedeutsamer Publikationen. Den Auftakt bildete der zusammen mit Jörg Dünne herausgegebene Band 'Raumtheorie' aus dem Jahre 2006, eine klug und umsichtig eingeleitete Auswahl gleichsam kanonischer Texte zu Raum und Räumlichkeit. Diesem Reader trat drei Jahre später ein 'Raumwissenschaften' überschriebener, nunmehr von Günzel alleine verantworteter Band zur Seite, der eine stattliche Anzahl von Einzelbeiträgen verschiedener Autoren unterschiedlichster Disziplinen zusammenbrachte. Der Sammelband gab Einblick in den damaligen Stand kulturwissenschaftlicher Arbeit am Raum; vor allem machte er deutlich, welch hohe Relevanz die Diskussion um Begriff und Metapher des Raumes für die einzelnen Disziplinen und deren aktuelle Forschungsarbeit beanspruchen kann. Auf die Dokumentation der Quellen und den Maßstäbe setzenden Sammelband folgt nun also ein Wörterbuch - zusammen mit den beiden Vorgängerveröffentlichungen bildet das jüngst erschienene 'Lexikon' eine Trilogie des 'spatial turn' im Bereich der deutschsprachigen Forschung.
Zieht man die vergeblichen Versuche der Mediziner und Philosophen in Betracht, eine sowohl praktikable, theoretisch konsistente und ethisch vertretbare Definition von Krankheit zu erarbeiten, wird die Differenz von Krankheitsbegriff und -metapher insgesamt problematisch. Der aktuell gebräuchliche, systemtheoretische Krankheitsbegriff bezieht sich beispielsweise gar nicht mehr auf Lebewesen, sondern auf die Kopplung bio-psycho-sozialer Systeme. Die Bindestriche in diesem Begriff übernehmen gewissermaßen die Funktion der Metapher: den Sprung über Kategoriengrenzen. Wenn Metaphern in den Wissenschaften grundsätzlich keinen guten Ruf genießen, gilt dies insbesondere für Krankheitsmetaphern. Zuletzt ist ihre Bedeutung für die pseudo-medizinische Legitimation und Durchführung des Holocaust umfangreich erforscht worden. Mit dem Paradigmenwechsel von der Hygiene zur Bakteriologie wurden Krankheiten demnach nicht mehr auf äußere Umstände, sondern auf labortechnisch identifizierbare Kontagien zurückgeführt. Diese medizinische 'Visualisierung des Feindes', welche Robert Koch durch die Markierung von Gewebeschnitten mit Annelinfarbe entscheidend voranbrachte, bot zusammen mit der monokausalen und ontologisierenden Erklärung von Krankheiten große metaphorische Anschlussflächen für die (bio-)politischen Diskurse, die sich seit dem 19. Jahrhundert mehr und mehr mit der Sicherung und Steigerung des Lebens beschäftigten.
"Nichts ist variabler als die Bedeutung des Wortes Variabilität", meint Hugo de Vries 1901; und kaum etwas so mutabel wie die des Wortes 'Mutation'. Aber was heißt das schon? Weil wir, so Ludwik Fleck, "fortwährend Zeugen sind, wie 'Mutationen' des Denkstils eintreten"? Fleck führt 1935 die Mutationen ein, als er beschreibt, wie aus "Urideen" moderne Begrifflichkeit entsteht, indem etwa "[m]it einem Mal [...] unklar [wurde], was Art, was Individuum sein soll [...]." Sein wissensgeschichtlicher Bezug auf den seinerzeit bereits biologisch ausgewiesenen Begriff konzediert jedoch selbst einen Denkstil, demnach Erkenntnisse der Wissenschaften vom Leben, namentlich der Mutationstheorie, dazu taugen, kulturelle Entwicklungen zu kennzeichnen. Damit steht er freilich seinerzeit nicht allein. Soziologen, Historiker, Anthropologen, Literaturwissenschaftler und eben auch historische Epistemologen hatten sich dem Begriff der Mutation bereits massiv zugewandt. Maßgeblich nach Hugo de Vries' 'Die Mutationstheorie' (1901/1903) kehren plötzliche Wandlungen in der Konzeption von längeren Entwicklungsverläufen vermehrt in die Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften ein und stellen die Kontinuität von Arten, Ideen, Begriffen zur Disposition. Doch besieht man die Machart des Begriffs in diesem für die Mutationsforschung konstitutiven Buch, so zeigen sich statt einer sprunghaften begrifflichen Neubildung tatsächlich imposante historische Allianzen und intentionale, performative Umwertungen, die eben nicht jählings auf kollektiver Ebene, sondern auch durch einzelne Begriffsautoren einigermaßen aufwändig in einen 'neuen' Begriff überführt werden.
Expression of kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) is rapidly upregulated following tubular injury, constituting a biomarker for acute kidney damage. We examined the renal localization of Kim-1 expression in PKD/Mhm (polycystic kidney disease, Mannheim) (cy/+) rats (cy: mutated allel, +: wild type allel), an established model for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, with chronic, mainly proximal tubulointerstitial alterations. For immunohistochemistry or Western blot analysis, kidneys of male adult heterozygously-affected (cy/+) and unaffected (+/+) littermates were perfusion-fixed or directly removed. Kim-1 expression was determined using peroxidase- or fluorescence-linked immunohistochemistry (alone or in combination with markers for tubule segments or differentiation). Compared to (+/+), only in (cy/+) kidneys, a chronic expression of Kim-1 could be detected by Western blot analysis, which was histologically confined to an apical cellular localization in areas of cystically-transformed proximal tubules with varying size and morphology, but not in distal tubular segments. Kim-1 was expressed by cystic epithelia exhibiting varying extents of dedifferentiation, as shown by double labeling with aquaporin-1, vimentin or osteopontin, yielding partial cellular coexpression. In this model, in contrast to other known molecules indicating renal injury and/or repair mechanisms, the chronic renal expression of Kim-1 is strictly confined to proximal cysts. Its exact role in interfering with tubulo-interstitial alterations in polycystic kidney disease warrants future investigations.
Fit to play : posture and seating position analysis with professional musicians - a study protocol
(2017)
Background: Musical performance-associated musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are a common health problem among professional musicians. Considering the manifold consequences arising for the musicians, they can be seen as a threat for their professional activity. String players are the most affected group of musicians in this matter. Faults in upper body posture while playing the instrument, causing un-ergonomic static strain on the back and unergonomic limp-movements, are a main reason for musculoskeletal disorders and pain syndromes.
Methods: A total of 66 professional musicians, divided into three groups, are measured.
The division is performed by average duration of performance, intensity of daily exercise and professional experience. Video raster stereography, a three-dimensional analysis of the body posture, is used to analyse the instrument-specific posture. Furthermore the pressure distribution during seating is analysed. Measurements are performed because the musician is sitting on varying music chairs differing in structure and/or construction of the seating surface. The measurements take place in habitual seating position as well as during playing the instrument.
Results: To analyse the influence of different chairs, ANOVA for repeated measurements or Friedman-test is used, depending on normality assumptions. Comparison of posture between amateur musicians, students, and professional orchestral musicians is carried out the non-parametric Jonckheere-Terpstra-test.
Conclusions: Our method attempts to give the musicians indications for the right music chair choice by analyzing the chair concepts, so that thereby preemptively MSD can be reduced or prevented.
The critical debates of liberal peace are grounded in a "paradox of liberalism" (Sabaratnam 2013): Western liberalism is criticized as oppressive, colonial and bellicose, but also implicitly relied on as the source of emancipation. This has not rejected in a rejection of liberal interventionism, but rather in demands for more cultural sensitivity, more local participation or an efficient control to save the idea of liberal peace...
Die Wahlen über den Verbleib Großbritanniens in der EU haben die europäische Ordnung erschüttert. Der Vortrag/Die Präsentation soll nicht nur die Hintergründe beleuchten, sondern auch zeigen, welche Chancen die neue Situation eröffnet, Chancen, die es vorher so nicht gegeben hat...
Three basic elements should be part of researching in contexts where power asymmetries and colonial connotations are relevant (which applies to many, if not the majority of research contexts in conflict studies): a thorough reflexivity of the researcher’s own role and social conditioning, the construction of research as a political act as it intervenes in scientific and political discourse, and the fact that (especially empirical) research is a product of many (Kaltmeier 2012, Abu Lughod 1991)...
In my paper I claim that methodology inspired by postcolonial theory not only unearths how Western international institutions perpetuate hegemonic truth claims, but that at the same time engaging in a “learning to learn from below” might sense irritations within these truth claims which can open up spaces to think beyond truth in a sense of a justice to come. (Derrida 2002) Since the (mis)understanding of knowledge production as truth finding is constitutive of both, the scientific and the legal discourse, the engagement in such research accordingly has the potential to unfold a twofold deconstructive force...
"European" interventions
(2017)
While conflicts can be managed and resolved to the extent of peace keeping, evolving to state of peace and peace society is a far larger and challenging experience. The armed forces by definition and global practice are nurtured and trained to violence. However, it takes a lot more time and enough maturity and strength for a non-violent struggle...
Far-right parties gained considerable support in many European countries in recent years. Austria comes within a whisker of becoming the first country in the history of the European Union to elect a far-right president, Horbert Hofer, the candidate from the Freedom Party. Similarly, in France, Marie Le Pen is expected to be Front National’s (FN) candidate in the 2017 presidential election and probably to make it to the second round of voting...
Security, arms control, disarmament and confidence building measures in the Baltic sea region
(2017)
Taking into consideration the stalemete of all disarmament negotiations as well as the worsening situation in the Baltic Sea region, I would like to present another paper as well, discussing the security trends in the Baltic Sea region and the potential of confidence building measures in this region as well as to discuss in this context the prospects of arms control and disarmament in general as well as specifically in Europeparticularly in the Baltic Sea region...