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"Kapabel, miserabel, aimabel" : Funktionen der französischen Sprachelemente in Heinrich Heines Lyrik
(2014)
Durch das gesamte Werk Heinrich Heines ziehen sich fremdsprachige Einstreuungen, wobei diejenigen in französischer Sprache das größte Gewicht einnehmen. Nach einem Rekurs auf Heines biographische Situation und sein Verhältnis zur deutschen und französischen Sprache werden Form und Funktion der französischen Einsprengsel – vor allem Adjektive, substantivierte Verben und Interjektionen – in Heines lyrischen Texten untersucht. Anhand zahlreicher Beispiele zeigt der Beitrag, dass die französischen Elemente offensichtlich bewusst eingesetzt wurden, um bestimmte semantische Strategien zu verfolgen. Dabei können vor allem sprach-spielerische und gesellschaftskritische Funktionen nachgewiesen werden.
Response to Kriticos et al.
(2014)
Various aspects of uncertainty have become topical in pest risk modelling discussions. A recent contribution to the literature sought to explore the effect of taxonomic uncertainty on modelled pest risk. The case study involved a high profile plant pathogen Puccinia psidii, which causes a major disease of plants within the Myrtaceae family. Consequently, the results and recommendations may attract a wide range of interest in the biosecurity and pest risk modelling communities. We found the study by Elith et al. (2013) included a number of methodological issues that limit some of the specific and general conclusions reached in the paper. We discuss these issues and the ensuing implications for biosecurity management. We also draw attention to the need for pest risk modellers and biosecurity managers to find ways to communicate more effectively. We urge modellers and managers alike to develop a better understanding of the challenges and limitations of modelling species potential distributions across novel climates, and to be able to appreciate the meanings and limitations of models framed in different ways.
This dataset represents a registry of species that are not native but recorded to live in the wild of at least one of the four countries that comprise the Two Seas Area, i.e. Great Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. For each of the 6,661 species, subspecies and hybrids listed, we provide detailed information on its status in each country, taxonomic affiliation and environment inhabited. The data were collected by review of 36 web- and print-based sources over an eight-month period. Further systematic scanning of three of the most relevant scientific journals, i.e. Neobiota, Aquatic Invasions and BioInvasions Records, recovered 19 additional relevant publications from which information was included in the registry. As a result, the registry will serve as a basis for developing effective, cross-boundary strategies to manage and control non-native species, which can have severe ecological and economic impacts. The registry can further be used as a general reference for both scientists and practitioners, as well as a tool to assess reliability and comprehensiveness of other well-known databases such as the DAISIE portal.
The article reviews distribution records of Deroceras invadens (previously called D. panormitanum and D. caruanae), adding significant unpublished records from the authors’ own collecting, museum samples, and interceptions on goods arriving in the U.S.A. By 1940 D. invadens had already arrived in Britain, Denmark, California, Australia and probably New Zealand; it has turned up in many further places since, including remote oceanic islands, but scarcely around the eastern Mediterranean (Egypt and Crete are the exceptions), nor in Asia. Throughout much of the Americas its presence seems to have been previously overlooked, probably often being mistaken for D. laeve. New national records include Mexico, Costa Rica, and Ecuador, with evidence from interceptions of its presence in Panama, Peru, and Kenya. The range appears limited by cold winters and dry summers; this would explain why its intrusion into eastern Europe and southern Spain has been rather slow and incomplete. At a finer geographic scale, the occurrence of the congener D. reticulatum provides a convenient comparison to control for sampling effort; D. invadens is often about half as frequently encountered and sometimes predominates. Deroceras invadens is most commonly found in synanthropic habitats, particularly gardens and under rubbish, but also in greenhouses, and sometimes arable land and pasture. It may spread into natural habitats, as in Britain, South Africa,
Australia and Tenerife. Many identifications have been checked in the light of recent taxonomic revision, revealing that the sibling species D. panormitanum s.s. has spread much less extensively. A number of published or online records, especially in Australia, have turned out to be misidentifications of D. laeve.
Non-neuronal acetylcholine plays a substantial role in the human skin by influencing adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. These processes are regulated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) kinase cascade. Here we show that in HaCaT keratinocytes all five muscarinic receptor subtypes are expressed, but M1 and M3 are the subtypes involved in mitogenic signaling. Stimulation with the cholinergic agonist carbachol leads to activation of the MAP kinase extracellular signal regulated kinase, together with the protein kinase Akt. The activation is fully dependent on the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which even appears to be the sole pathway for the muscarinic receptors to facilitate MAP kinase activation in HaCaT cells. The transactivation pathway involves a triple-membrane-passing process, based on activation of matrix metalloproteases, and extracellular ligand release; whereas phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Src family kinases or protein kinase C do not appear to be involved in MAP kinase activation. Furthermore, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and endocytosis of the EGF receptor after cholinergic transactivation are different from that induced by a direct stimulation with EGF, suggesting that ligands other than EGF itself mediate the cholinergic transactivation.
Im Aufsatz versucht der Autor, nach einer textgestützten Interpretation von Martial II 51, zu zeigen, wie der Epigrammatiker die Fabel des augusteischen Historikers Livius vom Magen und den Gliedern (II 32,9ff.) in eine frivole Parodie überführt und sie zu einer witzigen und grotesken Karikatur verformt – ein spöttisches Spiel mit gattungs- und literaturgeschichtlichen Elementen.
Die bisher vorliegenden Lesungen einer fragmentarischen Weihinschrift aus Solothurn/Salodurum (CIL XIII 5170) müssen in einigen Punkten korrigiert werden. So ist die Lesung des Personennamens [O]pilius, Ma[o]pilius, Ma[ga]pilius oder Mapilius zu verwerfen. Wahrscheinlich führte der Dedikant der Inschrift den Namen M(arcus) A(urelius) [Ap]rilius. Das Gentilnomen Aprilius ist in den germanischen Provinzen und der Gallia Belgica mehrfach bezeugt.
In den römischen Grabinschriften 2. N. Nr.129 (Mittelstrimmig) und CIL XIII 6202 (Schwarzerden) sollte D•F zu d(e)f(unctis) bzw. d(e)f(uncto) aufgelöst werden und nicht zu D(ecimi) f(ilio) bzw. d(efuncto) f(ecit). Die Wendung defunctus kommt im gallisch-germanischen Raum vor allem in Bordeaux/Burdigala und im Gebiet von Trier/Augusta Treverorum vor.
It has become increasingly apparent over the last decades that cooking pottery played a considerable role as a trade commodity in ancient times, yet relatively little research has yet been done on this topic for its own sake. By taking a closer look at the cooking pottery found in Priene, a small city in southern Ionia re-founded in the middle of the 4th century BCE, we want to trace some of the broader developments within the cooking wares that were used over a period of roughly 300 years. The aim is not only to outline the general shapes that were in use over this period of time, but also to register if and how these shapes correlate with the different fabrics observed in Priene so far.
The title compound, [Li2(C25H23BN4OP)2], features a centrosymmetric dimeric complex. The four-memberered Li2O2 ring is exactly planar due to symmetry. The Li atom is four-coordinated by two O atoms and by two N atoms of two different pyrazole rings. The dihedral angle between two pyrazole rings bonded to the same B atom is 45.66 (9)°. The B—N—N—Li—N—N metalla ring adopts a boat conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by van der Waals interactions only.
The structure of the title compound, C8H16N4, which consists of four fused seven-membered rings, has been redetermined at 173 K. This redetermination corrects the orientation of two H atoms, which were located at unrealistic positions in the original room-temperature study [Murray-Rust (1974[Murray-Rust, P. (1974). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, pp. 1136-1141.]). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, pp. 1136–1141]. The complete molecule is generated by -42m symmetry, with one quarter of a molecule [one N atom (site symmetry m), two C atoms (one with site symmetry m and the other with site symmetry 2) and two H atoms] in the asymmetric unit. No directional interactions beyond van der Waals contacts are apparent in the crystal structure.
In the title compound, C40H76Si, the Si atom is located on a special position of site symmetry -4. Thus, there is just a quarter of a molecule in the asymmetric unit. The C=C double bonds exhibit a trans configuration. The Si atom and the tert-butyl group are located on the same side of the plane formed by the C=C double bond and its four substituents. The crystal packing shows no short contacts between the molecules and despite the low crystal density (0.980 Mg m−3), there are no significant voids in the structure.
In the title compound, C19H24N2O2, a di-Mannich base derived from 2-methylphenol and 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane, the imidazolidine ring adopts a twist conformation, with a twist about the ring N—C bond [C—N—C—C torsion angle = −44.34 (14)°]. The two 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzyl groups are located in trans positions with respect to the imidazolidine fragment. The structure displays two intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which each form an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O interactions with a bifurcated acceptor, forming a three-dimensional network.
In the title solvate, C14H12N2O·0.5C6H6, the complete benzene molecule is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre. The dihedral angle between the planes of the benzimidazole moiety and the phenol substituent is 75.28 (3)°. In the crystal, O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into parallel chains propagating along [100]. The molecules are further connected by C—H⋯π interactions.
Background: The invasive eel parasite Anguillicoloides crassus (syn. Anguillicola crassus) is considered one of the major causes for the decline of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) panmictic population. It impairs the swim bladder function and reduces swimming performance of its host. The life cycle of this parasite involves different intermediate and paratenic hosts. Despite an efficient immune system of the paratenic fish hosts acting against infections with A. crassus, levels of parasitized eels remain high in European river systems. Recently, the round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Gobiidae) has become dominant in many rivers in Europe and is still spreading at a rapid pace. This highly invasive species might potentially act as an important, so far neglected paratenic fish host for A. crassus.
Methods: Based on own observations and earlier single sightings of A. crassus in N. melanostomus, 60 fresh individuals of N. melanostomus were caught in the Rhine River and examined to assess the infection levels with metazoan parasites, especially A. crassus. Glycerin preparations were used for parasite identification.
Results: The parasite most frequently found in N. melanostomus was the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus sp. (subadult stage) which occurred mainly encysted in the mesenteries and liver. Every third gobiid (P = 31.7%) was infected by A. crassus larvae (L3) which exclusively occurred inside the acanthocephalan cysts. No intact or degenerated larvae of A. crassus were detected elsewhere in the goby, neither in the body cavity and mesenteries nor in other organs. Affected cysts contained the acanthocephalan larvae and 1-12 (mI =3) living A. crassus larvae. Additionally, encysted larvae of the nematode Raphidascaris acus were detected in the gobies, but only in the body cavity and not inside the acanthocephalan cysts.
Conclusions: Based on our observations, we suggest that A. crassus might actively bypass the immune response of N. melanostomus by invading the cysts of acanthocephalan parasites of the genus Pomphorhynchus using them as "Trojan horses". Providing that eels prey on the highly abundant round goby and that the latter transfers viable infective larvae of A. crassus, the new paratenic host might have a strong impact on the epidemiology of A. crassus.
The late physicist Carl Sagan, whom I quote in the first part of my title, skillfully phrased the common sense view on evidence in the mature sciences. In linguistics, however, evidence has become a controversial issue, especially so when it comes to the investigation of less well studied languages. In this paper, I argue that Sagan's principle should be applied to linguistics. The growing accessibility of a wide array of experimental techniques and computational tools to analyze such data makes it feasible to back up extraordinary claims with evidence from a variety of sources. At the same time, it is in many cases possible to agree on what constitutes an ordinary claim and focus the extra effort on extraordinary claims. For non-controversial claims no more than the minimum effort to establish the claim and properly document the evidence is necessary.
Im Folgenden soll kurz geklärt werden, was Genus ist (Kap. 2) und – auch wenn diese Frage nicht mit unserem derzeitigen Wissen beantwortbar ist – woher Genus kommen könnte (Kap. 3). Hauptsächlich stellt sich jedoch die Frage: Was tun mit Genus, das heute das Endstadium einer langen Grammatikalisierung darstellt (Kap. 4)? Hier wird die wichtigste Antwort lauten: Genus hat eine neue, eine syntaktische Nutzung erfahren, indem es maßgeblich daran beteiligt ist, unsere berühmten Nominalklammern zu bauen (4.1). Außerdem gibt es weitere "Recyclingmöglichkeiten" von Genus, nämlich: a) Objekte, die Namen tragen, zu klassifizieren (die Kaiser Wilhelm), b) Beziehungen zwischen namentragenden und namenverwendenden Personen zu qualifizieren (der Peterle, das Anna) oder sogar c) Personen zu degradieren (das Merkel). Mit Punkt a) begebe ich mich in die Onomastik, mit Punkt b) in die Dialektologie, und mit Punkt c) werde ich mit der Genderlinguistik enden.
Mapping is an important tool for the management of plant invasions. If landscapes are mapped in an appropriate way, results can help managers decide when and where to prioritize their efforts. We mapped vegetation with the aim of providing key information for managers on the extent, density and rates of spread of multiple invasive species across the landscape. Our case study focused on an area of Galapagos National Park that is faced with the challenge of managing multiple plant invasions. We used satellite imagery to produce a spatially explicit database of plant species densities in the canopy, finding that 92% of the humid highlands had some degree of invasion and 41% of the canopy was comprised of invasive plants. We also calculated the rate of spread of eight invasive species using known introduction dates, finding that species with the most limited dispersal ability had the slowest spread rates while those able to disperse long distances had a range of spread rates. Our results on spread rate fall at the lower end of the range of published spread rates of invasive plants. This is probably because most studies are based on the entire geographic extent, whereas our estimates took plant density into account. A spatial database of plant species densities, such as the one developed in our case study, can be used by managers to decide where to apply management actions and thereby help curtail the spread of current plant invasions. For example, it can be used to identify sites containing several invasive plant species, to find the density of a particular species across the landscape or to locate where native species make up the majority of the canopy. Similar databases could be developed elsewhere to help inform the management of multiple plant invasions over the landscape.