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Gegenstand meines Beitrags sind solche Satzgefüge, die einen Matrixsatz M und einen unmittelbar untergeordneten Nebensatz N enthalten, die folgende Bedingungen erfüllen: a) M muss in einem Vergangenheitstempus, N dagegen im Präsens bzw. Futur stehen; b) die Prädikate von M und N müssen in der dritten Person stehen; c) bei N muss es sich um einen Vergleichssatz handeln, dessen Prädikat als finites Verb das Modalverb 'suln ' enthält. Meine These lautet, dass sich mit Hilfe dieser verhältnismäßig einfachen Definition hinreichend präzise eine formelhafte Wendung erfassen lässt, die sich seit Hartmann von Aue in der mittelhochdeutschen erzählenden Literatur etabliert hat und überwiegend moraldidaktischen Charakter trägt. Ihre genauere Beschreibung ist das Ziel meines Beitrags, wobei ich, ausgehend von den ‘unscharfen Rändern’, in einer Art Spiralbewegung das Zentrum der besagten sprachlichen ‘Verdichtung’ einzukreisen hoffe. Mein Textkorpus umfasst rund 75 deutschsprachige erzählende Texte aus der Zeit von 1150 bis 1300, die den Bereichen der Heldenepik, der sogenannten Spielmannsepik, der Karlsepik, der höfischen Legendenepik, des Antikenromans, des Tristanromans, des Artusromans sowie des nichtarthurischen Liebes- und Abenteuerromans zugehören. Einschränkend ist hinzuzufügen, dass ich mich in meiner Untersuchung auf die Stimme des extradiegetischen Erzählers beschränke, Figurenrede also außer Acht lasse.
Wert/Preis
(2005)
[Volker Mertens] will den im Berliner Ms.germ.fol. 640 (Tristan-Hs. P, Eilhart-Hs. D) überlieferten Tristan-Roman als Ganzes interpretieren und [beschreibt] zu diesem Zweck zuerst die Textgestalt beider Komponenten. Die Komplexität von Gottfrieds Konzeption, ihre gewollte Ambivalenz ist im Berliner ‚Tristan’ zwar reduziert, aber nicht aufgegeben. Gottfried stellt die Uneindeutigkeit durch die Spannung von Erzählfabel und Kommentar einerseits und innerhalb der Kommentare durch sprachliche Momente her – dem gegenüber bedeutet die Eilhart-Fortsetzung allerdings eine Vereindeutigung, die nachträglich auch das Verständnis Gottfrieds überformt und die Ambivalenz reduziert. Der Verzicht auf jegliche Kommentierung bedeutet aber auch einen Appell an die Offenheit für Verstehensmöglichkeiten seitens des Lesers. Diese sind durch Ausdeutung der Fabel bereits sensibilisiert und präformiert und können dann bei der Lektüre des abschließenden Eilhart-Textes aktualisiert werden. Sein Schluß in seiner lapidaren Eindringlichkeit ist gar nicht so weit von Thomas’ überliefertem Ende – der ganze konsolatorische Apparat Ulrichs und Heinrichs bleibt ja weitgehend ausgespart. Der schaden für Gottfrieds ‚Tristan’ in der Berliner Fassung ist nicht so groß, wie es aufs erste scheint: seine kunstliche geschichte wirkt wie der Trank auch nach dem Tode des Autors weiter und gibt dem Eilhart-Schluß eine Minne-Konzeption vor, die Heil und Heil-Losigkeit der Geschlechterliebe umgreift.
Westthrakien zwischen Europa und Asien : die musivische Grundordnung einer griechischen Region
(2013)
Dass sich Europa nach Osten verschoben hat, ist in einem doppelten Sinn richtig: Erstens wurde die Europäische Union in den letzten beiden Erweiterungen - 2004 um die Luxemburg-Gruppe, 2007 um Bulgarien und Rumänien - nach Osten hin erweitert. Zweitens hat die Erweiterung der EU um frühere Ostblockstaaten vor Augen geführt, dass Europa nach Westen hin zwar aufhört, nach Osten hin aber erweiterungsfähig ist. Nachdem es ein halbes Jahrhundert lang geglaubt hat, mit Amerika einen Teil der 'westlichen Welt' zu bilden, merkt Europa, dass es tatsächlich durch eine große Landmasse mit dem Osten verbunden ist, vom Westen aber durch die Weiten des atlantischen Ozeans getrennt. Europa wurde nach dem Lüften des Eisernen Vorhangs also nicht nur um einige östliche Staaten erweitert. Es hat sich als Ganzes nach Osten verschoben. An eine Ostgrenze war Europa allerdings schon 1981 bei seiner ersten Osterweiterung gestoßen: Spätestens hinter Griechenland, genauer gesagt hinter Thrakien, einer Landschaft, die den nordöstlichen Teil Griechenlands umfasst, die südliche Hälfte Bulgariens und den europäischen Teil der Türkei, begann der Orient, begann Asien. Unter Kaiser Claudius wurde die Landschaft im Jahr 46 nach den Stämmen der Thraker benannt und zur römischen Provinz geformt. Als das römische Reich 395 in zwei Teile zerfiel, wurde Thrakien zur Schlussetappe auf dem Weg von Rom nach Konstantinopel, vom westlichen Rom nach dem zweiten Rom. Wie weit sich die EU schon damals, 1981, den Orient ins europäische Haus holte, war wohl nur den wenigsten bewusst. Denn Griechenland grenzt nicht nur an die Türkei, mit Westthrakien hat es Anteil an der Kulturlandschaft Thrakien, die zwar in Europa liegt, deren Grundordnung allerdings vom Osten her bestimmt ist.
This paper presents a preliminary survey of the positions and prosodies associated with Wh-questions in two Bantu languages spoken in Malawi. The paper shows that the two languages are similar in requiring focused subjects to be clefted. Both also require 'which' questions and 'because of what' questions to be clefted or fronted. However, for other non-subjects Tumbuka rather uniformly imposes an IAV (immediately after the verb) requirement, while Chewa does not. In both languages, we found a strong tendency for there to be a prosodic phrase break following the Wh-word. In Tumbuka, this break follows from the general phrasing algorithm of the language, while in Chewa, I propose that the break can be best understood as following from the inherent prominence of Wh-words.
Wh-questions in Malagasy
(2004)
Wh-questions in Malagasy consist of a clause-initial wh-phrase followed by an invariant particle and then the remainder of the clause. This paper considers the structural analysis of Malagasy wh-questions and argues for a biclausal cleft analysis in which the initial wh-phrase is a predicate and the remaining material is a headless relative in subject position. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces some basic facts about Malagasy clause structure and wh-questions. Section 3 lays out two competing structural analyses of wh-questions: the cleft analysis and a fronting analysis in which Malagasy wh-questions are derived by wh-movement. Section 4 introduces various evidence in favor of the pseudocleft analysis and against the fronting analysis. Section 5 concludes.
The goal of this paper is to survey the accent systems of the indigenous languages of Africa. Although roughly one third of the world’s languages are spoken in Africa, this continent has tended to be underrepresented in earlier stress and accent typology surveys, like Hyman (1977). This one aims to fill that gap. Two main contributions to the typology of accent are made by this study of African languages. First, it confirms Hyman's (1977) earlier finding that (stem-)initial and penult are the most common positions, cross-linguistically, to be assigned main stress. Further, it shows that not only stress but also tone and segment distribution can define prominence asymmetries which are best analyzed in terms of accent.
What are incremental themes?
(2001)
In this paper I examine the approach to incremental themes developed in Krifka 1992,1998, Dowty 1991 and others, which argues that the extent of a telic event is determined by the extent of its incrementally affected theme. This approach identifies the defining property of an accomplishment event as being the fact that the theme relation is a homomorphism from parts of the event to parts of the (incremental) theme. I show that there are a large number of accomplishments, both lexical and derived via resultative predication, which cannot be characterised in this way. I then show that it is more insightful to characterise accomplishments in terms of their internally complex structure: an accomplishment event consists of a non-incremental activity event and an incrementally structured 'BECOME' event, which are related by a contextually available one-one function in such a way that the incremental structure of the latter is imposed on the activity.
According to standard Binding Theory, pronouns and reflexives are in (nearly) complementary distribution. However, representational NPs (e.g. 'picture of her/herself') allow both. It has been suggested that in English, reflexives in representational NPs (RNPs) have a preference for 'sources of information' and that pronouns prefer 'perceivers of information.' We conducted two experiments investigating the effects of structural and non-structural (source/perceiver) factors on the interpretation of two kinds of RNP structures in a typologically different language, namely Finnish. Our results reveal source/perceiver effects for postnominal but not for prenominal RNPs in Finnish, with a difference in the degree of sensitivity that pronouns and reflexives exhibit to the source/perceiver manipulation, and our results also suggest that morphological differences in Finnish reflexives correspond to interpretation differences. As a whole, these results support a multiple-factor model of reference resolution, which assumes that multiple factors can play a role in reference resolution and that the relative contributions of these factors can be different for different anaphoric forms (Kaiser 2003b, Kaiser & Trueswell in press).
What is abductive inference?
(2002)
Abductive reasoning: constitutes according to Peirce the "first stage" of scientific inquiries (CP 6.469) and of any interpretive processes. "Abduction" is the process of adopting an explanatory hypothesis (CP 5.145) and covers two operations: the selection and the formation of plausible hypotheses. As process of finding premisses, it is the basis of interpretive reconstruction of causes and intentions, as well as of inventive construction of theories.
The current study investigates the relation between aspect and particle verbs in the acquisition of English. Its purpose is to determine whether children associate telicity, as argued in previous studies, or rather perfectivity, which entails completion of a telic situation, with their early particle verb use. The study analyzes naturalistic data of four monolingual children between 1;6 and 3;8 from CHILDES acquiring English as their first language. On the one hand, it finds that children use both –ed and irregular perfective morphology with simplex verbs before particle verbs. They further use imperfective before perfective morphology with particle verbs. These findings suggest that there is no correlation between telic particle verbs and perfective morphology, as would have been predicted on an account which claims that lexical aspect of predicates guides the acquisition of grammatical aspect (Olsen & Weinberg 1999). On the other hand, the study finds that the children’s particle verbs denote telic situations from early on, but not half of them were used to refer to situations that are also completed. This finding questions analyses which claim that, at an initial stage, children will only interpret predicates as telic if they refer to situations that are at the same time completed. Completion information is not necessary for children in order to use particle verbs correctly for telic situations, as would have been predicted on an extended account along the lines of Wagner (2001). As a conclusion, it is suggested that the divergent findings result from a difference in methodology. While restrictions of perfective and imperfective morphology to particular classes of lexical aspect pertain to the production of grammatical aspect morphology, perfective and imperfective viewpoints on situations pertain to the level of interpretation of telic and atelic situations.
In this paper I show that the different case marking possibilities on predicate adjectives in depictive secondary predicates in Russian constitute the uninterpretable counterpart of the interpretable tense and aspect features of the adjective. Case agreement entails that the predicate adjective is non-eventive, i.e., it occurs when the event time of the secondary predicate is identical to the event time of the primary predicate. The instrumental case, however, entails that the secondary predicate is eventive: some change of state or transition occurred prior to or during the event time of the primary predicate. I claim that case agreement occurs in conjoined tense phrases in Russian, while the instrumental case occurs in adjoined aspectual phrases. In English, secondary predication is sensitive both to the structural location of its antecedent and to the event structure of the primary predicate. I suggest that depictives with subject antecedents in English are true adjunction structures, while those with direct object antecedents occur in a conjoined aspectual phrase. This hypothesis finds support in the different movement and semantic constraints in conjunction versus adjunction phrases in both English and Russian.
This chapter examines the meaning of the term 'aperire' ('to open') in the schools of the twelfth century and within early scholastic thought. It argues for a shift from a traditional understanding of opening as a revelation received from God, towards a more technical definition of opening as applying dialectical logic to a text. The act of opening was employed polemically, both in debates between scholastic masters and to distinguish Christian from Jewish exegetical practices.
In this paper I investigate the properties of the copula-like verb 'ficar' in Brazilian Portuguese using Pustejovsky's generative lexicon (GL). The verb 'ficar' can be translated as 'stay' or 'become', depending on its complement. With locatives, only the STAY reading is possible. With adjectival complements, both BECOME and STAY readings are possible. I propose that 'ficar' takes an eventuality as its complement and I argue that there is no need to create multiple lexical entries for it, since the readings are the result of the possible combinations between the transition denoted by 'ficar' and the properties of the stative complements.
I argue that the BECOME reading with adjectival predicates is the result of combining part of the qualia of the adjectival predicate with the TRANSITION of 'ficar'. The STAY readings of 'ficar'+adjective are the result of shadowing the transition. In the case of 'ficar'+locative, the BECOME reading is unavailable. Departing from the hypothesis that subevents have to be linked to arguments in order to be able to be modified by certain types of modifiers or be selected by certain types of heads, I argue that the transition, in the case of locative complements, is not associated to any argument because nothing in the qualia of the locative complement is compatible with a transition, given that there is not motion component in either 'ficar' or the locative. Unlinked to any argument, the TRANSITION can only be part of the 'constant' meaning of the verb, which explains why it is not available for modification.
This paper revisits the question of whether propositions in situation semantics must be persistent (Kratzer (1989)). It shows that ignoring persistence causes empirical problems to theories which use quantification over minimal situations as a solution for donkey anaphora (Elbourne (2005)), while at the same time modifying these theories to incorporate persistence makes them incompatible with the use of situations for contextual restriction (Kratzer (2004)).
Sophie-C. Hartisch untersucht die Funktion der Konstellationsmetapher im Diskurs der geisteswissenschaftlichen Selbstbeschreibungen im frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Die doppelte Grundlagenkrise sowohl der Naturwissenschaften als auch der historisch arbeitenden Geisteswissenschaften bewirken in ihren Augen die Attraktivität eines Denkens in 'Konstellationen'. Mit der (streng genommen) falschen Suggestion eines sogenannten 'Sternbildes' würden abstrakte Strukturen vermeintlich anschaulich und könne Totalität als "Kippfigur zwischen Werden und Darstellung" repräsentiert werden, die die Ganzes-Teil-Problematik neu konfiguriere. Zwar verspreche die 'Konstellation', die Geisteswissenschaften mittels einer Anlehnung an die Astronomie gegen die zeitgenössischen Naturwissenschaften zu profilieren. Allerdings ist die für die Konstellation zentrale Kategorie der 'Bedeutsamkeit' (der Sterne) keine astronomische, sondern eine astrologische Vorstellung. Die als Pseudowissenschaft verpönte Astrologie wird in den Geisteswissenschaften unter der Hand zum Garanten für die Legitimität und Objektivität historisch ausgerichteter Wissenschaften.
This paper demonstrates that there are no empirical and theoretical motivations for regarding verbal predicate focus constructions as (diachronically) derived from cleft constructions. Instead, it is argued that predicate fronting for the purpose of focus or topic is comparable to verb (phrase) fronting structures in other languages (e.g., Germanic). The proposed analysis further indicates that related doubling strategies observed in certain languages are the consequences of parallel chains that license the fronted verb (phrase) in the left periphery, and the Agree-tense-aspect features inside the proposition.
When we pay close attention to the prosody of Wh-questions in Japanese, we discover many novel and interesting empirical puzzles that would require us to devise a much finer syntactic component of grammar. This paper addresses the issues that pose some problems to such an elaborated grammar, and offers solutions, making an appeal to the information structure and sentence processing involved in the interpretation of interrogative and focus constructions.