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The hadronic final state of central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80, and 158 AGeV has been measured by the CERN NA49 collaboration. The mean transverse mass of pions and kaons at midrapidity stays nearly constant in this energy range, whereas at lower energies, at the AGS, a steep increase with beam energy was measured. Compared to p+p collisions as well as to model calculations, anomalies in the energy dependence of pion and kaon production at lower SPS energies are observed. These findings can be explained, assuming that the energy density reached in central A+A collisions at lower SPS energies is sufficient to transform the hot and dense nuclear matter into a deconfined phase.
Phase diagram of strongly interacting matter is discussed within the exactly solvable statistical model of the quark-gluon bags. The model predicts two phases of matter: the hadron gas at a low temperature T and baryonic chemical potential muB, and the quark-gluon gas at a high T and/or muB. The nature of the phase transition depends on a form of the bag mass-volume spectrum (its pre-exponential factor), which is expected to change with the muB/T ratio. It is therefore likely that the line of the 1st} order transition at a high muB/T ratio is followed by the line of the 2nd order phase transition at an intermediate muB/T, and then by the lines of "higher order transitions" at a low muB/T.
Im Kapitel 1 "Einleitung" wird aufgezeigt, wie die rasante technologische Entwicklung der Mikroelektronik nicht nur die Mikroskopie vorantreibt, sondern auch anderen, neuen Verfahren, wie z. B. dem Laser Scanning Mikroskop, zum Durchbruch verhilft. Damit verbunden ist ein Bedarf an neuen, geeigneten Messverfahren. Dazu stellt diese Arbeit ein neues, im Rahmen einer linearen Näherung arbeitendes, dreidimensionales Messverfahren vor, und demonstriert es am Beispiel des Lichtmikroskops im Hellfelddurchlichtbetrieb, wobei hier die 3. Dimension durch die Aufnahme einer Fokusserie entsteht. Im Kapitel 2 "Modellbildung" wird zuerst ein detailliertes, physikalisches Modell des experimentellen Aufbaus gebildet, um darauf aufbauend ein dreidimensionales, system-theoretisches Modell anzufertigen, anhand dessen das neue Messverfahren erarbeitet werden kann. Dabei wird auch die Berechnung der dreidimensionalen Übertragungsfunktionen des Lichtmikroskops für die drei Fälle absorbierende Objekte, Phasenobjekte und transparente Selbstleuchter beschrieben. Innerhalb des Kapitels 3 "Messverfahren" werden im Kapitel 3.1 zunächst die bekannten Verfahren skizziert. Anschließend, dies ist der Kern der Arbeit, wird im Kapitel 3.2 das neue Messverfahren beschrieben. Es verwendet als Anregung zweidimensionales Rauschen, hier ein Rauschen um eine Ebene senkrecht zur optischen Achse. Das Verfahren wird zunächst für absorbierende Objekte, anschließend auch für Phasenobjekte ausgearbeitet, und dabei experimentell demonstriert. Von zentraler Beutung ist, dass das neue Messverfahren in der Lage ist, auch die Phase der dreidimensionalen Übertragungsfunktion aus den Bildern der Rauschanregung zu berechnen, falls die Übertragung durch die Aufnahmeeinheit gewisse, häufig bei einem vernachlässigbaren Fehler vorliegende, Symmetrieeigenschaften besitzt. Es werden verschiedene Fälle von Symmetrieeigenschaften berücksichtigt, um unterschiedliche experimentelle Gegebenheiten und die drei Fälle absorbierende Objekte, Phasenobjekte und transparente Selbstleuchter abzudecken. Das Kapitel 4 "Messungen" vergleicht die mit dem neuen Messverfahren, mit einem bekannten Messverfahren und durch Berechnung ermittelten Übertragungseigenschaften auch bei Modifikationen des Strahlengangs durch Einfügen von Zentralblenden in die Pupille des Objektivs und in die Pupille des Kondensors. Die auf unterschiedlichen Wegen ermittelten Übertragungseigenschaften werden miteinander verglichen. Der Vergleich veranschaulicht die Leistungsfähigkeit des neuen Messverfahrens. Das Kapitel 5 "Die Bildgewinnung" stellt verschiedene, mehr oder weniger bekannte Ansätze zur Nutzung des vorgestellten Messverfahrens zusammen, darunter vor allem auch die Wiener-Inversfilterung.
The negative-pion multiplicity is measured for central collisions of 40Ar with KCl at eight energies from 0.36 to 1.8 GeV/nucleon and for 4He on KCl and 40Ar on BaI2 at 977 and 772 MeV/nucleon, respectively. A systematic discrepancy with a cascade-model calculation which fits proton- and pion-nucleus cross sections but omits potential-energy effects is used to derive the energy going into bulk compression of the system. A value of the incompressibility constant of K=240 MeV is extracted in a parabolic form of the nuclear-matter equation of state.
The parities of eleven J=1 levels in 208Pb were determined by nuclear resonance fluorescence scattering of linearly polarized photons. A new 1+ level at Ex=5.846 MeV with Gamma 02 / Gamma =1.2±0.4 eV was found. This level can probably be identified with the theoretically predicted isoscalar 1+ state in 208Pb. All other bound dipole states below 7 MeV with Gamma 02 / Gamma >1.5 eV have negative parity. The 1- assignment to the 4.842-MeV level is of special significance because of previous conflicting results about its parity.
The 16O ( gamma ,p0) reaction has been studied with linearly polarized bremsstrahlung photons in and below the giant E1 resonance. The parity of the absorbed radiation was determined from the observed azimuthal asymmetry of the emitted protons. Combined with unpolarized measurements the polarized results determine the proton decay amplitudes of the M1 resonance at Ex=16.2 MeV in 16O. The shape of the unpolarized 16O ( gamma ,p3) angular distribution in the giant E1 resonance was derived from the measured analyzing power. NUCLEAR REACTIONS 16O( gamma ,p), E=15-25 MeV; measured analyzing power theta =90° linearly polarized bremsstrahlung; 16O dipole levels deduced pi ; 16.2 MeV 1+ resonance deduced p0 decay amplitudes; 16O GEDR deduced p3 angular distribution.
The ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model (UrQMD) is used to study global observables in central reactions of Au+Au at sqrt[s]=200A GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Strong stopping governed by massive particle production is predicted if secondary interactions are taken into account. The underlying string dynamics and the early hadronic decoupling implies only small transverse expansion rates. However, rescattering with mesons is found to act as a source of pressure leading to additional flow of baryons and kaons, while cooling down pions.
11 262 keV 1+ state in 20Ne
(1983)
The excitation energy of the lowest 1+, T=1 state in 20Ne, which is important for parity nonconservation studies, has been determined in a photon scattering experiment to be 11 262.3 ± 1.9 keV. Values for the gamma -ray branching of this level to the ground state and to the first 2+ level in 20Ne are 84 ± 5% and 16 ± 5%, respectively. NUCLEAR REACTIONS 20Ne( gamma , gamma ), E gamma <18 MeV, bremsstrahlung; measured E gamma , gamma branching. Ne natural targets.
Proton emission in relativistic nuclear collisions is examined for events of low and high multiplicity, corresponding to large and small impact parameters. Peripheral reactions exhibit distributions of protons in agreement with spectator-participant decay modes. Central collisions of equal-size nuclei are dominated by the formation and decay of a fireball system. Central collisions of light projectiles with heavy targets exhibit an enhancement in sideward emission which is predicted by recent hydrodynamical calculations.
Angular distributions for elastic and inelastic transitions in 20Ne + 16O scattering have been measured at E(20Ne)=50 MeV. For the 0+, 2+, and 4+ members of the 20Ne ground-state rotational band, the angular distributions exhibit pronounced backward peaking characteristic of an alpha -cluster exchange mechanism. The analysis of the ground-state transition in the first-order elastic transfer model yields no satisfactory fit although microscopic cluster form factors and full recoil corrections are employed. A coupled channels calculation for the 0+, 2+, and 4+ transitions reveals very strong coupling effects, indicating that the coherent superposition of first-order optical model and distorted-wave Born-approximation amplitudes may not be an adequate model for these reactions. NUCLEAR REACTIONS 16O(20Ne, 16O) and 16O(20Ne, 20Ne), elastic and inelastic transfer; E=50MeV; measured sigma (Ef , theta ); optical model + DWBA, and CCBA analyses.