Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (1932)
- Preprint (1322)
- Doctoral Thesis (597)
- Conference Proceeding (249)
- diplomthesis (100)
- Bachelor Thesis (75)
- Master's Thesis (61)
- Contribution to a Periodical (46)
- Diploma Thesis (34)
- Book (33)
Keywords
- Kollisionen schwerer Ionen (47)
- heavy ion collisions (44)
- LHC (25)
- Quark-Gluon-Plasma (25)
- Heavy Ion Experiments (20)
- equation of state (19)
- quark-gluon plasma (19)
- BESIII (18)
- Relativistic heavy-ion collisions (17)
- heavy-ion collisions (16)
Institute
- Physik (4544) (remove)
We present data on e+ e- pair production accompanied by nuclear breakup in ultraperipheral gold-gold collisions at a center of mass energy of 200 GeV per nucleon pair. The nuclear breakup requirement selects events at small impact parameters, where higher-order diagrams for pair production should be enhanced. We compare the data with two calculations: one based on the equivalent photon approximation, and the other using lowest-order quantum electrodynamics (QED). The data distributions agree with both calculations, except that the pair transverse momentum spectrum disagrees with the equivalent photon approach. We set limits on higher-order contributions to the cross section.
The transverse mass spectra and midrapidity yields for Xi s and Omega s are presented. For the 10% most central collisions, the Xi -bar+/h- ratio increases from the Super Proton Synchrotron to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider energies while the Xi -/h- stays approximately constant. A hydrodynamically inspired model fit to the Xi spectra, which assumes a thermalized source, seems to indicate that these multistrange particles experience a significant transverse flow effect, but are emitted when the system is hotter and the flow is smaller than values obtained from a combined fit to pi , K, p, and Lambda s.
Measurements of the production of forward high-energy pi 0 mesons from transversely polarized proton collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV are reported. The cross section is generally consistent with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations. The analyzing power is small at xF below about 0.3, and becomes positive and large at higher xF, similar to the trend in data at sqrt[s] <= 20 GeV. The analyzing power is in qualitative agreement with perturbative QCD model expectations. This is the first significant spin result seen for particles produced with pT>1 GeV/c at a polarized proton collider.
Transverse mass and rapidity distributions for charged pions, charged kaons, protons, and antiprotons are reported for sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV pp and Au+Au collisions at Relativistic Heary Ion Collider (RHIC). Chemical and kinetic equilibrium model fits to our data reveal strong radial flow and long duration from chemical to kinetic freeze-out in central Au+Au collisions. The chemical freeze-out temperature appears to be independent of initial conditions at RHIC energies.
We report results on rho (770)0--> pi + pi - production at midrapidity in p+p and peripheral Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. This is the first direct measurement of rho (770)0--> pi + pi - in heavy-ion collisions. The measured rho 0 peak in the invariant mass distribution is shifted by ~40 MeV/c2 in minimum bias p+p interactions and ~70 MeV/c2 in peripheral Au+Au collisions. The rho 0 mass shift is dependent on transverse momentum and multiplicity. The modification of the rho 0 meson mass, width, and shape due to phase space and dynamical effects are discussed.
We present STAR measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 and the binary-collision scaled centrality ratio RCP for kaons and lambdas ( Lambda + Lambda -bar) at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. In combination, the v2 and RCP particle-type dependencies contradict expectations from partonic energy loss followed by standard fragmentation in vacuum. We establish pT ~ 5 GeV/c as the value where the centrality dependent baryon enhancement ends. The K0S and Lambda + Lambda -bar v2 values are consistent with expectations of constituent-quark-number scaling from models of hadron formation by parton coalescence or recombination.
Pion-kaon correlation functions are constructed from central Au+Au STAR data taken at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV by the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The results suggest that pions and kaons are not emitted at the same average space-time point. Space-momentum correlations, i.e., transverse flow, lead to a space-time emission asymmetry of pions and kaons that is consistent with the data. This result provides new independent evidence that the system created at RHIC undergoes a collective transverse expansion.
Data from the first physics run at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV, have been analyzed by the STAR Collaboration using three-pion correlations with charged pions to study whether pions are emitted independently at freeze-out. We have made a high-statistics measurement of the three-pion correlation function and calculated the normalized three-particle correlator to obtain a quantitative measurement of the degree of chaoticity of the pion source. It is found that the degree of chaoticity seems to increase with increasing particle multiplicity.
We report high statistics measurements of inclusive charged hadron production in Au+Au and p+p collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. A large, approximately constant hadron suppression is observed in central Au+Au collisions for 5<pT<12 GeV/c. The collision energy dependence of the yields and the centrality and pT dependence of the suppression provide stringent constraints on theoretical models of suppression. Models incorporating initial-state gluon saturation or partonic energy loss in dense matter are largely consistent with observations. We observe no evidence of pT-dependent suppression, which may be expected from models incorporating jet attenuation in cold nuclear matter or scattering of fragmentation hadrons.
We report measurements of single-particle inclusive spectra and two-particle azimuthal distributions of charged hadrons at high transverse momentum (high pT) in minimum bias and central d+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. The inclusive yield is enhanced in d+Au collisions relative to binary-scaled p+p collisions, while the two-particle azimuthal distributions are very similar to those observed in p+p collisions. These results demonstrate that the strong suppression of the inclusive yield and back-to-back correlations at high pT previously observed in central Au+Au collisions are due to final-state interactions with the dense medium generated in such collisions.
We present the results of charged particle fluctuations measurements in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV using the STAR detector. Dynamical fluctuations measurements are presented for inclusive charged particle multiplicities as well as for identified charged pions, kaons, and protons. The net charge dynamical fluctuations are found to be large and negative providing clear evidence that positive and negative charged particle production is correlated within the pseudorapidity range investigated. Correlations are smaller than expected based on model-dependent predictions for a resonance gas or a quark-gluon gas which undergoes fast hadronization and freeze-out. Qualitative agreement is found with comparable scaled p+p measurements and a heavy ion jet interaction generation model calculation based on independent particle collisions, although a small deviation from the 1/N scaling dependence expected from this model is observed.
The balance function is a new observable based on the principle that charge is locally conserved when particles are pair produced. Balance functions have been measured for charged particle pairs and identified charged pion pairs in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider using STAR. Balance functions for peripheral collisions have widths consistent with model predictions based on a superposition of nucleon-nucleon scattering. Widths in central collisions are smaller, consistent with trends predicted by models incorporating late hadronization.
Azimuthal anisotropy (v2) and two-particle angular correlations of high pT charged hadrons have been measured in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV for transverse momenta up to 6 GeV/c, where hard processes are expected to contribute significantly. The two-particle angular correlations exhibit elliptic flow and a structure suggestive of fragmentation of high pT partons. The monotonic rise of v2(pT) for pT<2 GeV/c is consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow calculations. At pT>3 GeV/c, a saturation of v2 is observed which persists up to pT=6 GeV/c.
Azimuthal anisotropy (v2) and two-particle angular correlations of high pT charged hadrons have been measured in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV for transverse momenta up to 6 GeV/c, where hard processes are expected to contribute significantly. The two-particle angular correlations exhibit elliptic flow and a structure suggestive of fragmentation of high pT partons. The monotonic rise of v2(pT) for pT<2 GeV/c is consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow calculations. At pT>3 GeV/c, a saturation of v2 is observed which persists up to pT=6 GeV/c.
The STAR Collaboration reports the first observation of exclusive rho 0 photoproduction, AuAu-->AuAu rho 0, and rho 0 production accompanied by mutual nuclear Coulomb excitation, AuAu-->Au [star] Au [star] rho 0, in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions. The rho 0 have low transverse momenta, consistent with coherent coupling to both nuclei. The cross sections at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV agree with theoretical predictions treating rho 0 production and Coulomb excitation as independent processes.
Inclusive transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons within 0.2<pT<6.0 GeV/c have been measured over a broad range of centrality for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV. Hadron yields are suppressed at high pT in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions and to a nucleon-nucleon reference scaled for collision geometry. Peripheral collisions are not suppressed relative to the nucleon-nucleon reference. The suppression varies continuously at intermediate centralities. The results indicate significant nuclear medium effects on high-pT hadron production in heavy-ion collisions at high energy.
We report STAR results on the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 for strange particles K0S, Lambda , and Lambda -bar at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The value of v2 as a function of transverse momentum, pt, of the produced particle and collision centrality is presented for both particles up to pt~3.0 GeV/c. A strong pt dependence in v2 is observed up to 2.0 GeV/c. The v2 measurement is compared with hydrodynamic model calculations. The physics implications of the pt integrated v2 magnitude as a function of particle mass are also discussed.
We report the first measurement of strange ( Lambda ) and antistrange ( Lambda -bar) baryon production from sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Rapidity density and transverse mass distributions at midrapidity are presented as a function of centrality. The yield of Lambda and Lambda -bar hyperons is found to be approximately proportional to the number of negative hadrons. The production of Lambda -bar hyperons relative to negative hadrons increases very rapidly with transverse momentum. The magnitude of the increase cannot be described by existing hadronic string fragmentation models alone.
We report the first observation of K*(892)0--> pi K in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The transverse momentum spectrum of (K*0+K*0)/2 from central Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV is presented. The ratios of the K*0 yield derived from these data to the yields of negative hadrons, charged kaons, and phi mesons have been measured in central and minimum bias collisions and compared with model predictions and comparable e+e-, pp, and p-barp results. The data indicate no dramatic reduction of K*0 production in relativistic heavy ion collisions despite expected losses due to rescattering effects.
Elliptic flow holds much promise for studying the early-time thermalization attained in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. Flow measurements also provide a means of distinguishing between hydrodynamic models and calculations which approach the low density (dilute gas) limit. Among the effects that can complicate the interpretation of elliptic flow measurements are azimuthal correlations that are unrelated to the reaction plane (nonflow correlations). Using data for Au + Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV from the STAR time projection chamber, it is found that four-particle correlation analyses can reliably separate flow and nonflow correlation signals. The latter account for on average about 15% of the observed second-harmonic azimuthal correlation, with the largest relative contribution for the most peripheral and the most central collisions. The results are also corrected for the effect of flow variations within centrality bins. This effect is negligible for all but the most central bin, where the correction to the elliptic flow is about a factor of 2. A simple new method for two-particle flow analysis based on scalar products is described. An analysis based on the distribution of the magnitude of the flow vector is also described.
We present the first measurement of midrapidity vector meson phi production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC (sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV) from the STAR detector. For the 11% highest multiplicity collisions, the slope parameter from an exponential fit to the transverse mass distribution is T=379±50(stat)±45(syst) MeV, the yield dN/dy=5.73±0.37(stat)±0.69(syst) per event, and the ratio N phi /Nh- is found to be 0.021±0.001(stat)±0.004(syst). The measured ratio N phi /Nh- and T for the phi meson at midrapidity do not change for the selected multiplicity bins.
We report the first measurement of inclusive antiproton production at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The antiproton transverse mass distributions in the measured transverse momentum range of 0.25<pperp<0.95 GeV/c are found to fall less steeply for more central collisions. The extrapolated antiproton rapidity density is found to scale approximately with the negative hadron multiplicity density.
The first measurements of light antinucleus production in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider are reported. The observed production rates for d-bar and 3He-bar are much larger than in lower energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. A coalescence model analysis of the yields indicates that there is little or no increase in the antinucleon freeze-out volume compared to collisions at CERN SPS energy. These analyses also indicate that the 3He-bar freeze-out volume is smaller than the d-bar freeze-out volume.
We report first results on elliptic flow of identified particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow as a function of transverse momentum and centrality differs significantly for particles of different masses. This dependence can be accounted for in hydrodynamic models, indicating that the system created shows a behavior consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow. The fit to the data with a simple model gives information on the temperature and flow velocities at freeze-out.
The minimum-bias multiplicity distribution and the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions for central collisions have been measured for negative hadrons ( h-) in Au+Au interactions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV. The multiplicity density at midrapidity for the 5% most central interactions is dNh-/d eta | eta = 0 = 280±1(stat)±20(syst), an increase per participant of 38% relative to pp-bar collisions at the same energy. The mean transverse momentum is 0.508±0.012 GeV/c and is larger than in central Pb+Pb collisions at lower energies. The scaling of the h- yield per participant is a strong function of pperp. The pseudorapidity distribution is almost constant within | eta |<1.
Two-pion correlation functions in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV have been measured by the STAR (solenoidal tracker at RHIC) detector. The source size extracted by fitting the correlations grows with event multiplicity and decreases with transverse momentum. Anomalously large sizes or emission durations, which have been suggested as signals of quark-gluon plasma formation and rehadronization, are not observed. The Hanbury Brown-Twiss parameters display a weak energy dependence over a broad range in sqrt[sNN].
We report results on the ratio of midrapidity antiproton-to-proton yields in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of | y|<0.5 and 0.4<pt<1.0 GeV/c, the ratio is essentially independent of either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of 0.65±0.01(stat)±0.07(syst) for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this RHIC energy, although the p-p-bar pair production becomes important at midrapidity, a significant excess of baryons over antibaryons is still present.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Observation of enhanced subthreshold K+ production in central collisions between heavy nuclei
(1994)
In the very heavy collision system 197Au+197Au the K+ production process was studied as a function of impact parameter at 1 GeV/nucleon, a beam energy well below the free N-N threshold. The K+ multiplicity increases more than linearly with the number of participant nucleons and the K+/ pi + ratio rises significantly when going from peripheral to central collisions. The measured K+ double differential cross section is enhanced by a factor of 6 compared to microscopic transport calculations if secondary processes (Delta N-->K Lambda N and Delta Delta -->K Lambda N) are ignored.
The energy dependence of rapidity distributions and flow effects was studied in central Ar+Pb collisions at 400, 800, and 1800 MeV/nucleon using a streamer chamber. Rapidity distributions for proton and pions are found to have a Gaussian shape whereas those for deuterons exhibit a two-peak structure at the two higher energies. The average in-plane transverse momentum per/nucleon and per/event shows saturation of flow around 800 MeV/nucleon for this asymmetric system. The aspect ratio of the sphericity tensor is closely correlated with the flow angle. This correlation appears to be independent of beam energy. The number of participating nucleons in central collisions varies from 213 at 400 to 135 at 1800 MeV/nucleon indicating that at the lowest energy almost the entire target nucleus participates in the collision.
Nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments have been performed on the deformed actinide nucleus 236U. Bremsstrahlung of 3.9 MeV endpoint energy has been used as the photon source. The scattered photons were detected by three high resolution Ge- gamma -spectrometers installed at scattering angles of 92°, 128°, and 150°, respectively. Precise excitation energies, decay branching ratios, and ground state decay widths of numerous previously unknown spin 1 states in the excitation energy range 1.8-3.2 MeV have been extracted. The dipole strength has been found to be concentrated in the energy range 2.1-2.5 MeV. The systematics of the so-called scissors mode observed as a result of the previous ( gamma , gamma ') and (e,e') experiments on 232Th and 238U and, in particular, their combined analysis suggests likewise to attribute these new dipole excitations in 236U to the orbital M1 scissors mode.
Semicentral Ar+KCl, La+La, and Ar+Pb collisions at 800 MeV/nucleon were studied using a streamer chamber. The results are analyzed in the framework of the transverse momentum analysis and in terms of the average sphericity matrix. A critical examination of the analysis procedures, both experimental and theoretical, is given. New procedures are described to account for overall momentum conservation in the reaction, and to correct for azimuthal variations in the detection efficiency. Average transverse momenta per nucleon in the reaction plane are presented for deuterons emitted in the forward hemisphere, as these provide the most reliable information. A Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck calculation with a stiff equation of state gives a good fit to the momenta in the Ar+Pb reaction. Flow effects parametrized further using the sphericity tensor are found stronger than in the cascade model and consistently weaker than predicted by hydrodynamics. Parameters from the sphericity tensor exhibit a larger variation as a function of multiplicity than do the average momenta per nucleon.
The challenging intricacies of strongly correlated electronic systems necessitate the use of a variety of complementary theoretical approaches. In this thesis, we analyze two distinct aspects of strong correlations and develop further or adapt suitable techniques. First, we discuss magnetization transport in insulating one-dimensional spin rings described by a Heisenberg model in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Due to quantum mechanical interference of magnon wave functions, persistent magnetization currents are shown to exist in such a geometry in analogy to persistent charge currents in mesoscopic normal metal rings. The second, longer part is dedicated to a new aspect of the functional renormalization group technique for fermions. By decoupling the interaction via a Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation, we introduce collective bosonic variables from the beginning and analyze the hierarchy of flow equations for the coupled field theory. The possibility of a cutoff in the momentum transfer of the interaction leads to a new flow scheme, which we will refer to as the interaction cutoff scheme. Within this approach, Ward identities for forward scattering problems are conserved at every instant of the flow leading to an exact solution of a whole hierarchy of flow equations. This way the known exact result for the single-particle Green's function of the Tomonaga-Luttinger model is recovered.
In dieser Arbeit werden grundlegende Untersuchungen zum Verständnis der dynamischen Wechselwirkungsmechanismen atomarer Projektile mit Festkörperoberflächen vorgestellt, die zur Emission von Sekundärionen führen. Der zentrale Ansatzpunkt ist dabei die Vermessung der Dynamik über die geschwindigkeits- und winkeldifferentielle Verteilung der emittierten Sekundärionen. Dazu wurde ein neuartiges Spektrometer entwickelt, in dem jedes in einem homogenen elektrischen Feld abgelenkte Sekundärion durch seine Flugzeit (TOF) und den Auftreffort auf einen 2-dimensionalen (XY) ortsempfindlichen Detektor charakterisiert wird. Das Prinzip basiert auf dem in Gastargetexperimenten erfolgreich eingesetzten Frankfurter Meßsystem COLTRIMS (COLd Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy). Dieses System wurde weiterentwickelt und erstmalig in Frankfurt in einem Festkörperexperiment zur geschwindigkeits- und winkeldifferentiellen Spektrometrie von Sekundärionen angewendet. Ein zusätzliches Merkmal gegenüber herkömmlichen Spektrometern ist die Möglichkeit der einfachen Variation des Einfallswinkels 0p vom Projektil zum Target. Die korrekte Transformation der gemessenen Daten in eine 3-dimensionale Anfangsgeschwindigkeitsverteilung bedingt eine möglichst präzise Eichung des Spektrometers. Dazu wurde die in diesem Zusammenhang neuartige Methode des Strahlprofilmonitors entwickelt und eingesetzt. Durch die Wechselwirkung des Projektils mit einem nicht lokalisierten Gastarget erzeugt es auf seinem Weg durch das Spektrometer eine Spur aus Ionen. Die Gasionen befinden sich im Verhältnis zu den von dem Festkörper emittierten Sekundärionen nahezu in Ruhe. Daher kann über die Analyse der Projektilspur auf die zur Eichung notwendigen, aber im Experiment nicht direkt zugänglichen Parameter, wie Flugzeit (T0) und Auftreffort (x0/y0) für Teilchen mit der Geschwindigkeit v0z = v0x = v0y = 0, geschlossen werden. Die systematische Variation von Projektil- (He0/N0/Ar0, Ep = 0.2 - 2.2 MeV, 0p = 37°-78° relativ zur Oberflächennormalen) und Targeteigenschaften (Au/C/LiF/Al) erlaubt ein gezieltes Studium der dynamischen Wechselwirkung zwischen Projektilen und Festkörperoberflächen. Das untersuchte H+-Sekundärion entstammt einer Festkörperoberfläche bedeckenden quasistabilen Kontaminationsschicht, die im wesentlichen aus den Adsorbaten H2, H2O, CxHy besteht. Die gemessenen H+-Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen besitzen ein Maximum etwa bei v0 ungefähr gleich 25-35 km/s mit Ausläufern (abhängig von 0p) bis hin zu 240 km/s. Bei sinkender Projektilgeschwindigkeit zeigt die Verteilung der emittierten H+-Sekundärionen bei hohen Emissionsgeschwindigkeiten (v0 > 60 km/s) eine stark ausgeprägte Asymmetrie in der von dem einfallenden Projektil und der Oberflächennormalen definierten Ebene. Ionen werden mit einer hohen Geschwindigkeit (bis zu 140 km/s bei 0p = 45°) unter einem Winkel von ca. 90° zum Projektil, unabhängig von 0p, emittiert. Diese Asymmetrie wird durch eine binäre Kollision des Projektils mit dem Wasserstoff verursacht. Die Variation der Projektilgeschwindigkeit ist korreliert mit der deponierten Energie des Projektils im Festkörper. Daher kann in der Dynamik der Sekundärionen deutlich der Beitrag des nuklearen Anteils an der totalen Energiedeposition aufgezeigt und getrennt werden. Bei Emissionsgeschwindigkeiten v0 < 60 km/s zeigt sich eine starke Abhängigkeit von den Targeteigenschaften. Bei konstantem Einfallswinkel beobachten wir eine Verschiebung der Maxima von v0 max ungefähr gleich 26.5 km/s bei Au-, über 27.9 km/s bei Al- bis hin zu 32.5 km/s bei LiF-Targets. Es zeigt sich keine meßbare Abhängigkeit vom Einfallswinkel des Projektils bei Auund C-Targets, dagegen eine deutliche Verschiebung der Maxima hin zu größeren Geschwindigkeiten bei dem Al- (v0 max ungefähr gleich 27.5 km/s - 30 km/s) und dem LiF-Target (v0 max ungefähr gleich 32.5 km/s - 35.5 km/s) mit einer Vergrößerung von 0p. Ionen mit v0 < 30 km/s werden zum Großteil rückwärts in Richtung des einfallenden Projektils emittiert. Au und C sind gute, LiF und das mit einer Al2O3-Schicht überzogene Al dagegen schlechte elektrische Oberflächenleiter. Die Verschiebung der Verteilungen bei einem schlechten elektrischen Leiter ist ein Hinweis auf den zeitabhängigen Zerfall des Projektilspurpotentials im Festkörper. Die Zunahme der Emissionsgeschwindigkeit v0 bei Vergrößerung von 0p ist in der Vergrößerung der effektiven Targetdicke begründet und ein Hinweis auf eine targetdickenabhängige Neutralisationszeit des geladenen Spurkerns durch Elektronen des Substrats. Korrelationen im Sekundärionenemissionsprozeß bezüglich Impuls- und Energieerhaltung zwischen einem emittierten H+-Sekundärion und einem möglichen zweiten Sekundärion wurden nicht beobachtet. Über die Eichung hinaus eröffnen sich zusätzlich noch einige vielversprechende Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Strahlprofilmonitors. Zum einen ermöglicht er a) in der Gasmassenspektrometrie eine exakte Korrektur der Ionenflugzeit unabhängig vom Ort der Ionisation und zum anderen bildet er b) eine innovative Methode zur Kartographie lokaler elektrischer Felder und c) ferner einen alternativen Zugang zur Vermessung von Projektilstreuwinkeln. Die Verwendung eines ortsempfindlichen Detektors in der „kinematischen“ Materialanalyse verbindet simultan gute Tiefenprofilauflösung mit dem Nachweis eines großen Raumwinkels zugunsten einer besseren Statistik. Die Kenntnis der Emissionscharakteristik bewährt sich zudem in der Massenanalyse in der Unterscheidung von Ionen fast identischer Massen.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals die Realisierung eines (e,3e)- Experimentes an Helium mittels der Cold Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) behandelt. Dabei ging es hauptsächlich um den Aufbau, die Entwicklung, Test und die Durchführung des Experiments. Dazu wurde ein neues Kammersystem am Atomphysikkanal der Frankfurter EZR mit zweistufigem Ultraschallgasjet aufgebaut, an dem in Zukunft noch weitere COLTRIMS- Experimente stattfinden werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine Dreifach-Koinzidenz zwischen dem gestreuten Projektilelektron, dem einfach- oder zweifach geladenem Rückstoßion und dem langsamen Elektron verwirklicht. Sie stellt das wesentliche Ergebnis der vorliegenden Arbeit dar. Koinzident zum Streuwinkel und Energieverlust des Projektilelektrons wurden hierbei Flugzeiten und Auftrefforte rte von He1 - bzw. He2 - Ionen und von einem der ionisierten Elektronen gemessen. Anhand der durchgeführten umfangreichen Eichmessungen unter Hinzuziehung von Impuls- und Energieerhaltungssätzen lassen sich somit sämtliche Impulse der Teilchen errechnen. Somit gewinnt man Informationen über den Ionisationsprozeß. Desweiteren lassen sich multidifferentielle Wirkungsquerschnitte bestimmen, die sich mit theoretischen Modellen vergleichen lassen. Die Rückstoßionenimpulsverteilungen und die Flugzeitspektren für das He2 -Ion demonstrieren die Signifikaz der erreichten Statistik, trotz der geringen Koinzidenzrate von 17 h-1. Die Meßdaten wurden einer groben Auswertung unterzogen. Die entgültige Analyse, Ergebnisdeutung, Interpretation und Vergleich mit der Theorie fand in dieser Arbeit nicht statt. Die Projektilenergie lag bei allen Messungen bei 550 eV. Der Elektronenstrahl wurde, entgegen der vorherrschenden Meinung, mit einem Blendensystem auskollimiert. Im nächsten Schritt sollen statt mit nur einem mit zwei oder mehreren Schlitzblenden nacheinander der Elektronenstrahl auskollimiert werden, so daß die am vorderen Schlitz gestreuten Elektronen in den nachfolgenden ausgeblendet werden können. Somit verringert man die problematische Untergrundrate auf dem Elektronendetektor. Für weitere Untersuchungen werden momentan neue Spektrometerkonzepte entwickelt. Bei der Konzeption des neuen Spektrometers wird der Abstand zwischen Targetzone und Elektronendetektor größer gewählt. Dies verringert zwar den Nachweisraumwinkel für die Elektronen, aber man erreicht dadurch eine Verringerung der Untergrundselektronen. Der Verringerung des Nachweisraumwinkels kann man entgegenwirken, indem man einen großen MCP- Detektor mit 80 mm Durchmesser einsetzt. Der Eintrittsbereich des Projektilstrahls in das Rückstoßionenimpulsspektrometer sollte großzügig gewählt werden, da auf diese Art und Weise verhindert werden kann, daß der Elektronenstrahl die Potentialringe in Eintrittsbereich streift und wohlmöglich unerwünschte Sekundärelektronen erzeugt, die im Extraktionsfeld des Spektrometers auf den Elektronendetektor hin beschleunigt werden und ebenfalls für Untergrund sorgen. Eine Pulsung der Elektronenkanone über die Wehneltspannung vorzunehmen und den Puls als Start oder Trigger für die Datenaufnahme einzusetzen ist nur dann sinnvoll, wenn die Flugzeit der Elektronen um mindestens eine Größenordnung größer ist als die erreichbare Pulslänge. Nach Auskunft unserer Elektronik liegen die erreichbaren Pulslängen bei etwa 5 ns. Aufgrund der notwendigen Stabilität sowohl in der Elektronik als auch in der Kühlung des Kaltkopfes ist eine insgesamt kürzere Meßzeit erstrebenswert.
Charged-particle exclusive data for Ar+Pb collisions at 0.772 GeV/u are analyzed in terms of collective variables for the event shapes in momentum space. Semicentral collisions lead to sidewards flow whereas nearly head-on collisions have spherical shapes in the c.m. frame, resulting from complete stopping of projectile motion. The hydrodynamical model predictions agree qualitatively with the data whereas the standard cascade model disagrees, lacking in stopping power and collective flow.
Nuclear resonance fluorescence measurements with linearly polarized bremsstrahlung were performed to determine parities of bound dipole transitions in 206Pb. A new 1+ level at 5800 keV was found, which has almost the same strength as the isoscalar M1 transition in 208Pb. Twenty-four further dipole states in 206Pb below 7.6 MeV possess negative parity.
Pion and proton production are measured to investigate thermal equilibrium in central collisions of 40Ar+KCl at 1.8 GeV/nucleon. The bulk of the pion yield is isotropic in the c.m. system, with an apparent temperature of 58±3 MeV, much lower than the 118±2 MeV of the protons. It is shown that the low pion "temperature" can be explained by the decay kinematics of delta resonances in thermal equilibrium. A (5±1)% component in the pion spectrum is, however, found to have a temperature of 110±10 MeV. The effect on the spectra of possible contributions from collective radial flow is discussed.
An event by event analysis is carried out for all charged particles observed in central collisions of 40Ar + KCl and 40Ar + Pb at 1.808 and 0.772 GeV/nucleon, respectively. Total transverse energy is used for impact parameter selection within the central trigger condition. The central Ar + KCl reaction exhibits a forward-backward oriented momentum flux. The flux distribution of the most central Ar + Pb events is approximately isotropic in the fireball center of mass.
Triple differential cross sections d3 sigma /dp3 for charged pions produced in symmetric heavy-ion collisions were measured with the KaoS magnetic spectrometer at the heavy-ion synchrotron facility SIS at GSI. The correlations between the momentum vectors of charged pions and the reaction plane in 197Au+197Au collisions at an incident energy of 1 GeV/nucleon were determined. We observe, for the first time, an azimuthally anisotropic distribution of pions, with enhanced emission perpendicular to the reaction plane. The anisotropy is most pronounced for pions of high transverse momentum in semicentral collisions.
Nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments with linearly polarized bremsstrahlung were performed to determine parities of strong dipole transitions in 40Ar. A total of 14 transitions—ten of them previously unknown—in the energy range from 4.7 to 10.2 MeV could be identified. From this experiment it is evident that the main dipole strength to bound states is due to E1 excitations. An upper limit of B(M1) [up arrow] <0.5 µN2 was found for individual magnetic dipole excitations in 40Ar in the energy region below neutron threshold.
Electric charge correlations were studied for p+p, C+C, Si+Si, and centrality selected Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[sNN]=17.2 GeV with the NA49 large acceptance detector at the CERN SPS. In particular, long-range pseudorapidity correlations of oppositely charged particles were measured using the balance function method. The width of the balance function decreases with increasing system size and centrality of the reactions. This decrease could be related to an increasing delay of hadronization in central Pb+Pb collisions.
The properties of two measures of charge fluctuations D-tilde and DeltaPhiq are discussed within several toy models of nuclear collisions. In particular their dependence on mean particle multiplicity, multiplicity fluctuations, and net electric charge are studied. It is shown that the measure DeltaPhiq is less sensitive to these trivial biasing effects than the originally proposed measure D-tilde. Furthermore the influence of resonance decay kinematics is analyzed and it is shown that it is likely to shadow a possible reduction of fluctuations due to QGP creation.
Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit sind Ladungsfluktuationen bei Kollisionen von Blei-Kernen bei den Energien 30, 60, 80 und 160 GeV untersucht worden. Das Interesse an den Ladungsfluktuationen beruht darauf, dass sie einen Hinweis auf die Bildung des Quark-Gluon-Plasmas liefern könnten. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden mit Hilfe von einfachen Modellen zwei Variablen untersucht, D-tilde und DeltaPhiq, um die optimale Observable zur Messung der Ladungsfluktuationen zu finden. Im zweiten Teil werden experimentelle Resultate präsentiert, die aus den Daten des CERN-SPS-Experimentes NA49 gewonen wurden. Die gemessenen Ladungsfluktuationen entsprechen denen, die von einem Pionen-Gas erwartet werden, wenn die Pionen nur aufgrund der Ladungserhaltung korreliert sind. Es wird jedoch gezeigt, dass diese Resultate nicht der Annahme widersprechen, dass das Quark-Gluon-Plasma bei SPS-Energien gebildet wird.