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Besprechung der Entscheidungen BGH vom 10. 10. 2005 - II ZR 90/03 und II ZR 148/03, Der Konzern 2006, 269, 272 (Mangusta/Commerzbank I und II) 1. Beiden Urteilen in Sachen Mangusta/Commerzbank ist im Ergebnis zuzustimmen. Der Senat hat das Recht des genehmigten Kapitals mit Bezugsrechtsausschluss sachgerecht fortentwickelt. 2. In der ersten Entscheidung hat der Senat zutreffend die Frage nach einer Vorabberichtspflicht des Vorstands verneint und sich dabei ausdrücklich gegen namhafte Stimmen des Schrifttums gewandt. Eine solche Berichtspflicht ist abzulehnen, weil sie einen übertriebenen Formalismus bedeuten würde und voraussichtlich die durch Siemens/Nold gewonnene Flexibilisierung beim genehmigten Kapital nicht unerheblich einschränken würde. 3. Zutreffend ist auch die Ablehnung einer analogen Anwendung der aktienrechtlichen Anfechtungs- und Nichtigkeitsfeststellungsklage auf Beschlüsse der Verwaltung. Hier hätte es u.E. allerdings näher gelegen, die Analogie mangels planwidriger Regelungslücke zu verneinen. 4. Anerkennung verdient schließlich auch die Zulassung der allgemeinen Feststellungsklage als Instrument zur Kontrolle der Verwaltungsbeschlüsse über ein genehmigtes Kapital mit Bezugsrechtsausschluss. Ein Feststellungsurteil hat die Funktion, der Verwaltung direkt eine Kompetenzüberschreitung aufzuzeigen. Andere den Aktionären zur Verfügung stehende Rechtsbehelfe ermöglichen lediglich eine inzidente Kontrolle des Handelns der verantwortlichen Organe. Einen auf die Pflichtwidrigkeit fokussierten Rechtsschutz bietet nur die allgemeine Feststellungsklage. Das Feststellungsinteresse der Aktionär begründet der Senat insbesondere damit, dass die Verwaltungsorgane aus einem gegen ihr Verhalten gemünzten Feststellungsurteil die notwendigen Folgerungen ziehen werden. Dem kann letztlich gefolgt werden, wenngleich der vom Senat hier angelegte Maßstab doch sehr großzügig erscheint. Ein zusätzliches Missbrauchspotenzial, das über jenes hinausgeht, das mit einer Unterlassungsklage oder einer Unterlassungsverfügung verbunden ist, wird durch die Zulassung der allgemeinen Feststellungsklage und der zugehörigen Regelungsverfügung nicht geschaffen.
Lack of privacy due to surveillance of personal data, which is becoming ubiquitous around the world, induces persistent conformity to the norms prevalent under the surveillance regime. We document this channel in a unique laboratory---the widespread surveillance of private citizens in East Germany. Exploiting localized variation in the intensity of surveillance before the fall of the Berlin Wall, we show that, at the present day, individuals who lived in high-surveillance counties are more likely to recall they were spied upon, display more conformist beliefs about society and individual interactions, and are hesitant about institutional and social change. Social conformity is accompanied by conformist economic choices: individuals in high-surveillance counties save more and are less likely to take out credit, consistent with norms of frugality. The lack of differences in risk aversion and binding financial constraints by exposure to surveillance helps to support a beliefs channel.
Bundesligavereine und Börse
(1997)
Die Bundesliga lebe "heute noch im Zeitalter der Postkutsche". Diese Zustandsbeschreibung entstammt dem Munde des Präsidenten eines bedeutenden deutschen Fußballvereins, und sie bezieht sich auf die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen des Berufsfußballs in Deutschland. Die Klubs der beiden deutschen Lizenzligen sind ausnahmslos als eingetragene Vereine (§ 21 BGB) organisiert. Längst hat sich die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, daß diese Rechtsform nicht mehr das passende Organisationskleid für Klubs mit Millionenumsätzen darstellt. Spielergehälter, Sponsoren- und Werbeeinnahmen, Erlöse aus Fernsehübertragungen und dem Verkauf von Eintrittskarten sowie Fanartikeln (sog. Merchandising) steigen stetig an. Die hierdurch gekennzeichnete Expansion des Marktes für das "Produkt Fußball" stellt die Vereine ebenso wie der zunehmende, durch das Bosman-Urteil des EuGH begünstigte Wettbewerbsdruck im europäischen Berufsfußball vor neue Herausforderungen. Neue Finanzierungsquellen sind gefragt. Doch hat die Aktiengesellschaft, obgleich seit langem als Alternative zum Verein diskutiert, in Deutschland bisher nicht Einzug in den bezahlten Fußball gehalten. Das soll sich in naher Zukunft ändern. Der amtierende Champions-League-Sieger Borussia Dortmund ließ Anfang Juli 1997 verlauten, der Mitgliederversammlung solle im Oktober oder November des Jahres eine Satzungsänderung vorgeschlagen werden, welche die Umwandlung des wirtschaftlichen Geschäftsbetriebs (Profiabteilung und Abteilung Merchandising) in eine Aktiengesellschaft zum Ziel hat. Zunächst soll die neuzugründende Gesellschaft eine 100%ige Tochter des Vereins bleiben, der als solcher nur noch die Sportbereiche Jugend, Amateure, Tischtennis und Handball umfaßt. In Absprache mit dem Deutschen Fußball-Bund (DFB) sollen sodann Möglichkeiten für einen späteren Börsengang erarbeitet werden. Über einen solchen Schritt denkt inzwischen auch der FC Bayern München e.V. nach. Der Manager des Vereins erwartet die ersten Aktiengesellschaften für den Juli 1999 und schätzt den Börsenwert seines Klubs auf 500 Millionen DM.
Bekanntlich hat der Handel von Anteilen deutscher Gesellschaften an US-amerikanischen Börsen in der Vergangenheit bisher ein Schattendasein geführt. An den beiden US-Börsen mit den meisten Notierungen ausländischer Gesellschaften, der New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") und der American Stock Exchange ("AMEX") waren deutsche Aktiengesellschaften nicht vertreten. Im computergestützten Handelssystem National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations System ("NASDAQ") waren gerade einmal die "ADRs" einer einzigen Gesellschaft zum Handel zugelassen. Daneben wurden Ende 1992 noch im Freiverkehr ("OTC") die "ADRs" von 12 weiteren Gesellschaften gehandelt. Die Notierung der Daimler Benz AG an der NYSE seit dem 5. Oktober 1993 sowie die bislang eher verhaltene Reaktion hierauf geben Anlaß, sich mit den Voraussetzungen und daraus erwachsenden Konsequenzen des Ganges an eine US-Börse zu befassen (11. - VI.). Insbesondere sollen aus dem Bezugsrecht der Aktionäre bei zukünftigen Kapitalerhöhungen entstehende Probleme erörtert werden (VII.).
Börsenreform
(1998)
"Die deutschen Regionalbörsen haben mir den Auftrag erteilt, zum Gutachten zur Börsenreform in Deutschland (Hopt/Rudolph/Baum [Hrsg.], Börsenreform 1997) Stellung zu nehmen. Diese Stellungnahme wird hiermit als Arbeitspapier in der Reihe des Instituts für Handels- und Wirtschaftsrecht interessierten Wissenschaftlern, Verbänden und nicht zuletzt den Förderern des Instituts zur Verfügung gestellt. Meinem Assistenten, Herrn Ulrich Segna, danke ich für seine tatkräftige Mitarbeit."
We employ a proprietary transaction-level dataset in Germany to examine how capital requirements affect the liquidity of corporate bonds. Using the 2011 European Banking Authority capital exercise that mandated certain banks to increase regulatory capital, we find that affected banks reduce their inventory holdings, pre-arrange more trades, and have smaller average trade size. While non-bank affiliated dealers increase their market-making activity, they are unable to bridge this gap - aggregate liquidity declines. Our results are stronger for banks with a higher capital shortfall, for non-investment grade bonds, and for bonds where the affected banks were the dominant market-maker.
This article presents a structural overview of corporate disclosure in Germany against the background of a rapidly evolving European market. Professor Baums first makes the theoretical case for mandatory disclosure and outlines the standard, regulatory elements of market transparency. He then turns to German law and illustrates both how it attempts to meet the principle, theoretical demands of disclosure and how it should be improved. The article also presents in some detail the actual channels of corporate disclosure used in Germany and the manner in which German law now fits into the overall development of the broader, European Community scheme, as well as the contemplated changes and improvements both at the national and the supranational level.
Climate crimes – a critique
(2023)
This paper aims on taking a critical approach to the emerging debate on climate criminal justice, that is mostly about something labeled „climate criminal law“ („Klimastrafrecht“). The critique is directed at climate crimes intended to protect our habitable climate („Klimaschutzstrafrecht“) or to prevent climate change („Klimawandelpräventionsstrafrecht“) staged as transformational criminal law. “Fighting" climate change with climate crimes can lull us into deceptive certainties and by extension into perilous idleness; and it will do so if we think of climate protection essentially in terms of traditional criminal law. Climate crimes are based on the idea that we can counter climate change with the "sharpest sword" available to a polity (cf. the German and Continental European ultima-ratio principle) and that we can thereby also get hold of "the powerful". But these certainties rest on but normative (and at heart: liberal) doctrines, which are deceptive in having lost touch with the realities of the administration of criminal justice. They obscure that more effective measures are available to mitigate the climate crisis and that "the powerful" will likely be shielded with and by climate crimes. Therefore, the climate crimes approach to the climate crisis may just turn out to be (self-)appeasement. It obfuscates that more effective measures are likely necessary to avert impending crises. Our critique is therefore not "only" directed at the symbolic, but the dysfunctional and "dark side" of climate crimes.
The EU Collective Redress Recommendation has invited Member States to introduce collective redress mechanisms by 26 July 2015. The well-known reservations claim potentially abusive litigation and potential settlement of not well-founded claims resulting from controversial funding of cases by means of contingency fees and from ‘opt-out’ class action procedures. The paper posits that there may also be some fear that the European Commission may try to pursue the enforcement of its regulatory agenda in this way at the expense of individual claimants’ interests. Therefore a comparative analysis is carried out to see to what extent concerns about individual rights as opposed to regulatory goals are reflected in the different newly revised systems in place across Europe. As an iterim result the Dutch settlement procedure for mass damage claims, the English Group Litigation Order and the German test case procedure turn out to be relatively well-suited to deal with mass damage claims. At the same time, none of them can quite reach an optimal balance between individual rights and regulatory goals and therefore each of them is subject to criticism. That is why the further question is raised in how far these procedures could complement each other, thus contributing to the enforcement of individual rights without overregulating markets in Europe.
Common ownership and the (non-)transparency of institutional shareholdings: an EU-US comparison
(2022)
This paper compares the extent of common ownership in the US and the EU stock markets, with a particular focus on differences in the ap- plicable ownership transparency requirements. Most empirical research on common ownership to date has focused on US issuers, largely relying on ownership data obtained from institutional investors’ 13F filings. This type of data is generally not available for EU issuers. Absent 13F filings, researchers have to use ownership records sourced from mutual funds’ periodic reports and blockholder disclosures. Constructing a “reduced dataset” that seeks to capture only ownership information available for both EU and US issuers, I demonstrate that the “extra” ownership information introduced by 13F filings is substantial. However, even when taking differences in the transparency situation into due account, common ownership among listed EU firms is much less pronounced than among listed US firms by any measure. This is true even if the analysis is limited to non-controlled firms.
The paper was submitted to the conference on company law reform at the University of Cambridge, July 4th, 2002. Since the introduction of corporation laws in the individual German states during the first half of the 19th century, Germany has repeatedly amended and reformed its company law. Such reforms and amendments were prompted in part by stock exchange fraud and the collapse of large corporations, but also by a routine adjustment of law to changing commercial and societal conditions. During the last ten years, a series of significant changes to German company law led one commentator to speak from a "company law in permanent reform". Two years ago, the German Federal Chancellor established a Regierungskommission Corporate Governance ("Government Commission on Corporate Governance") and instructed it to examine the German Corporate Governance system and German company law as a whole, and formulate recommendations for reform.
Search costs for lenders when evaluating potential borrowers are driven by the quality of the underwriting model and by access to data. Both have undergone radical change over the last years, due to the advent of big data and machine learning. For some, this holds the promise of inclusion and better access to finance. Invisible prime applicants perform better under AI than under traditional metrics. Broader data and more refined models help to detect them without triggering prohibitive costs. However, not all applicants profit to the same extent. Historic training data shape algorithms, biases distort results, and data as well as model quality are not always assured. Against this background, an intense debate over algorithmic discrimination has developed. This paper takes a first step towards developing principles of fair lending in the age of AI. It submits that there are fundamental difficulties in fitting algorithmic discrimination into the traditional regime of anti-discrimination laws. Received doctrine with its focus on causation is in many cases ill-equipped to deal with algorithmic decision-making under both, disparate treatment, and disparate impact doctrine. The paper concludes with a suggestion to reorient the discussion and with the attempt to outline contours of fair lending law in the age of AI.
"In this paper, I analyse the conduct of business rules included in the Directive on Markets in Financial Instruments (MiFID) which has replaced the Investment Services Directive (ISD). These rules, in addition to being part of the regulation of investment intermediaries, operate as contractual standards in the relationships between intermediaries and their clients. While the need to harmonise similar rules is generally acknowledged, in the present paper I ask whether the Lamfalussy regulatory architecture, which governs securities lawmaking in the EU, has in some way improved regulation in this area. In section II, I examine the general aspects of the Lamfalussy process. In section III, I critically analyse the MiFID s provisions on conduct of business obligations, best execution of transactions and client order handling, taking into account the new regime of trade internalisation by investment intermediaries and the ensuing competition between these intermediaries and market operators. In sectionIV, I draw some general conclusions on the re-regulation made under the Lamfalussy regulatory structure and its limits. In this section, I make a few preliminary comments on the relevance of conduct of business rules to contract law, the ISD rules of conduct and the role of harmonisation."
According to the prevailing view, the purpose of digital copyright is to balance conflicting interests in exclusivity on the one hand and in access to information on the other. This article offers an alternative reading of the conflicts surrounding copyright in the digital era. It argues that two cultures of communication coexist on the internet, each of which has a different relationship to copyright. Whereas copyright institutionalizes and supports a culture of exclusivity, it is at best neutral towards a culture of free and open access. The article shows that, depending on the future regulation of copyright and the internet in general, the dynamic coexistence of these cultures may well be replaced by an overwhelming dominance of the culture of exclusivity.
The article describes the legal structure of the Daimler-Chrysler merger. It asks why this specific structure rather than another cheaper way was chosen. This leads to the more general question of the pros and cons of mandatory corporate law as a regulatory device. The article advocates an "optional" approach: The legislator should offer various menus or sets of binding rules among which the parties may choose. (JEL: ...)