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The essays collected in this volume are, by the depth of their analysis and the breath of their vision, indeed 'No Trifling Matter'. They are a chronicle of the events in contemporary Cameroonian society, especially as concerns the conduct of public affairs therein. Over and above its relevance for our own time, this chronicle will, in the decades that lie ahead, serve as a rich source of information, opinion and comment which future generations, anxious to understand the making of an era whose impact, positive or negative, is destined to survive long after the longest-living of its principal actors and actresses shall have disappeared from the face of the Earth, will find a great benefit. Rotcod Gobata has, through these essays, lit and placed on a pedestal, a candle whose flame shall never die and whose glow shall serve as a beacon to guide and to inspire generations yet unborn.
Forest Echoes
(2010)
Forest Echoes is a literary quilt revealing a mature poet bestriding generations as he patches together a people's culture, their philosophy, history, along with their attendant woes into a subtle, sometimes disillusioning even, yet purposeful and poignant whole. Nol Alembong is not afraid to be himself in this work: a scholar, teacher, parent, traditionalist and, above all, an Anglophone-Cameroonian. Whatever the case, these are magisterial and equally influential individual traits that have merged into a united whole in forging this poet's identity and concerns as evident from the thematic panorama of the poems. In 'Forest Echoes', the title poem, for example, one encounters a poet who, though steeped in his people's struggles, has been able to stand back, watch and evaluate the effects of the interactions of time, events, and society. It is this ability of his, as an involved yet detached observer, along with the trend of events that have scarred his people's lives, which have yielded the powerful emotions that he has assembled in this thematically lush, historically nostalgic, and overwhelmingly evocative collection.' - Dr. Emmanuel Fru Doh
On 30th December 2008, the President of Kenya, His Excellency Mwai Kibaki, assented to the controversial Kenya Communications (Amendment) Act 2008 which commenced on 2nd January 2009. This Presidential move had a deep impact on the long discussions, arguments and negotiations that were already in high gear by October 2006, when the Fourth Annual Ethics Conference on Media and the Common Good was held at Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya. The essays in this book make a case for media freedom as well as media responsibility. Let the media create a culture of truth. Let the media not forsake the citizens; let them seek and disseminate the truth; let them not destroy the education, virtues and faith for which so many have shed their blood in Kenya, Africa and elsewhere. May reason prevail, guided by wisdom towards Truth.
Leading the Night
(2010)
Deprived of being heard, people still have a voice. They make it heard in ways that disturb the status quo. This book is an engagement with such voices. Can Deni, Wairi, Yaadi, matatu people, militia people and taxi drivers in Kenya also ask 'Who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous?' as Nelson Mandela did. Why do two men wearing bling bling turn into two snakes dancing in Rika's imagination? The web of corruption is intricate. No-one can lead this night alone. It takes many constellations, each one twinkling in its own radius. Many rays of light dispel darkness. The peoples' good leadership alone can check politicians' terrible ways. Philo Ikonya is the author of two poetry anthologies, This Bread of Peace and Out if Prison.
One of the critical questions that Kenyans have continuously asked is what went wrong in January and February 2008 with the 'peace' they had hitherto enjoyed. There have not been readily available answers to this fundamental question. The collection of papers presented in this book attempt to provide, as a starting point, possible explanations for the events of early 2008 including key background issues in Kenyan history since pre-independence times. Based on a series of public lectures titled (Re)membering Kenya organized by the volume editors together with Twaweza Communications and sponsored by the Goethe-Institut Kenya, the Institute for International Education and The Ford Foundation the lecture series became a way of trying to get scholars to engage meaningfully with the Kenyan public on critical matters pertaining to their nationhood - even if this entailed first calling to question the 'lie' about the very ideas and practices upon which that nationhood is assumed to stand. A key lesson drawn from the unfolding discussions at the Goethe-Institut Kenya was that the 2007 elections' debacle was merely the cusp of momentous crises to do with among other issues, governance, law and order, Parliament's abdication of its role in ensuring accountability from the Executive, dilemmas of identity and socio-economic marginality. The book is the first of three volumes under the (Re)membering Kenya series whose overall objective is to cast some new light on the various trajectories that informed the happenings of January 2008. The present volume brings together some of the best interpretative writing and suggestions on pertinent questions, past and present, ranging from the architecture of Kenya's ethnicity, Kenyanness, generational competition, socialization and violence, iconic representations of identity to the ongoing debate on the efficacy of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC). It is hoped that the issues debated during the public lectures and documented herein will spur further discussions in other spaces within civil society organizations, among activists and in newspapers where the public might continue to expand their thinking on the complex task of (Re)membering Kenya.
Written in a clear, concise and engaging style this book presents the entire criminal process in a simple, yet authoritative and informative way. The core principles that underpin the criminal procedure, their rationale and assumptions are well articulated and critiqued. In addition the book presents by way of illustration a comprehensive range of the latest local judicial decisions.
This book seeks to help African Christian leaders to follow the notions of biblical leadership as servanthood and to train men and women with biblical and academic knowledge, which will be critical, practical, pastoral and applicable in the Kenyan context and participate in the discovery, transmission and preservation of knowledge and stimulate the intellectual life and cultural development of Kenya.
Studies have shown that the negative effects of credit market inefficiencies are most felt by smaller firms. Therefore, in countries such as Uganda, where micro enterprises are at the bottom of the economic pyramid, moral hazard and adverse selection severely affect their ability to access formal credit hence limiting their growth potential. Microfinance has been heralded for its use of innovative lending methods to improve access to credit. The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented increase in the outreach of micro lending institutions and the development of financial products suited to the needs of the economically active poor, who often, are unable to obtain credit from mainstream financial institutions. This book analyzes the law and economics theories on access to credit and enterprise finance and based on case studies in Uganda, presents empirical findings of the promise and limits of contractual innovations in micro credit.
This text broadly and comprehensively covers the area of law of succession in Kenya. It exposes the substantive succession legal regime applying in Kenya as well as the Kenyan probate practice. It is tailored specifically for the legal practitioner, the Magistrate and Judge and the law student William Musyoka holds L.L.B and LL.M degrees from the University of Nairobi. He is an Advocate of the High Court of Kenya and a law lecturer. He has taught the law of succession at the Kenya School of Law and is currently teaching the subject at the School of Law, University of Nairobi.
In most of Africa, there is evidence of politicised inter-ethnic rivalry and ethnic mobilisation to acquire, maintain or monopolise power as competition for resources intensify. This volume demonstrates how ethnic diversity can be managed at a number of levels in order to improve the lives of citizens. As the contributors show, ethnicity as an identity is fluid and malleable. It can be deconstructed in order to reduce its saliency. Evidently, strong ethnic affliation has also been viewed as a major barrier to human and economic development although ethnically bound welfare organisations do influence the economic and social life of citizens especially in the rural areas, In most of Africa, it is through ethnic identification that competition for influence in the state and in the allocation of resources becomes apparent. Occasionally, governments have sought to address this challenge through ethnic and regional balancing in political appointments. But this does not always work. Drawing on experiences from Eastern Africa and beyond, the contributors discuss how ethnic diversity can be a resource for the region.
Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
(2010)
Transport into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can be divided into a slow part (time-scale of several months to years) associated with the global-scale stratospheric residual circulation and a fast part (time-scale of days to a few months) associated with (mostly quasi-horizontal) mixing (i.e. two-way irreversible transport, including stratosphere-troposphere exchange). The stratospheric residual circulation can be considered to consist of two branches: a deep branch more strongly associated with planetary waves breaking in the middle to upper stratosphere, and a shallow branch more strongly associated with synoptic-scale waves breaking in the subtropical lower stratosphere. In this study the contribution due to the stratospheric residual circulation alone to transport into the LMS is quantified using residual circulation trajectories, i.e. trajectories driven by the (time-dependent) residual mean meridional and vertical velocities. This contribution represents the advective part of the overall transport into the LMS and can be viewed as providing a background onto which the effect of mixing has to be added. Residual mean velocities are obtained from a comprehensive chemistry-climate model as well as from reanalysis data. Transit times of air traveling from the tropical tropopause to the LMS along the residual circulation streamfunction are evaluated and compared to recent mean age of air estimates. A clear time-scale separation with much smaller transit times into the mid-latitudinal LMS than into polar LMS is found that is indicative of a clear separation of the shallow from the deep branch of the residual circulation. This separation between the shallow and the deep circulation branch is further manifested in a clear distinction in the aspect ratio of the vertical to meridional extent of the trajectories as well as the integrated mass flux along the residual circulation trajectories. The residual transit time distribution reproduces qualitatively the observed seasonal cycle of youngest air in the extratropical LMS in fall and oldest air in spring.
Die akustische Mikroskopie stellt ein neuartiges bildgebendes Verfahren zur zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung dar, das erst seit kurzem in der Medizin eingesetzt wird und bei dem reflektierte Ultraschallwellen zur Bilderzeugung verwendet werden. Auf diese Weise können neue Informationen bezüglich der Materialparameter des untersuchten Gewebes erlangt werden. Neben einer enorm großen Bandbreite an möglichen Auflösungen bietet diese Technik die Möglichkeit, opake Objekte zu durchdringen und ihr Inneres abzubilden. Durch seine nicht-destruktive Art und die Notwendigkeit einer Kopplungsflüssigkeit bietet diese mikroskopische Methode zudem die Option lebende Zellen und Gewebe zu untersuchen. Das Ziel der durchgeführten Arbeit war es, die Interpretation von akustischen Bildern des menschlichen Gewebes zu erleichtern. Zu diesem Zweck analysierten wir SAM-Abbildungen von Knochengewebe im Vergleich zu anderen Untersuchungsverfahren. Neben einer qualitativen Bewertung der Morphologie gleichartiger Strukturen wurden ausgedehnte morphometrische Messungen und energiedispersive Röntgenanalysen durchgeführt. Als Methoden für den qualitativen Vergleich wurden konventionelle mikroskopische Techniken wie Polarisations-, Fluoreszenz-, Durchlicht-, Auflicht- und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie sowie Mikroradiographie vergleichend verwendet. Der morphometrische Vergleich erfolgte zwischen ultraschall- und auflichtmikroskopisch erzeugten Abbildungen. Weiterhin wurde die Beziehung zwischen akustischen Grauwertdarstelllungen und energiedispersiven Röntgenanalysen bewertet. Als Untersuchungsmaterial dienten Mandibulaknochen von sieben Beagle-Hunden. Die Mandibula eines jeden Hundes wurde beidseits mittels Osteoskalpell nach Sachse (Bien Air, CH-Biel) und CO2-Laser (entwickelt im Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, D-Bonn) am Margo ventralis im unbezahnten Kieferabschnitt osteotomiert. Nach einer dreiwöchigen Heilungsphase wurden die Knochen entnommen und vor der Schnittfertigung in Polymethylmethacrylat eingebettet. Beim qualitativen Vergleich der Morphologie gleichartiger Strukturen fanden sich bei SAM-Abbildungen und bei Aufnahmen, die mit den anderen mikroskopischen Techniken erzeugt wurden, weitgehende Übereinstimmungen hinsichtlich gröberer morphologischer Merkmale wie Umriss, flächiger Ausdehnung und Lage von Perforationen. Diese Gemeinsamkeiten konnten sowohl an Kallusgewebe als auch an osteonalem Knochen beobachtet werden. Unterschiede fanden sich hinsichtlich feinerer morphologischer Merkmale wie der geometrischen Übereinstimmung im Detail und der flächigen Ausdehnung bei höherer Vergrößerung. Zudem stellte sich die Binnenstruktur von Kallus und osteonalem Knochengewebe differenzierter dar als mit Hilfe der anderen mikroskopischen Techniken. Morphometrische Messungen zeigten, dass Strukturen, die im Bereich des Osteotomiespalts gemessen worden waren, im Ultraschallbild tendenziell größer abgebildet werden als in Auflichtaufnahmen. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden Strukturen im Bereich des kortikalen Knochens im ultraschallmikroskopischen Bild eher unterschätzt. Diese Ungenauigkeit bei der Abbildung von Strukturen im Ultraschallbild lässt sich am ehesten dadurch erklären, dass durch unterschiedliche Eindringtiefen des Ultraschalls auch unterschiedlich dicke Ebenen der Probe abgebildet werden. Wird eine dickere Schicht der Probe durch das akustische Mikroskop dargestellt als durch das Auflichtmikroskop, so kann es zu einer Überschätzung der Strukturen kommen und umgekehrt. Anhand energiedispersiver Röntgenanalysen konnte ebenfalls gezeigt werden, dass die Zunahme des Calcium- bzw. des Phosphorgehalts nicht alleine eine Aufhellung der Grautöne im Ultraschallbild verursachen kann. Auch der Vergleich mit Abbildungen der Elektronenmikroskopie ließ Unterschiede der Grauwerte erkennen. Demzufolge wird das akustische Bild nicht nur durch den Mineralgehalt, die Dichte und die atomare Zusammensetzung des Knochengewebes beeinflusst. Damit konnte mit der vorliegenden Untersuchung nachgewiesen werden, dass die Ultraschallmikroskopie ein neuartiges Verfahren darstellt, mit dem sich Knochen nicht nur in seiner Mikrostruktur morphologisch darstellen lässt, sondern mit der sich auch neuartige Informationen über funktionelle Parameter auf Nanoebene gewinnen lassen. Die Bedeutung dieser enormen Möglichkeiten sind im Moment noch nicht abschätzbar, weitere Untersuchungen müssen folgen.
Es gilt als erwiesen, dass nach Zahnextraktion die Resorption des Bündelknochens unvermeidlich ist. Dies kann einen horizontalen und vertikalen Knochenverlust zur Folge haben, der ein erhebliches Problem für eine spätere dentale Implantation darstellt. Nachdem die Therapiemethode der Sofortimplantation nicht immer die gewünschten Ergebnisse gezeigt hat, scheint das Konzept der Socket Preservation, bei dem unmittelbar nach Extraktion eine Augmentation der Alveole durchgeführt wird, ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Lösung dieses klinischen Problems zu sein. Ziel dieser Studie war es, anhand von Patientenfällen zu klären, inwieweit bei Alveolen mit bukkalem Knochendefekt nach Zahnextraktion durch gesteuerte Knochenregeneration im Sinne einer Ridge Augmentation der Alveolarknochen erhalten werden und einem Kollaps der Hart- und Weichgewebe und der damit verbundenen narbigen Defektheilung vorgebeugt werden kann. Es wurden an 10 Patienten 11 Alveolen mit der Ridge Preservation Technik versorgt. Nach erfolgter Befundaufnahme und Aufklärung des Patienten wurde der betreffende Zahn extrahiert. Danach wurden die Breite der keratinisierten lingualen und bukkalen Gingiva gemessen sowie die Höhe und der Durchmesser der Alveole bestimmt. Im Anschluß erfolgte die Messung der Distanz zwischen der Höhe des Alveolarkamms im Zentrum der Alveole und der Höhe der Schmelz-‐ Zementgrenze des Nachbahrzahnssowie der Distanz zwischen der angrenzenden Fläche des Nachbahrzahnes und dem Zentrum der Alveole. Zum Abschluss wurde die horizontale und vertikale Ausdehnung des bukkalen Knochendefekts bestimmt. Dann wurde die Augmentation der Alveole mit Geistlich Bio Oss® Collagen und mit einer Bio Gide® Membran durchgeführt. Die Wundheilung wurde kontrolliert und dokumentiert. Nach 3 bis 6 Monaten Ausheilungszeit wurde die Implantation durchgeführt, wobei die oben beschriebenen Messungen nochmals durchgeführt und mit den Daten der ersten Operation verglichen wurden. Mittels einer Trepanbohrung wurde eine Biopsie gewonnen, die zunächst makroskopisch untersucht und dann zur histologischen Aufbereitung in ein klinisch-chemisch-histologisches Labor geschickt wurde. Alle Operationen verliefen erfolgreich ohne postoperative Wundheilungsstörungen und ohne Verlust einer Membran oder von Knochenersatzmaterial. Sowohl das Weichgewebe wie auch die knöchernen Strukturen zeigten in wenigen Fällen nur leichte Verluste. Das Profil des Alveolarkamms blieb somit in der überwiegenden Zahl der Fälle nahezu gänzlich erhalten. Bei 10 von 11 Alveolen (91%) konnte aufgrundder vollständigen Regeneration des bukkalen Knochendefekts ein Implantat ohne weitere Augmentation inseriert werden. Die makroskopische Auswertung der bei der Implantation gewonnen Biopsien ergab keine Auffälligkeiten. Die histologischeUntersuchung der Präparate zeigte neben bindegewebigen Einschlüssen des Biomaterials vorwiegend Bio Oss® -‐ Partikel, die vollständig von neu gebildetem Knochen umgeben waren und direkten Kontakt zu diesem hatten, was auf einen Einbau des Knochenersatzmaterials in den neu gebildeten Knochen hindeutet. Die histometrische Auswertung ergab, dass in den regenerierten Alveolen der flächenmäßige Anteil an Bindegewebe und Knochenmark überwog. Die Resorption der Bio Oss® -Partikel verlief unabhängig von der Zeitspanne der Ausheilung und war bis auf wenige Ausnahmen auch nach 6 Monaten noch nicht abgeschlossen. Auf Grundlage der gewonnen Ergebnisse lässt sich somit eine Therapieempfehlung für die Praxis ableiten. Die Augmentation einer Alveole mit bukkalem Knochendefekt mittels Bio Oss® Collagen und Bio Gide® führt mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit sowohl zu einer vollständigen Regeneration des knöchernen Defekts als auch zu einemErhalt des Alveolarkammprofils und kann damit einer narbigen Ausheilung vorbeugen. Eine Implantation erscheint allerdings aufgrund der langsamen Resorption von Bio Oss® erst nach 6 Monaten Ausheilungszeit sinnvoll zu sein.
A Practical Guide to Understanding Ciyawo has been developed over fourteen years and systematically explains for the novice the important aspects of Ciyawo grammar for effective communication. A practical grammar guide, the instruction is accessible, giving the basics of pronunciation, to building verb tenses, to ways of combining the different elements of the language in order to form sentences.
Bulozi under the Luyana Kings : Political Evolution and State Formation in Pre-Colonial Zambia
(2010)
Bulozi under the Luyana Kings is a study of the Lozi Kingdom in Western Zambia in the pre-colonial period. The study traces the origins of the Luyana and the Lozi people; the founding of the Luyana Central Kingship and the invasion by the Makololo in the mid-nineteenth century; and ends with the study of the Lozi response to European intrusion at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Bulozi under the Luyana Kings was first published in 1973 by Longman, London. After wide consultations at home and abroad, the book is now republished in its original form.
Exhumed, Tried and Hanged
(2010)
Exhumed, Tried and Hanged elucidates the abuse of folk good faith and ignorance by a conceited, ruthless and grasping leadership that sows carnage among the natives of Etambeng, culminating in unprecedented exodus, untold suffering and death of the people in neighbouring villages. Upon the death of the perpetrator the few returnees are made to listen to the gruesome stories of how the aggrieved children of his victims took revenge on his corpse.
A Dictionary of Popular Bali Names is an exceptional minefield of Chamba names, meticulously assembled and expatiated for the curious user. As a pioneer in the field of dictionary-writing in the Cameroon grassfields, Fokwang's third edition counts for more than a regular dictionary. It skilfully combines a short history of the Chamba people in Cameroon as well as ethnographic issues on the naming ritual. John Fokwang's work stands in a class of its own and will serve as reference material for people of Chamba descent and those who favour the use of African names in general. This edition is an exceptionally worthy contribution to the ethnography of the Cameroon grassfields and of course, the growing literature and interest on African names and languages.
This book was first published as a two-part essay in 1965 and 1967 in ABBIA - Cameroon Cultural Review - under the title 'Idea of Culture'. Its main argument is that indigenous Africans cultures must be the foundation on which the modern African cultural structure should be raised; the soil into which the new seed should be sown; the stem into which the new scion should be grafted; the sap that should enliven the entire organism. This culture, the object of imperialist mockery and rejected, needs rehabilitation. However, such rehabilitation of African culture cannot be a mere archaeological enterprise. It will not answer to dig up the past and live it as it was. Not only is African culture not without its imperfections, times change and African culture must adapt itself, at every turn, to the changing times. In restoring African culture, it is imperative to steer clear of two extremes: on the one hand, the imperialist arrogance which declared everything African as only fit for the scrap-heap and the dust-bin, and, on the other hand, the overly enthusiastic and rather naive tendency to laud every aspect of African culture as if it were the quintessence of human achievement.
Chopchair
(2010)
The extremely irritable and quick-tempered chieftain, Akendong II has 14 children, all girls, and is saddened by the fact that he has no chopchair, a male heir to his throne. Then news comes to him that his favourite wife has given birth to a pair of twins, boys. He is even more angered by the fact that he has two heirs, a source of trouble for his kingdom. To avoid his wrath, his councillors change the story, sending away one of the boys to grow in hiding. Learning of the truth about his birth 15 years afterwards, the prince in hiding returns, kidnaps the palace prince and demands his full share of the kingdom. His will is done, but at a very great cost to the chief's peace of mind and relationship with his people. This is by far the shortest of Asong's novels and the least complicated by comparison. But the conflicts, the hallmarks of his art are still there, so also is his breathtaking suspense.