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Nesta análise do romance "Die neuen Leiden des jungen W." (1973) em sua intertextualidade com os romances de Goethe, Defoe e Salinger, sugere-se que o texto de Plenzdorf cria um universo estilístico e ideológico instigante a uma produção inserida no contexto literário do Realismo Socialista dos anos 70 na Alemanha Oriental. Vinte anos após a Queda do Muro de Berlim, esse universo revela-se atual, senão modelar, para o (re)trabalho de memória cultural da RDA representado na literatura e no cinema contemporâneos. Para tanto, recorre-se às análises da intertextualidade como um método de abordagem de processos de transformação. Expõem-se, então, os diferentes processos observados no romance em relação aos seus pré-textos.
A idéia central deste artigo é apontar o papel fundamental de alguns aspectos do pensamento romântico na compreensão da relação entre artista e sociedade, exposta criticamente por Thomas Mann em seu romance Doktor Faustus. Nessa perspectiva, considerase que uma exacerbação deformadora da tradição romântica - nos moldes em que ela é sugerida no romance e na trajetória do protagonista, o músico Adrian Leverkühn – é, enquanto ponto em comum da avaliação de Mann sobre o papel social do artista, sobre o caráter hermético da estética moderna e a decadência existencial e artística do protagonista do romance, um aspect decisivo para entendimento da problematização da relação entre arte e sociedade ali apresentada. A estrutura do artigo propõe o entendimento da relevância desta influência romântica nos rumos da arte moderna a partir de três ângulos distintos e complementares. Nomeadamente: as considerações estéticas e políticas do intelectual Thomas Mann; as relações entre o Romantismo e a dissolução do sistema tonal na música moderna e, por fim, o intelectualismo estéril e mudo da arte de Leverkühn. A idéia desta divisão é, pois, passando pela dimensão sócio-política da reflexão crítica (auto-avaliação do autor) e pela dimensão estética (as transformações dentro do sistema tonal da música erudita), contemplar os dois elementos fundamentais que estruturam o romance e vislumbrar mais nitidamente a proposição crítica da elaboração literária de tais questões.
O estilo em Alfred Döblin
(2010)
O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar alguns aspectos teóricos postulados pelo escritor alemão Alfred Döblin em seus ensaios ao desenvolver sua própria concepção da obra épica na "era da técnica" à luz de questões estilísticas, propondo conceitos como "estilo cinematográfico", "despersonalização", "fantasia factual" e "fantasia cinética". Para uma delimitação conceitual em relação à noção de "estilo", serão tomadas por base as considerações de Antoine Compagnon, postuladas na obra "O demônio da teoria" (1999), bem como as reflexões de Walter Benjamin, presents na resenha "A crise do romance" (1930) e no ensaio "O narrador" (1936).
O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar como se dá a questão da busca do conhecimento ilustrada pela figura da deusa Saïs no fragmento de romance de Novalis 'Die Lehrlinge zu Saïs', escrito em 1801. Em nossa investigação, traçamos um paralelo entre o uso alegórico do mito de Saïs em Novalis e no poema de Schiller 'Das verschleierte Bild zu Saïs', a fim de melhor caracterizar o conceito de verdade novalisiano. Por fim, procuramos analisar o conto de fadas 'Hyazinth und Rosenblüte', que se encontra no interior da narrativa em questão, uma vez que nele se dá o encontro ideal da Verdade almejado pelos poetas do primeiro-romantismo alemão, em especial, por Novalis.
A fortuna crítica de Friedrich Schlegel é rica em alusões a sua relação com Schleiermacher. Ambos conviveram em Berlim por volta de 1800, época em que Schlegel editava a "Athenäum" e em que Schleiermacher ainda não escrevera seus principais textos sobre hermenêutica. É possível conceber Friedrich Schlegel como um predecessor de Schleiermacher? Na tentativa de responder a essa pergunta, vamos nos deter sobre três textos, todos eles publicados na "Athenäum": o ensaio sobre Lessing ("Über Lessing", 1797), o ensaio sobre o Wilhem Meister de Goethe ("Über Goethes Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre", 1798) e o ensaio da ininteligibilidade ("Über die Unverständlichkeit", 1800).
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
Rezension zu Döblin, Alfred, Berlin Alexanderplatz. trad. Irene Aron. São Paulo: Martins, 2009.
A partir de meados da década de 1980, observa-se uma mudança de paradigma na pesquisa sobre tradução: a primazia reservada até então ao texto de partida cede lugar paulatinamente aos fatores que coatuam na recepção do texto traduzido. Tal mudança tem conseqüências para a noção de competência tradutória: dos tradutores iniciantes não se espera apenas que tenham bons conhecimentos das línguas com as quais trabalham, mas também que sejam capazes de, na fase de compreensão do texto a ser traduzido, ativarem outras formas de conhecimento e, na fase de retextualização, traçarem estratégias que lhes possibilitem preencher lacunas adequadas à tarefa de tradução. Este artigo visa a demonstrar que a aplicação sistemática de conceitos da pesquisa lingüística de base contrastiva para o par de línguas alemão-português, bem como de conceitos da lingüística textual, pode contribuir para que os tradutores iniciantes ampliem e aprofundem seus conhecimentos na língua estrangeira, ao mesmo tempo em que são orientados nos primeiros passos da tradução. As considerações teóricas sobre o tema (Parte I) são ilustradas por um exemplo de aplicação (Parte II).
A cognição pode ser definida como um processo de aquisição de conhecimento que tem como material a informação do meio em que vivemos e o que já está registrado na nossa memória. Este processo envolve percepção, atenção, memória e ação, e nem sempre acontece de forma consciente. Mais do que simplesmente a aquisição de conhecimento, é um processo de conversão de tudo o que é captado pelo aprendiz de acordo com sua identidade e suas experiências. Com base nesse conceito, propõe-se um modelo teórico para o processamento cognitivo relacionado à produção em língua estrangeira, fundamentado em teorias recentes da neurociência sobre memória, aprendizagem e processamento de representações de seqüências freqüentes na língua (chunks) e ilustrado com dados referentes ao alemão como língua estrangeira. Como resultado, nota-se que o conhecimento teórico sobre a língua estrangeira e a capacidade de utilizá-la são habilidades complementares que interagem na aprendizagem da mesma, mas como saberes distintos, e não estágios do mesmo conhecimento determinados pelo tempo de aprendizagem ou armazenamento na memória, como sugerem alguns teóricos da área.
Este artigo apresenta um estudo quantitativo do uso dos modos Konjunktiv e Indikativ no discurso indireto no alemão. Através da análise de um corpus de 400 textos online do gênero notícia de jornal, descrevem-se fatores que influenciam a escolha do modo do discurso indireto. Para a realização deste estudo partiu-se das seguintes hipóteses: a escolha do modo do discurso indireto pode ser influenciada pelo tipo de verbo do discurso citante (sagen/dizer, erklären/explicar), pela posição deste (antes ou depois do discurso citado), pelo tempo verbal do verbo finito do discurso citante, tipo de verbo do discurso citado (regular, irregular, auxiliar), se a oração subordinada é introduzida ou não por conjunção, grau de inserção da oração subordinada e distância entre discurso citante e discurso citado.
Realizamos um estudo da língua de comunicação usada no interior do gênero discursivo "carta familiar" analisando peculiaridades fônicas e morfológicas da linguagem das cartas na época em que foram escritas, bem como da identidade das pessoas envolvidas no processo de interação (autor e receptor da carta). Para este artigo, são analisadas duas cartas escritas por falantes bilíngues de alemão e português, com base em uma reflexão sobre a difusão da cultura germânica no Brasil, tendo em vista serem essas cartas reveladoras desse processo.
Com base em um corpus de quatro gêneros textuais – entrevistas orais e escritas, artigos jornalísticos e livros de não-ficção – o artigo focaliza o modo como o conceito 'sociedade' é abordado metaforicamente em discursos brasileiros e alemães atuais. Os resultados mostram que certos esquemas imagéticos são mais misturados e dinâmicos no corpus alemão em oposição ao corpus brasileiro, onde a percepção da própria sociedade tende a ser mais estática. Com relação a metáforas conceituais, destacam-se as metáforas negócio, edifício, jogo e observação como mais frequentes no corpus alemão, ao passo que no corpus brasileiro o uso das metáforas personificação, palco, flora, família e guerra é mais frequente. Acrescenta-se também uma microanálise que leva em consideração o contexto e as intenções dos locutores que revelam as funções comunicativas ligadas à preferência de certas metáforas.
A origem brasileira de Thomas Mann, por parte de sua mãe, Julia da Silva Bruhns, deu ocasião, na maturidade do escritor, a seu contato com intelectuais brasileiros ou estrangeiros ligados à cena cultural do Brasil. No primeiro grupo, tem-se Gilberto Freyre, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda e Erico Verissimo. Residentes no Brasil, Karl Lustig-Prean, que posteriormente retornará à Europa, e o tradutor Herbert Caro, que se radica em definitivo no Brasil. Também o contato direto ou indireto com pensadores e escritores como Karl Loewenstein, Heinrich Eduard Jacob, Marte Brill e Stefan Zweig colaboraram para a aproximação de Thomas Mann ao universo brasileiro. Estes e outros pontos de contato são descritos no presente artigo, que pretende difundir dados e documentos há muito inacessíveis ou inéditos, no sentido de contribuir com abordagens atualizadas da obra de Thomas Mann e oferecer à pesquisa especializada a indicação de dados biográficos e documentais relacionados ao escritor, no que concerne à sua relação com o Brasil.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
Rezension zu Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Hammerstein ou a Obstinação. Trad. Samuel Titan Jr. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras, 2009
Neste trabalho são abordados aspectos históricos e semânticos dos termos "doutor" (port.) – "Doktor" (alem.), que apresentam matizes bastante diferenciados nas duas culturas respectivas. Primeiramente é considerado o desenvolvimento do termo "doutor", desde suas origens latinas até o seu uso hodierno em português, em que o termo passa a ser utilizado também como forma respeitosa de tratamento. O uso dessa forma de tratamento para certas categorias profissionais no Brasil é, então, contrastado com a situação vigente na Alemanha, levando-se em conta a legislação e a jurisprudência em ambos os países. As particularidades do tratamento de doutor em cada uma das duas culturas, sobretudo na área do direito, são ilustradas com exemplos. Ao final, são tecidos breves comentários sobre a relevância teórica e prática do assunto para a tradução.
A teoria da mídia alemã surge no campo dos estudos literários no início dos anos oitenta e desempenha um papel vital no campo da comunicação e dos estudos de mídia mundo afora. Contudo, muitos pesquisadores dos estudos literários não parecem ter consciência do assim chamado "media turn" alemão, que produziu contribuições importantes para o debate contemporâneo acerca de questões sobre texto, mídia, percepção e tecnologia. Este artigo tenta mostrar um panorama desse debate, enfocando autores como Benjamin, Schmidt e Flusser.
O artigo aborda a trajetória da peça radiofônica alemã do pós-guerra. Depois de uma introdução ao gênero da radiopeça, são comentados três peças exemplares: "Träume" de Günter Eich, NWDR 1951, como exemplo típico de uma radiopeça literária, e "Träume 1951 - Musikalischer Epilog" de Hans Schüttler, NDR, do ano 2007, uma obra representativa da Audio-Art contemporânea. O último exemplo é de uma radiopeça pop, "Eisstadt", WDR 2005, de Schorsch Kamerun. Eisstadt, uma bricolagem com a mesma pretensão política de "Träume", mistura a cultura erudita com a cultura de massa e combina os mais diversos estilos de língua e de música. Ultimamente, com a valorização do audio na Alemanha, a peça radiofônica está passando por uma fase de revitalização, porém sob condições diversas daquelas dos anos cinquenta.
Este artigo trata da rápida substituição de paradigmas que se processa no seio da comunidade judaica alemã nas primeiras décadas do século 19, como resultado da derrubada dos muros que, até então, separavam os judeus dos alemães cristãos. O triunfo das idéias do Iluminismo bem como sua rápida penetração no âmbito de uma comunidade ansiosa por integração numa sociedade que prometia a igualdade entre todos os seus membros, independentemente de sua origem étnica ou religiosa, estimulou, entre os judeus egressos dos guetos, a adoção de novas visões de mundo e de novos conceitos de nacionalidade e espiritualidade. Uma das passagens centrais nesse processo de mudança é descrita pelo escritor Berthold Auerbach (1812-1882) como a transformação da idéia de 'Revelação', central à tradição judaica, em 'Bildung', fundamental na cultura alemã do século 19. Trata-se de uma mudança de paradigmas que explica, de certa forma, a grande afinidade dos judeus do mundo de língua alemã com a reflexão humanística de seu tempo, que parece ocupar o lugar privilegiado antes reservado aos estudos de caráter religioso.
Entre as diferentes funções que uma autobiografia pode assumir está a reivindicação de reconhecimento. Vários dos integrantes da esquerda militante alemã dos anos 1970, que romperam radicalmente com a sociedade, publicaram, nos últimos anos, textos autobiográficos. Na presente análise do livro de Inge Viett, a autora discute a questão da responsabilidade de seus atos violentos com o propósito de alcançar o reconhecimento de seus leitores.
O objetivo do presente artigo é esboçar, a partir da interpretação das obras "Zeit-Zeugen. Inhaftiert in Berlin-Hohenschönhausen" (1996), organizada por Gabriele Camphausen, "Folterzelle 36 Berlin-Pankow. Erlebnisbericht einer Stasihaft" (1993), de Timo Zilli, "Ein guter Kampf. Fakten, Daten, Erinnerungen 1945-1954" (1998) do político Ewald Ernst, "Die Stasi war mein Eckermann: oder mein Leben mit der Wanze" (1991), do escritor Erich Loest, e "Geboren am 13. August. Der Sozialismus und ich" (2004), do jornalista Jens Bisky, um breve estudo sobre as diversas formas e fases da violência enquanto instrumento de poder, praticada pelo Estado do SED na República Democrática Alemã nos 40 anos de sua existência, e discutir especialmente alguns aspectos teóricos sobre o conceito de "literatura de testemunho". Os cinco relatos analisados, de caráter memorialista e autobiográfico, se pautam por um tom decididamente crítico frente aos desmandos num Estado totalitário. "Transpor muros" nos 20 anos após a Queda do Muro de Berlim, desse ponto de vista, implica um olhar memorialista de denúncia contra o esquecimento frente a um passado traumático.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
Rezension zu Igor Sosa Mayor, Routineformeln im Spanischen und im Deutschen. Eine pragmalinguistische kontrastive Analyse. Wien: Praesens Verlag, 2006. (451 S., ISBN 13:978-3-7069-0360-8)
Neste trabalho pretendo analisar a relação entre frases célebres e a tradução. Inicialmente discutirei a origem e as particularidades do termo "Geflügelte Worte" em alemão. A seguir apresentarei traduções para o português de frases célebres muito conhecidas do Fausto de Goethe, a fim de ilustrar a complexidade estrutural e semântica das mesmas e, conseqüentemente, o especial desafio que elas representam para a tradução. Ao final, mostrarei que frases célebres alteradas são um recurso estilístico freqüente da linguagem jornalística e publicitária e tecerei alguns breves comentários sobre como lidar com este fenômeno na tradução.
Neste artigo, discute-se o papel discursivo, semântico e sintático dos marcadores discursivos de origem conjuncional do alemão e do português (wobei, weil e obwohl; porque e que) e enumeram-se algumas evidências a respeito do processo de gramaticalização/ pragmaticalização desses marcadores em ambas as línguas. O estudo faz parte de um projeto de análise contrastiva dos processos de gramaticalização das sentenças complexas do alemão e do português e toma como base uma perspectiva teórica cognitivo-discursiva.
Poucas obras marcaram tanto o imaginário acerca do Brasil como o livro de Stefan Zweig intitulado "Brasil – um país do futuro", escrito nos anos 1940. No entanto, não obstante a fama desse livro e de sua visão de um Brasil harmonioso, não se deve esquecer que existem livros de outros autores de língua alemã, escritos nessa mesma época, com visões e interpretações acerca do Brasil divergentes daquelas reveladas por Zweig. Neste artigo, são abordados alguns aspectos da imagem do Brasil presentes no "Romanceiro Brasileiro", de Ulrich Becher – um autor relativamente negligenciado pelos estudos germânicos. Zweig, na procura por benesses do governo de Getúlio Vargas, demonstra uma tendência de ocultar possíveis conflitos que poderiam ameaçar a harmonia que ele acredita ter encontrado no Brasil. Ao contrário disso, Becher – para quem esse país foi apenas um lugar de passagem - destaca justamente as contradições e dissonâncias presentes, focalizando aspectos conflitantes com uma imagem idílica, como os grandes problemas e injustiças sociais, e chega, assim, a elaborar uma imagem talvez mais plausível do Brasil.
A seguir, procuraremos identificar na obra "Die Lehrlinge zu Saïs", de Novalis, um dos autores mais significativos do assim chamado Primeiro Romantismo Alemão, os pressupostos de uma teoria da linguagem que se sustenta no Idealismo Alemão. O problema se delineia à medida que, para Novalis, contemporâneo do estabelecimento das bases da lingüística moderna, e, ele próprio, estudioso de filologia, observar-se-ia no fenômeno da linguagem uma possível relação entre espírito e mundo, o que, por sua vez, se opõe ao conceito hoje clássico da arbitrariedade do signo. Considerada pela crítica como um fragmento de romance, a narrativa de Novalis em questão apresenta um elenco bastante rico no que se refere aos pressupostos de uma possível teoria da linguagem de caráter simbólico-poético e messiânico. Assim sendo, a abordagem a "Os Discípulos em Saïs" terá como perspectiva a possível identificação, no texto literário, de características desta filosofia ou teoria romântica da linguagem.
"O estudante de Praga" (1913) é considerado o primeiro filme de arte produzido na Alemanha. Baseado num roteiro de Hanns Heinz Ewers, escritor e defensor destacado do novo medium fílmico, o filme remonta a motivos da tradição literária do romantismo alemão, sobretudo em relação às obras de E.T.A. Hoffmann e Adelbert von Chamisso e à figura do doppelgänger. Todo esse arcabouço literário não só dava sustentação à trama como também credibilidade ao filme, contribuindo, junto com a exploração dos recursos técnicos de câmera, para a aceitação definitiva do filme como medium de arte, bem como para o início do sucesso do cinema alemão, que atingiria seu apogeu nos anos 1920, com o movimento conhecido como 'expressionismo alemão'.
Em "Der Fall Maurizius", romance de Jakob Wassermann de 1928, parcialmente ambientado em 1908, à época da República de Weimar, o autor critica o pragmatismo alemão, apoiado numa burocracia de estado que, mesmo depois do fim do Império, continua a exercer o poder de maneira absoluta. Wassermann revolta-se contra a má administração da justiça, e contra o caráter perverso daqueles que, tendo se apoderado do aparelho estatal, arrogam a si mesmos o papel de representantes dos melhores princípios do humanismo alemão. O pragmatismo, assim, apresenta-se como a falsificação daqueles valores que supostamente o legitimariam – notadamente, do princípio de Justiça, "Gerechtigkeit". A inocência de um adolescente, Etzel von Andergast, filho de um grande promotor, é o que traz à luz este estado de adulteração. Ao mesmo tempo, a figura de Waremme, descendente de judeus provenientes de regiões da Polônia ocupadas pela Prússia desde 1772, é uma figura sinistra, que rompeu com o legado ético de seus antepassados, pretendendo exercer um papel de destaque no movimento nacionalista alemão, para frustrar-se e ocupar posição marginal numa sociedade repleta de desencaminhados e perplexos. Desta forma o autor representa as aporias de uma geração que sente na pele esse exílio da justiça e a crise generalizada de valores.
Goethe e Brecht em diálogo
(2008)
O propósito desse trabalho é tecer um paralelo entre os prólogos do "Faust I", o "prólogo no céu" de Goethe e o prólogo da peça de Brecht "Der gute Mensch von Sezuan". A análise comparativa dos dois textos oferece subsídios para se afirmar que Brecht cria uma paródia do prólogo goethiano, procedimento que será interpretado como uma das características da literatura do século XX. Tal recurso de intertextualidade e de recriação será visto como uma forma de caracterizar o presente amorfo a partir do confronto e da analogia, com visão crítica, de uma obra consagrada da tradição.
O presente artigo busca retratar o aproveitamento feito por Machado de Assis do tema fáustico, nos romances "Dom Casmurro", "Esaú e Jacó" e "Memorial de Aires", fazendo com que o mesmo conviva com figuras comuns, representativas de um Brasil em mudança. Desse modo, o diálogo intertextual exemplifica uma das maneiras de se caracterizar a vida estreita das personagens que nem por isso, deixam de ser dignas de interesse.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
A learner's mother tongue influences the acquisition or learning of another language, regardless of whether we are dealing with a second or a foreign language. But there are other factors influencing these processes. One can therefore only analyze these interferences by taking into account certain factors which include elements transferred from the mother tongue, elements from other languages that the learner has already learned, and elements coming from the language being learned or acquired. Moreover, these so-called interferences do not only occur at the linguistic level, but also at the extralinguistic level. This paper describes and discusses these factors in order to describe the process of learning German as a foreign language in Brazil and its peculiarities with regard to bilingual education. Through the description and analysis of empirical data and on the basis of the theory of the "great hypotheses", this text aims at better understanding the relationship between first and foreign/second language and their mutual interferences.
This article deals with experimentation in contemporary German theatre, making a survey of experimental elements in German and Brazilian stagings, particularly of Shakespearean texts, which took place from 1990 to the present. The survey has been based on the analysis of reviews published in newspapers and magazines in both countries, and also on video recordings of two German and one Brazilian stagings. The article describes the concepts of experimentation and convention developed in the study, presents the results of the research and discusses the appropriation of these elements, especially the experimental ones, in the contemporary Brazilian and German Theater.
This article takes a new look at the novels of the Austrian Jewish writer Adolf Dessauer (1849-1916). Dessauer wrote an ironic chronicle of his contemporaries' world in turn-of-the-century Vienna. A banker by profession and an amateur novelist, he published two novels in his lifetime ("Götzendienst", in 1896, and "Großstadtjuden", in 1910), both taking place in the Habsburg capital, which was then undergoing a process of rapid economic and social change. Though his books are nowadays virtually forgotten, Dessauer was a very accurate chronicler of the customs of the social class which ascended with economic liberalism, and which became increasingly close to the empire's declining aristocracy, mimicking its tastes and habits.
As opposed to what happened in other European nations, the bourgeoisie in the Habsburg Empire never attempted to construct its own aesthetic and cultural repertoire, but consistently imitated the aristocratic patterns of its time. Dessauer makes a biting and ironical portrait of this class and its attempt at aristocratic appearances.
He also shows how Karl Lueger's Christian anti-Semitic party in Austria recruited its voters from the impoverished class of artisans, which had lost space as a consequence of the establishment of a new economic order. Lueger's political campaign was directed towards this growing class, and he identified the rise of liberal capitalism with Jews and Judaism.
In "Großstadtjuden" Dessauer looks at the same phenomena, but does so from a strictly Jewish point of view. His second novel portrays the reactions of a number of Jewish families from Vienna to rising anti-Semitism. This historical aspect of the Viennese Jewish community, which was Europe's numerically largest after Warsaw's, is a striking prelude to the history of European Jewry in the 20th.century, thus giving Dessauer's work an unexpected afterlife.
The article traces the development of Günter Grass's work with special emphasis on his reception in Germany and his being awarded the Nobel Prize. It shows how Grass employs traditional narrative strategies, particularly that of the fairy-tale, and how he represents the recent German past in figures of the unreal. By these means his texts are able to show the grotesqueness of historical reality in the 20th century.
A língua como pátria
(2006)
It is our aim to focus on certain aspects of the complex relationship between language – particularly German – and homeland/identity as seen in the work of a number of Jewish poets and authors. Initially we wish to point out this conflicting relationship in the work of Paul Celan and Rose Ausländer, two Jewish poets born in Romania. The examples of Viktor Klemperer and Ruth Klüger emphasize the complexity of this specific characteristic in the biography/work of German authors of Jewish origin. Elias Canetti, the Nobel Laureate born in Bulgaria, is a literary personality whose biography shows the importance of German culture influence in Eastern Europe at the beginning of the Twentieth Century: Canetti considers himself a German poet who belongs to the German-speaking cultural and literary world.
The poem "Zurich, zum Storchen" by Paul Celan is often read as a document on the tension between Celan and Nelly Sachs, which resulted particularly from their different attitudes to the Shoah. However if the poem is read in connection with the cycle "Die Niemandsrose" and with Celan’s poetological thinking at this time, Celan’s opposite standpoint means much more than a theological discussion: it serves for the affirmation of human presence.
The article studies the German-speaking poetess Nelly Sachs, who received the Nobel-Prize for literature in 1966, together with Shmuel Agnon. In order to shed light upon the behind the decision of the jury, an overview on life and work of the author will be given and a number of poems will be analyzed.
This article points out facts that help to explain why Franz Kafka was not awarded the Nobel Prize.
The purpose of this article is to report on the work carried out during the research project "O trabalho de tradutor como fonte para a constituição de base de dados" (The translator´s work as a source for the constitution of a database). Through the restoration, organization and digitalization of the personal glossary and part of the books containing the translations made by the deceased public translator Gustavo Lohnefink, this research project intends to construct a digital database of German – Portuguese technical terms (for the language pair), which could then be used by other translators. In order to achieve this purpose, a specific methodology had to be developed, which could be used as a starting-point for the treatment and recovery of other similarly organized data-collections.
A tradução para a criança e para o jovem: a prática como base da reflexão e da relação profissional
(2005)
This article deals with the attempt of systematizing my experience as translator of literature written for children and young people. On the basis of some considerations about aspects shared by both, the production and the translation of this kind of literature, this article presents a number of examples taken from translations of German texts into Brazilian Portuguese. Consequences concerning the importance of concepts like interaction and creativeness in translation are then briefly discussed. A claim for a more systematic consideration of the question by Translation Studies and for a special position to be occupied by this genre of texts in the professional field is the background of the article.
In the theoretical context of Critical Applied Linguistics, this paper examines two aspects that are important for a consideration of the possible imaginaries that permeate the contact between a Brazilian student and German as a foreign language. I analyze the possible consequences of the argument that German is a very "cultivated" and difficult language, as well as the lack of incentive, in didactic material, for reflections on the peculiarities of a possible contact between a Brazilian student and the German language or a native speaker of that language. Finally, this paper intends to discuss whether if there is any didactic material used for teaching of German in Brazil which stimulates the pupils to criticize the peculiarities and the imaginaries that permeate their contact with the German culture and language.
At the same time that language is fundamental for establishing and maintaining social-cultural groups, it is also influenced by them to the extent that a number of social-cultural conventions are unconsciously mirrored in their members’ linguistic manifestations. Different expectations regarding conversational style in interactions between speakers from different cultural groups can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts or even to the creation and perpetuation of stereotypes. This paper will present some examples and considerations of conversational style and interculturality in general and about conversational style in German and Brazil in particular.
The article presents an analysis of different speech styles used by participants of the German speech community in contrast to the Brazilian one, based on examples of interviews made in both cultures. After the illustration of the different language uses, the article’s focus will be on the communicative functions the styles in each community. So, we find the phatic, poetic and expressive function more dominant in the Brazilian speech, whereas the use of the referential and the metalinguistic function seem to be more common in the speech of the German respondents. It is therefore possible to establish the dichotomy between the actor and the spectator in a metaphorical sense to summarize these contrasting functions. Finally, the fact in which these results can in part be explicated by their embedding in different cultural and historical backgrounds, emphasizing the Brazilian speech community as a more heterogenous and baroque, compared with the German one which tends to be more homogenous and (self)-observing will be shown.
This essay aims at making a survey of Kafka’s reception in Brazil. After justifying the importance of this study, I show how intermittently Kafka’s work was translated into Brazilian Portuguese in the very beginning of his reception, that is to say, 1956. The first text published in Brazil was "Die Verwandlung", which was written in German in 1915. However this text was not translated from the German, but from the English. Other texts were translated from the French. Translations from the German only appeared in 1983, among them the one with the 'short stories' "Kleine Fabel", "Der Geier", "Gibs auf!" and "Vor dem Gesetz". It is interesting to notice that essays and other articles in newspapers on Kafka and his work preceded the translations. For example, the first essay on the author was written by Otto Maria Carpeaux in August 1941 in the newspaper "Correio da Manhã". Nowadays Kafka’s work is object of considerable research in Brazil.
This article suggests a possible meaning of the concept of "Bildungsroman". It analyzes Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister Lehrjahre", a novel that is considered the model of this kind of narrative and argues that Goethe shows how the union of action and contemplation is an ideal required to create a balanced humanist man. It also discusses Novalis' "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" as an anti-model to Goethe.
In this essay I want to begin with a short survey on the reception of Schiller in England and Portugal, especially in regard to the impact of the play "The Robbers" and the narrative "The Ghostseer". As a matter of fact, Schiller was not only read and translated, but he actually imprinted his mark on (the) literature outside Germany. His ideas and works made important contributions to the Romantic movement – that of Brazil, where his writings arrived through France and Portugal, but Schiller was read directly in German at least by Gonçalves Dias. Schiller's contribution to the works of Gonçalves Dias can be most clearly seen in the drama "Patkull", in which there are similarities to "Wallenstein", and in the translation of "The bride of Messina", which was unfinished when the Brazilian writer prematurely died.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
This paper deals with metaphorical transference of technical concepts to our everyday way of speaking. At the focus of the investigation there will be the question why one finds specifically in German, in comparison with Portuguese, for instance, frequently, tecnological metaphors related to other metaphorical concepts. On the basis of some examples extracted from the comparative survey "Brasilianische und deutsche Wirklichkeiten – eine vergleichende Fallstudie zu kommunikativ erzeugten Sinnwelten " [Brazilian and German realities – a comparative case study of communicatively created universes of meanings], we will discuss what traces of the German language and of historical-cultural development of the German nation contribute to such dynamics of everyday metaphors.
This paper deals with Kant’s differentiation between artistic beauty and the sublime in nature. In this latter, Kant subsumes everything wild, uncultivated, inanimate and makes it – apparently – available to Aesthetics. As the quintessence of resistence, the "stone" stands for everything that remains the most estranged from the human sphere. In texts of Romantic authors such as Novalis, it can be seen how the "stone" in its turn takes possession of human beings and move them away from human nature. From Romanticism up to contemporary art, the sublime establishes thus a dominion of total alterity, which evades control and keeps consciousness alert to the fact that also in human beings there is an uncontrollable element demanding its rights.
This paper is an "interested" reading of "The Critique of Judgement" – "interested", because, unlike what has become usual in recent decades, it strives to disassociate the Kantian concept of "free beauty" from any interpretation of it as an early defense of abstract art. It is also "interested" because, instead of exposing (once more) the framework of the "Kritik der Urteilskraft", it tries to show how the Third Kantian Critique can be taken as a basis for something that was not part of its original purpose: reviewing the idea of mimesis itself. For that, the understanding of the Kantian sublime (das Erhabene) will be decisive: understood initially as one of the modalities of aesthetic experience, the other being beauty, the sublime progressively distances itself from the latter. If beauty and the sublime are to be thematized independently of "determining judgement", in which the properties of the object impose themselves upon the subject, the modalities of aesthetic experience suppose, on the contrary, the primacy of the subject. This implies gradations: from the experience of harmony propitiated by beauty up through the "negative pleasure" of the sublime, both poles through which reality is reworked by the subject. At the pole of beauty, "representation" of reality still plays a prominent role. At the pole of the "negative pleasure" of the sublime, "representation" is subordinated to the power of "presentation". However, both kinds of experience, the one of beauty and the other of the sublime, belong to the same field of aesthetic experience, because in both of them the subject reworks – does not discard – what comes to him from the outside: it will be necessary to understand "Vorstellung" always as an experience in which the exterior will be transformed by the subject. That is, the representation of the Third Critic will always be an effectual representation. In the sublime as much as in "free beauty", the metamophosis of the exterior by the subject achieves its maximum level without meaning that the external pole – that we usually call "world" or "reality" – disappears. It will thus be necessary to rethink the concept of mimesis in order to understand the metamorphosis of the world performed by radicalization of the aesthetic experience through "free beauty".
This article analyses the influence of Kant on conceptions and definitions of modern literature and art in publications by Lyotard, Kothe, Weber and Luhmann. It is argued that central issues in these publications, such as artistic autonomy, the sublime and the concept of L’art pour l’art, are adopted directly from Kant’s philosophical work and still serve as paradigms in the discussion of origin and status of modern social structure and its art production.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
The relevance of the work and the influence of Franz Rosenzweig, a German Jewish philosopher of the beginning of the last century; are still to get the appreciation they deserve. Rosenzweig was the author of one of the greatest – and less read – books of the 20th century, "The Star of Redemption", where he develops his philosophical system mainly on basis of theological categories. To the "monologue of the I" of mainstream philosophy, Rosenzweig opposes a "new thinking", of existential character, which values orality and the "other", and where language substitutes reason as a tool for thought. In it one can find some correspondences with the thought of Walter Benjamin. This "new thinking", also, strongly influenced Emmanuel Levinas and nowadays bears its fruits within "linguistic turn" philosophy and theology, and post-modern Jewish thought. This philosophy found in Rosenzweig's work in translation one of its main practical applications. To translate was for Rosenzweig a necessity, emanating from an ethics constituted as "first philosophy". This article examines some aspects of Rosenzweig's writings from where his "philosophy of translation" is made explicit.
The present article analyzes the development of the system of spatial prepositions in the acquisition of German as a foreign language by Brazilian learners. The study is based on a corpus of written language data produced by students in the undergraduate course in Letras, collected from 1996 to 1998. The theoretical bases of the study are theories of second language acquisition, cognitive processing of space, and the linguistic encoding of spatial relations through prepositions. The main section of the analysis begins with the quantitative evaluation of the occurrences of spatial prepositions found in the data. Subsequently, each preposition found in the corpus is individually discussed in relation to its correct and incorrect uses. The main results are a steady increase in the number of spatial prepositions used by the subjects from the first year to the fourth year of the course, an increase in the variation of the use of these prepositions, and a constant reduction of the percentage of incorrect uses. In the first phase, acquisition can be seen in the increasing specificity of the semantic oppositions involved in neutralizations, whereas in the second phase, a quantitative reduction of errors can be found.
This paper presents a definition of phraseology, and based on this definition it establishes the different types of phraseological units. Then it tries to characterize the idiomatic expression as a metaphoric expression within the scope of phraseologisms, and presents a morpho-syntactic classification of these idioms. The next step consists of a comparison between verbal idiomatic expressions in German and Brazilian Portuguese in order to establish a typology of equivalences between the two languages. It also compares same type of. restrictions which occur in idiomatic expressions of both languages, and emphasizes the importance of register in some of the expressions.
The opposition city-country which appears already in Vergils Georgics and becomes very relevant in the British and French poetry of the 18th and 19th centuries, will be treated at first with regard to the German tradition of 'city-poetry'. Since about 1900 the phenomenon of the big city (metropolis) combines with demoniac and sublime motives, while French, English or American authors (Baudelaire, Wordsworth, Whitman) saw the city from a less ideological perspective. Only in the postwar-decade – after some anticipations by authors of Expressionism like Ernst Stadler or Gottfried Benn – the pluralistic, hybrid character of the city will be discovered also in German poetology. Some examples of Modern North American and Brazilian poetry will be analyzed in the last chapter of the article.
This article conceives the avant-garde as a form of art that emerges out of the experience with technical progress, city life and new patterns of perception and that succeeded in transforming multiple perspective and simultaneity of urban life into a central principle for their production. Analyzed are the European avant-gardes as well as their influences on Brazilian literature and painting in the 20s. Furthermore we take a look at concrete poetry of the 50's as a literary pendant to architectonic concepts of cities like São Paulo and Brasília.
This paper emphasizes the importance of intonational studies, focusing on the final intonational contour in interrogative sentences in German and Brazilian Portuguese. Following considerations about intonation in general we present some observations about effects of intonation in such sentences at both syntactic and pragmatic levels.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
Este artigo confronta a tentativa habermasiana de dar continuidade ao projeto racionalista da modernidade com a crítica de Michael Hardt e Antonio Negri de que este projeto se torna obsoleto na atual época pós-moderna, dominada pelo "Império". De início, trata-se de uma crítica desses autores à concepção habermasiana de racionalidade e práxis: não há razão comunicativa (contraposta à razão estratégica) que não seja instrumentalizada pelo Império. Em seguida, uma crítica à teoria habermasiana de sociedade: não há mundo da vida (contraposto ao sistema) que não seja tomado pelo Império. Por fim, Hardt e Negri criticam a noção de transformação histórica: não o progresso nas instituições e na constituição formal, mas apenas a força vital da multitude - o poder constituinte, articulado conforme a constituição material da sociedade - pode provocar rupturas na história.
O futuro existe?
(2002)
From Vater's Thesis, I bring the discussion about the future verbal tense to the centre of discussion. The aim is to prove hat the future verbal tenses can also express time in German, and, therefore, they have to be included in the verbal System and, secondly, that the expression of modality can also be expressed by the future forms, and that it usually overlaps the notion of time.
In this article, we analyse the use of modality markers in a German text taken from the Freiburger Korpus. We notice how the necessity of preserving face influences the speakers' choices of downgraders and upgraders, devices that determine the intensity of the speech acts and, therefore, the mood of the interaction.
This paper presents an overview of Corpus Linguistics and some possibilities of studies with corpora. It gives suggestions on how to build a corpus and shows the application of Corpus Linguistics in different areas of linguistic research.
Rezension zu Ulrike Schilling: Kommunikative Basisstrategien des Aufforderns. Eine kontrastive Analyse gesprochener Sprache im Deutschen und im Japanischen. Tübingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag 1999 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 204, 335 S. ISBN 3-484-31204-1)
Rezension zu Harald Burger, Phraseologie: Eine Einführung am Beispiel des Deutschen. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag 1998 (224 S., DM 69,00 ISBN 3-503-04916-9)
For the learners of Portuguese and German as foreign languages the subjunctive mood represents a learning problem. Based on syntactic and pragmatic categories, the subjunctive is classified in a way that describes its use and permits the comparison between the Portuguese subjuntivo and the German Konjunktiv.
People who learn Portuguese usually have difficulties in using two of the most frequent verbs of the Portuguese verbal system: ser and estar. Native speakers of German for example fail to easily identify the differences between these verbs, which are compared with the German verb sein. Our purpose is to describe these verbs, their meaning and function, and also to attempt to find criteria to help learners to identify the differences to use these verbs. Some of the differences can be explained by the speakers experiences and the context.
From the very beginning literary discourse plays a decisive role in the context of colonial discourse of power. Even Anna Seghers, a progressive socialist authoress with a fixation on the Enlightenment, the French Revolution and the Jewish-Christian tradition is unable to detach herself from the European claim on universality. In a tensely opposed relationship of projection and otherness, of "memoria" and intertextuality, Heiner Müller, however, understands literature in the sense of Emanuel Lévina's respect for the other being as a work on difference.
Foreign immigration has become a very controversial subject in German speaking countries. This essay stresses the need to consider the problem in German language teaching in Brasil and to make the pupils aware of the situation. Proceeding on the theoretical context of the discourse analysis (Pêcheux, 1969; Orlandi, 1990 und 1999), the author discusses four newspaper articles, published between 1999 and 2001, on different aspects of Turkish immigration to Austria and discusses about the Interlocutionary Position (lugar de interlocução, Pecheux, 1969) of Turks in Austria.
This article makes a comparative study of the views on "love" of Brasilian and German students. It turned out that the love affairs between German students were, strongly determined by the romantic ideal of love, whereas Brasilian students have a more passionate ideal of love.
The author presents the concept of testimony in two different literary and theoretical backgrounds, namely the German and the Spanish-American. Testimonio and Zeugnis an not be mutually translated because the first is thought as a literary gender inside the literary tradition of mimesis/imitatio. Whereas the notion of Zeugnis was created in Germany on the grounds of Shoah literature, and was strongly impregnated by the psychoanalytical idea of trauma, and by the awareness of the simultaneous necessity and impossibility of the testimonial writing.
This study is an introduction to the systems theory developed by the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann (1927-1998) and its significance for literaty studies. It departs from a historical point of view which understands the period around 1800 as the climax of the transformation from a stratified European society into a modern society with a social order structured by differentiated systems such as education, economy, law or literature, each with its specific function and characterized by its typical form of communication. In Germany, the literary system reflects this process in the poetology of Romantic writers. Literary communication is defined as a second order observation that oscillates between the real and potential and makes the ordered forms clearer. The autonomous and differentiated literary system becomes a field that is being observed by its environment. The history of literature in the 19th century instrumentalizes it for political goals, while the new copyright laws and the idea of the book as a profitable merchandise imbued the system of literature with accelerated dynamics.
This essay aimes to introduce the German-Jewish Poet Rose Ausländer (1901-1988) to the literary public of Brasil, where she has not been translated and is therefore nearly unknown. Proceeding from the translation of 12 paradigmatic poems, the crucial periods of her life, poetry and poetology are outlined: As her famous college Paul Celan, she was born in Czernovitch this multicultural town of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy. An important number of her poems are the result of the intimate relation with her country. The early death of her father and the resulting poverty led her to try to find a new home in New York, but she came back in the period of beginning National Socialism and suffered the persecution of Holocaust. After long years of travelling, she settled down in a Düsseldorf home for elderly Jewish people. The central themes in her poetry are: the loss of country, the Holocaust, and survival in a kind of spiritual country, that is: language and writing.
This paper presents results of research into syntactic negation in both German and Brazilian Portuguese dialogues. After some considerations on the nature of negation, its occurrence in a corpus is investigated based on semantic negation categories established from works by Polenz and Engel. Based on Ilari's works, possible syntactic negation forms are presented as formulae that express the relationships between their components. Use frequency of syntactic negation in the semantic categories in each language is presented, as well as possible sources of interference in the use of such elements by foreign speakers, along with considerations about negation, culture and language.
This paper, written by an anthropologist, describes his fieldwork experience in the Afro-Brazilian temple Casa das Minas, São Luis do Maranhão, in 1981-1982, done with the German writer Hubert Fichte. Although correcting some statements in Fichte's book on the same subject and criticizing his indiscretion towards several of his informants, the article emphasizes the learning process with the German "ethnopoet": his skillful interview technique, the priority given to subjects of general interest, the importance of card files, the sought for beauty in the statements… As to the methodological differences between ethnography and ethnopoetry, the latter is free from the conventions of anthropological work, being able to concentrate on the beauty of the text and to conceive ethnography as a literary form. On the other hand, the advantages of ethnography, especially in Malinowski's tradition, are in the commitment with true facts and the precision of details. – See also, in this number of Pandaemonium Germanicum, Willi Bolle's complementary article on "Ethnopoetry and Ethnography".
Rezension zu Elke Hentschel, Negation und Interrogation. Studien zur Universalität ihrer Funktion. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag 1998 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 195, ix + 250 S., 112,00 DM, ISBN 3-484-31195-9)
Rezension zu Lorenz Hofer, Sprachwandel im städtischen Dialektrepertoire. Eine variationslinguistische Untersuchung am Beispiel des Baseldeutschen. Tübingen: A. Francke Verlag 1997 (Basler Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur 72, xiv + 306 S., 68,00 DM, ISBN 3-7720-2671-0)
Aspectos românticos, naturalistas e simbolistas em "A mulher sem sombra" de Hugo von Hofmannsthal
(2000)
'Die Frau ohne Schatten' ('The Woman without Shadow') by the Austrian author Hugo von Hofmannsthal, is a kind of fairy tale in which a large and complex web of symbols is woven around an abstract landscape and characters of an enigmatic nature. Despite its intangible atmosphere reminiscent of the Romantic era, a rather Naturalistic world is revealed as the narrator leads us through a huge city and follows the poor people in their lives of misery and suffering. This paper analyses this hybrid character of Hofmannsthal's text and identifies the various aesthetic traits present in it.
The purpose of this paper is to present to the Brasilian reader some aspects of the most important German prose text from the 17th century, the novel 'Simplicissimus Teutsch' (1668), and its author, Hans Jacob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen (1621/2-1676). In addition, it treats Grimmelshausen's possible contacts with the political theories of his time.
Drei Erfahrungsberichte über Bertolt Brechts Theater auf brasilianischen Bühnen. Caco Coelho spricht über den Zyklus der Brecht-Lesungen, -Aufführungen und -Vorträge seiner Theatergruppe 'Os Fodidos Privilegiados ' 1998 in Rio de Janeiro. Fernando Peixoto vertritt die Ansicht, daß der zentrale Punkt von Brechts Theater darin besteht, Emotionen im zwischenmenschlichen Verhalten und in ihren politisch-historischen Kontexten verstehbar zu machen. Er erzählt unter anderm von einer "Wiederentdeckung" der Brechtschen Theaterästhetik durch eine Laiengruppe in Amazonien und vertritt insgesamt ein undogmatisches, auf die heutigen Verhältnisse ausgerichtetes Lernen mit Brecht. Willi Bolle berichtet von seiner Inszenierung von Brechts 'Die Hochzeit ' (1919) mit einer Laien-Theatergruppe in São Paulo 1997-1998, in der die lineare Struktur des Textes durchbrochen wurde durch die Einführung einer neuen Perspektive sowie einer neuen Figur, der Braut, die sich das Hochzeitsfest in der Erinnerung vergegenwärtigt.
Brecht's early play 'Baal' contains an allusion to Brazil. The interpretation of the image of Brazil designed in this play might raise a profitable discussion in order to introduce Brecht's theatre into the classroom and to motivate the students to study it. Therefore, the present paper suggests that the study of Brecht's theater should be started with the analysis of his first play and sketches a possible way to do this.
Heiner Müller e Brecht
(2000)
Based on Heiner Müller's play 'Fatzer +- Keuner', the present article shows Müller's opinion on Bertolt Brecht's work. The adaptations of Brecht's didactic plays (Lehrstücke) by Müller are commented on and compared to the originals.
The topic of this paper concerns the interrelations between poets and their works across linguistic and political borders. Taking as examples Brecht's poem 'An die Nachgeborenen' (1938) and the song 'Aos nossos filhos' ('An unsere Kinder' – late 70s) by Ivan Lins and Vitor Martins, it is shown that the interpretation cannot be limited to an immanent perspective. In order to be able to give an adequate analysis, it is necessary to lake the historical and socio-political context into consideration.
This paper portrays the composer Hanns Eisler, whose music accompanies numerous plays by Bertolt Brecht, in the light of statements made by Eisler himself, as well as by Arnold Schoenberg and Bertolt Brecht. Eisler, who introduced a new political awareness into music – Brecht used the term Misuk instead of Musik –, would have completed 100 years in 1998.
Brecht ainda hoje?
(2000)
This paper tries to find arguments for Bertolt Brecht's relevance to the present. It points out parallels between Brecht's epic theater and music, especially opera. A central point is the aesthetics of form, which was so important for Brecht and which is decisive for his modernity.
O teatro épico de Brecht
(2000)
This article is a reduced version of the chapter "Sinta o drama" from the book with the Same title. It traces Brecht's reasons for qualifying his theater as epic, based on important literary critics such as Peter Szondi, Adorno. Lukács and Anatol Rosenfeld, including Brecht himself.
This article discusses some aspects of Brecht's work and its relationship with the Brazilian literary, historical and socio-political life. The focus is on the inconsistency of the struggle for the so-called Bildung, where the advances of new ideas and social forms are in conflict with a reactionary context.
Rezension zu Brigitte Handwerker (Hg.), Fremde Sprache Deutsch. Grammatische Beschreibung – Erwerbsverläufe – Lehrmethodik. Tübingen: Gunther Narr Verlag, 1995 (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik 409, 292 S., 96,00 DM, ISBN 3-8233-5074-9)
Rezension zu Angelika Linke, Markus Nussbaumer, & Paul R. Portmann, Studienbuch Linguistik. Ergänzt um ein Kapitel von Urs Willi 'Phonetik und Phonologie'. 3., unveränderte Auflage. Tübingen, Niemeyer 1996 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 121 (Kollegbuch), 472 S. 39,80 DM, ISBN 3-484-31121-5)
This paper contextualizes the teaching and learning of German as a foreign language in Brazil in the socio-historical field of colonial and post-colonial discourse. On the basis of three illustrative texts, from 1620, 1855 and 1998, it discusses the Interlocutionary Positions (Lugares de Interlocução; ORLANDI 1990) assumed by German and Brazilian speakers, as well as the possible consequences for the teaching and learning of German as a foreign language.
The present paper deals with grammaticalization as a comprehensive model of erosive processes in the history of natural languages, exemplified in German and Brazilian Portuguese. Grammaticalization is conceived of as the reduction of pragmatic versatility, semantic concreteness, syntactic liberty and phonetic substance of linguistic elements. It is subdivided into the processes of lexicalization, which transforms polylexematic into monolexematic elements, and deslexicalization, which reduces lexematic to sublexematic elements. In the middle of these processes stands the lexicon, which is seen as the central stock of linguistic elements. Within the lexicon, the process of grammaticalization continues, from lexical word classes through intermediate classes to grammatical word classes. The lower boundary of the lexicon is critical threshold, down to which the process of grammaticalization is compensated for by linguistic recycling that leads lexematic elements back into the linguistic circuit, through the formation of new polylexematic units. Beyond this threshold, however, no recycling is possible any more, so that elements which have once lost their lexical character are condemned to disappear in the long run. The different stages of grammaticalization are introduced and illustrated by means of concrete examples, first from Brazilian Portuguese and afterwards from German.
Aktionsart
(1999)
This paper presents a discussion on aspect and 'Aktionsart' as categories of verbal forms in German and Portuguese. The distinction between the two categories is based on the assumption that 'Aktionsart' is more important in the German verb system, whereas aspect plays a more significant role in Portuguese. Aspect as a morpho-semantic category may be further specified by 'Akrionsart', which is a lexical semantic category and belongs to the meaning of the verb.