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This paper investigates the magnitude and the main determinants of share price reactions to buy-back announcements of German corporations. For our comprehensive sample of 224 announcements that took place between May 1998 and April 2003 we find average cumulative abnormal returns around -7.5% for the thirty days preceding the announcement and around +7.0 % for the ten days following the announcement. We regress post-announcement abnormal returns with multiple firm characteristics and provide evidence which supports the undervaluation signaling hypothesis but not the excess cash hypothesis or the tax-efficiency hypothesis. In extending prior empirical work, we also analyze price effects from initial statements of firms that they intend to seek shareholder approval for a buy-back plan. Observed cumulative abnormal returns on this initial date are in excess of 5% implying a total average price effect between 12% and 15% from implementing a buy-back plan. We conjecture that the German regulatory environment is the main reason why market variations to buy-back announcements are much stronger in Germany than in other countries and conclude that initial statements by managers to seek shareholders’ approval for a buy-back plan should also be subject to legal ad-hoc disclosure requirements.
We show that multi-bank loan pools improve the risk-return profile of banks’ loan business. Banks write simple contracts on the proceeds from pooled loan portfolios, taking into account the free-rider problems in joint loan production. Thus, banks benefit greatly from diversifying credit risk while limiting the efficiency loss due to adverse incentives. We present calibration results that the formation of loan pools reduce the volatility in default rates, proxying for credit risk, of participating banks’ loan portfolios by roughly 70% in our sample. Under reasonable assumptions, the gain in return on equity (in certainty equivalent terms) is around 20 basis points annually.
National borders in Europe have been opening since 1992 and the Union is expanding to embrace more countries prompting enterprises to consider alternative and more attractive locations outside their home country to handle part of their activities (Van Dijk and Pellenbarg, 2000; Cantwell and Iammarino, 2002). International relocation is becoming more and more popular even for small and medium-sized firms that are involved in a growing internationalisation process, mirroring the path of multinational enterprises. Italy, like other industrialised countries, is experiencing a fragmentation of the production chain: firms tend to shift high labour-intensive manufacturing activities to areas characterised by an abundance of low-cost labour (i.e. Central Eastern Europe, India, South East Asia, Latin America, Russia and Central Asia). The internationalisation process by Italian district SMEs has assumed significant dimensions. It has become a relevant topic in recent economic debate because of its consequences for the local context and, in particular, the implication for the survival of the Italian district model (see, among others, Becattini, 2002; Rullani, 1998 and Cor, 2000). The purpose of the paper is twofold: it aims at (i) identifying the managerial approaches to the internationalisation process adopted by the Italian district SMEs and by the Industrial District (ID) itself and (ii) at investigating whether the international delocalisation to the South Eastern European countries (SEECs) constitutes a threat or an opportunity for the Italian district model. The paper is organised as follows. The general introduction is followed by a description of the evolution of the internationalisation processes in Italy over the last three decades. Section three presents a discussion of the internationalisation strategies adopted by Italian SMEs. Section four focuses on the internationalisation process of the Italian industrial districts SMEs. A review of the studies on the subject is offered in section five. Section six presents a qualitative study on the internationalisation process as undergone by sports shoes manufacturers in the Montebelluna district, in north-east Italy. This study shows different managerial strategies to the internationalisation process and emphasises that the motivations can evolve over time, from originally cost-saving to increasingly market-oriented or global strategies. On the basis of a literature review, section seven investigates whether internationalisation constitutes a threat (i.e. loss of jobs and knowledge) or an opportunity (i.e. enlargement of the ID, update district s competitiveness) for the district model. Finally, some summarising remarks in section eight conclude the paper.
Die Diskussion der letzten Jahre um Managervergütungen, insbesondere seit der Mannesmann-Übernahme, hat Defizite in der lex lata hierzu ausgemacht. Dies und die weitgehende Nichtbefolgung der Empfehlungen des Deutschen Corporate Governance-Kodex zur Transparenz der Vorstandsvergütungen durch die große Mehrzahl der börsennotierten Gesellschaften erfordern eine Reaktion des Gesetzgebers. Eine gesetzliche Regelung erübrigt sich auch dann nicht, wenn sich künftig eine Mehrheit der börsennotierten Gesellschaften den Empfehlungen des Kodex anschließen sollte. Die Gründe hierfür im einzelnen und die Zielrichtung des Entwurfs ergeben sich aus der beigefügten Entwurfsbegründung. Der Kodex soll nicht entbehrlich gemacht, sondern durch einen gesetzlichen Mindeststandard unterstützt und ergänzt werden. Zusammengefaßt sieht der folgende Gesetzesvorschlag eine Veröffentlichung aller Vorstandsbezüge in börsennotierten Gesellschaften im Anhang zum Jahres- und Konzernabschluß vor. Dabei sollen als Mindeststandard die Angaben für das höchstbezahlte Vorstandsmitglied individualisiert, unter Namensnennung, erfolgen müssen. Die Angaben sind vom Abschlußprüfer zu prüfen. Ferner hat der Aufsichtsrat in seinem Bericht an die Hauptversammlung zur Angemessenheit der Vorstandsbezüge und zur Vergütungspolitik der Gesellschaft Stellung zu nehmen; die Aktionäre als die materiell Betroffenen können in der Hauptversammlung hierzu Fragen stellen und durch den Entlastungsbeschluß ihre Billigung oder Mißbilligung zum Ausdruck bringen. Der Gesetzesvorschlag setzt auf Transparenz und lehnt die Einführung weiterer materieller Kriterien zur Bemessung oder Begrenzung von Vorstandsvergütungen jenseits des § 87 AktG wie Deckelung der Vergütung durch absolute Höchstbeträge oder Bindung an Arbeitnehmervergütungen o.ä. ab. Insgesamt schließt sich der Entwurf Vorbildern entwickelter Kapitalmarktrechte, insbesondere der britischen Lösung an, die gleichfalls auf zwingende detaillierte Offenlegungs-, Prüfungs- und Rechenschaftspflichten setzt und deren Einführung und Befolgung nicht der freiwilligen Selbstregulierung überläßt.
The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the gradual evolution of the supervisory policy adopted by the Basle Committee for the regulatory treatment of asset securitisation. We carefully highlight the pathology of the new “securitisation framework” to facilitate a general understanding of what constitutes the current state of computing adequate capital requirements for securitised credit exposures. Although we incorporate a simplified sensitivity analysis of the varying levels of capital charges depending on the security design of asset securitisation transactions, we do not engage in a profound analysis of the benefits and drawbacks implicated in the new securitisation framework. JEL Klassifikation: E58, G21, G24, K23, L51. Forthcoming in Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Vol. 13, No. 1 .
When performance measures are used for evaluation purposes, agents have some incentives to learn how their actions affect these measures. We show that the use of imperfect performance measures can cause an agent to devote too many resources (too much effort) to acquiring information. Doing so can be costly to the principal because the agent can use information to game the performance measure to the detriment of the principal. We analyze the impact of endogenous information acquisition on the optimal incentive strength and the quality of the performance measure used.
Work on proving congruence of bisimulation in functional programming languages often refers to [How89,How96], where Howe gave a highly general account on this topic in terms of so-called lazy computation systems . Particularly in implementations of lazy functional languages, sharing plays an eminent role. In this paper we will show how the original work of Howe can be extended to cope with sharing. Moreover, we will demonstrate the application of our approach to the call-by-need lambda-calculus lambda-ND which provides an erratic non-deterministic operator pick and a non-recursive let. A definition of a bisimulation is given, which has to be based on a further calculus named lambda-~, since the na1ve bisimulation definition is useless. The main result is that this bisimulation is a congruence and contained in the contextual equivalence. This might be a step towards defining useful bisimulation relations and proving them to be congruences in calculi that extend the lambda-ND-calculus.
This Article concerns the duty of care in American corporate law. To fully understand that duty, it is necessary to distinguish between roles, functions, standards of conduct, and standards of review. A role consists of an organized and socially recognized pattern of activity in which individuals regularly engage. In organizations, roles take the form of positions, such as the position of the director. A function consists of an activity that an actor is expected to engage in by virtue of his role or position. A standard of conduct states the way in which an actor should play a role, act in his position, or conduct his functions. A standard of review states the test that a court should apply when it reviews an actor’s conduct to determine whether to impose liability, grant injunctive relief, or determine the validity of his actions. In many or most areas of law, standards of conduct and standards of review tend to be conflated. For example, the standard of conduct that governs automobile drivers is that they should drive carefully, and the standard of review in a liability claim against a driver is whether he drove carefully. Similarly, the standard of conduct that governs an agent who engages in a transaction with his principal is that the agent must deal fairly, and the standard of review in a claim by the principal against an agent, based on such a transaction, is whether the agent dealt fairly. The conflation of standards of conduct and standards of review is so common that it is easy to overlook the fact that whether the two kinds of standards are or should be identical in any given area is a matter of prudential judgment. In a corporate world in which information was perfect, the risk of liability for assuming a given corporate role was always commensurate with the incentives for assuming the role, and institutional considerations never required deference to a corporate organ, the standards of conduct and review in corporate law might be identical. In the real world, however, these conditions seldom hold, and in American corporate law the standards of review pervasively diverge from the standards of conduct. Traditionally, the two major areas of American corporate law that involved standards of conduct and review have been the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of loyalty concerns the standards of conduct and review applicable to a director or officer who takes action, or fails to act, in a matter that does involve his own self-interest. The duty of care concerns the standards of conduct and review applicable to a director or officer who takes action, or fails to act, in a matter that does not involve his own self-interest.
Europäische Bankkonzerne sind nicht nur verpflichtet, konsolidierte Jahresabschlüsse zu erstellen, sie müssen seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre darüber hinaus ihr gesamtes regulatives Eigenkapital im Wege eines weiteren Konsolidierungsverfahrens ermitteln. Dieses Verfahren hat der deutsche Gesetzgeber im Kreditwesengesetz kodifiziert. Der folgende Beitrag erörtert offene Fragen, die sich bei Anwendung der kreditwesenrechtlichen Vorschriften über die Kapitalkonsolidierung stellen, und zeigt die Konsequenzen auf, die das Konsolidierungsverfahren auf die Geschäftsentfaltungsmöglickeiten der Konzernunternehmen hat. Die anschließende Analyse der Zweckmäßigkeit des Verfahrens soll belegen, dass sich die Pflicht zur Durchführung einer besonderen bankaufsichtsrechtlichen Kapitalkonsolidierung kaum rechtfertigen lässt. Der Autor plädiert daher für deren Abschaffung und für die Einführung einer generellen Pflicht zur Unterlegung von Bank-an-Bank Beteiligungen mit Haftungsmitteln.
This paper analyzes banks' choice between lending to firms individually and sharing lending with other banks, when firms and banks are subject to moral hazard and monitoring is essential. Multiple-bank lending is optimal whenever the benefit of greater diversification in terms of higher monitoring dominates the costs of free-riding and duplication of efforts. The model predicts a greater use of multiple-bank lending when banks are small relative to investment projects, firms are less profitable, and poor financial integration, regulation and inefficient judicial systems increase monitoring costs. These results are consistent with empirical observations concerning small business lending and loan syndication. JEL Klassifikation: D82; G21; G32.