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A preliminary checklist of Calpini is provided, incorporating corrections and changes to publication dates and nomenclature as presented in the checklists of Poole (1989), Fibiger and Lafontaine (2005), and Holloway (2005). Culasta Moore is removed from synonymy with Calyptra Ochsenheimer. Eudocima talboti (Prout) and Graphigona antica Walker are placed in synonymy with E. cajeta (Cramer) and G. regina (Guenée), respectively. Africalpe Krüger, Ferenta Walker, Gonodonta Hübner, Graphigona Walker, Oraesia Guenée, and Tetrisia Walker, are added to the tribe based on shared characters. The genera Cecharismena Möschler, Goniapteryx Perty, Pharga Walker, Phyprosopus Grote, Psammathodoxa Dyar, and Radara Walker are removed and considered incertae sedis. Hemiceratoides and Phyllodes are not considered to be members of Calpini.
Women Writing Zimbabwe
(2008)
The fifteen stories in Women Writing Zimbabwe offer a kaleidoscope of fresh, moving, and comic perspectives on the way in which events of the last decade have impacted on individuals, women in particular. Several stories (Tagwira, Ndlovu and Charsley) look at the impact that AIDS has on women who become the care-givers, often without emotional or physical support. It is often assumed that women will provide support and naturally make the necessary sacrifices. Brickhill and Munsengezi focus on the hidden costs and unexpected rewards of this nurturing role. Many families have been separated over the last decade. Ndlovu, Mutangadura, Katedza, Mhute and Rheam all explore exile's long, often painful, reach and the consequences of deciding to remain at home. In lighter vein, but with equal sharpness of perception, Gappah, Manyika, Sandi, and Holmes poke gentle fun at the demands of new-found wealth, status and manners. Finally, Musariri reminds us that the hidden costs of undisclosed trauma can continue to affect our lives for years afterwards. All of the writers share a sensitivity of perception and acuity of vision. Reading their stories will enlarge and stimulate our own understanding.
This study investigates the experiences of women journalists during the last phase of Namibia's liberation struggle against South African rule. Black or white, women journalists in Namibia made significant contribu-tions to the liberation cause -including the founding of a high-profiled newspaper -whilst others worked for media sympathetic to the apart-heid government. Based on interviews and deploying feminist media theory, Maria Mboono Nghidinwa pays close attention to the gendered power relationships in the newsrooms of newspapers and radio stations at the time. She looks at the intense political intimidations which tar-geted women and, in particular, the constraints experienced by black women journalists.
Women and Halakha Shiur
(2008)
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is confined to the endothelium of brain capillaries and is indispensable for fluid homeostasis and neuronal function. In this study, we show that endothelial Wnt/beta-catenin (beta-cat) signaling regulates induction and maintenance of BBB characteristics during embryonic and postnatal development. Endothelial specific stabilization of beta-cat in vivo enhances barrier maturation, whereas inactivation of beta-cat causes significant down-regulation of claudin3 (Cldn3), up-regulation of plamalemma vesicle-associated protein, and BBB breakdown. Stabilization of beta-cat in primary brain endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro by N-terminal truncation or Wnt3a treatment increases Cldn3 expression, BBB-type tight junction formation, and a BBB characteristic gene signature. Loss of beta-cat or inhibition of its signaling abrogates this effect. Furthermore, stabilization of beta-cat also increased Cldn3 and barrier properties in nonbrain-derived ECs. These findings may open new therapeutic avenues to modulate endothelial barrier function and to limit the devastating effects of BBB breakdown.
The fear that with the existence of an unconditional basic income sufficient for living many people would cease to engage in a productive life, would only relax, consume and devote to having fun, can be addressed from different perspectives. One of these is the sociology of religion, which allows elaborating the argument that with such a way of life the question about the meaning of life cannot be answered. But this "meaning question", the whole research within the field of the sociology of religion speaks for this, compellingly must be answered by each life praxis. It cannot remain unanswered, as is said already in the Bible: "Man does not live on bread alone, [but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.]" (5. Moses 8.3, Matthew 4.4, Lukas 4.4) The paper examines the reasons of this fact and its consequences in regard to a life with an unconditional basic income sufficient for living.
This paper shows that several typologically unrelated languages share the tendency to avoid voiced sibilant affricates. This tendency is explained by appealing to the phonetic properties of the sounds, and in particular to their aerodynamic characteristics. On the basis of experimental evidence it is shown that conflicting air pressure requirements for maintaining voicing and frication are responsible for the avoidance of voiced affricates. In particular, the air pressure released from the stop phase of the affricate is too high to maintain voicing, which in consequence leads to a devoicing of the frication part.
Our study is concerned with the identification of ‘difficult’ structure s in the acquisition of a foreign language, which will shed light on theoretical considerations of L2 processing. We argue that – compared to simple vocabulary items or abstract syntactic patterns – structures that contain lexical material as well as categorial variables are especially difficult to acquire. The difficulty level for particular patterns is shown to depend on surface invariability but not on the syntactic categories within which target patterns are embedded. As an example we study the distribution of certain structures which are underused by L2 German learners.
The floristic composition and environmental relations of wetland vegetation in the Wallis Lake catchment (32˚ 09’S; 152˚ 20’E), area 1292 km2, on the lower North Coast of NSW are described. The catchment supports wetlands listed as Endangered Ecological Communities (NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995) and plant species of high conservation value. A methodology of air photo interpretation, site-based sampling (114 quadrats) and landscape differentiation was developed. A total of 393 vascular plant taxa were recorded (including 10% exotics). Wetland vegetation formations and subformations including mangrove forest, swamp sclerophyll forest, wet heathland, chenopod shrubland, tussock grassland, sedgeland and rushland are described using numerical classification. 31 plant species of national or regional conservation significance are identified. Four Endangered Ecological Communities are discussed – Coastal Saltmarsh, Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest, Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains, and Freshwater Wetlands on Coastal Floodplains. A key recommendation is the completion of reliable wetland vegetation and soil landscape mapping for all land tenures in the catchment – to assess wetland condition and conservation significance, and representation in formal conservation reserves, thereby directing future priorities for the protection of wetland biodiversity on both public and private lands. The methodology developed can be applied to the survey and conservation of wetland biodiversity in other parts of coastal NSW.
Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) can act as a penetration enhancer for topically applied substances
(2008)
Background: Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation has been shown to enhance penetration of clinically used topically applied substances in humans through investigation of functional effects of penetrated substances like vasoconstriction by cortisone.
Aim of the study: Investigation of the influence of wIRA irradiation on the dermatopharmacokinetics of topically applied substances by use of optical methods, especially to localize penetrating substances, in a prospective randomised controlled study in humans.
Methods: The penetration profiles of the hydrophilic dye fluorescein and the lipophilic dye curcumin in separate standard water-in-oil emulsions were determined on the inner forearm of test persons by tape stripping in combination with spectroscopic measurements. Additionally, the penetration was investigated in vivo by laser scanning microscopy. Transepidermal water loss, hydration of the epidermis, and surface temperature were determined. Three different procedures (modes A, B, C) were used in a randomised order on three separate days of investigation in each of 12 test persons. In mode A, the two dyes were applied on different skin areas without water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation. In mode B, the skin surface was irradiated with wIRA over 30 min before application of the two dyes (Hydrosun® radiator type 501, 10 mm water cuvette, orange filter OG590, water-filtered spectrum: 590–1400 nm with dominant amount of wIRA). In mode C, the two dyes were applied and immediately afterwards the skin was irradiated with wIRA over 30 min. In all modes, tape stripping started 30 min after application of the formulations. Main variable of interest was the ratio of the amount of the dye in the deeper (second) 10% of the stratum corneum to the amount of the dye in the upper 10% of the stratum corneum.
Results: The penetration profiles of the hydrophilic fluorescein showed in case of pretreatment or treatment with wIRA (modes B and C) an increased penetration depth compared to the non-irradiated skin (mode A): The ratio of the amount of the dye in the deeper (second) 10% of the stratum corneum to the amount of the dye in the upper 10% of the stratum corneum showed medians and interquartile ranges for mode A of 0.017 (0.007/0.050), for mode B of 0.084 (0.021/0.106), for mode C of 0.104 (0.069/0.192) (difference between modes: p=0.0112, significant; comparison mode A with mode C: p<0.01, significant). In contrast to fluorescein, the lipophilic curcumin showed no differences in the penetration kinetics, in reference to whether the skin was irradiated with wIRA or not. These effects were confirmed by laser scanning microscopy. Water-filtered infrared-A irradiation increased the hydration of the stratum corneum: transepidermal water loss rose from approximately 8.8 g m-2 h-1 before wIRA irradiation to 14.2 g m-2 h-1 after wIRA irradiation and skin hydration rose from 67 to 87 relative units. Skin surface temperature increased from 32.8°C before wIRA to 36.4°C after wIRA irradiation.
Discussion: The better penetration of the hydrophilic dye fluorescein after or during skin irradiation (modes B and C) can be explained by increased hydration of the stratum corneum by irradiation with wIRA.
Conclusions: As most topically applied substances for the treatment of patients are mainly hydrophilic, wIRA can be used to improve the penetration of substances before or after application of substances – in the first case even of thermolabile substances – with a broad clinical relevance as a contact free alternative to an occlusive dressing.
Dan Janzen proposed in a paper in 1977 (loc. cit.), that a clone of aphids and for that matter dandelions consists, respectively, of one large ‘super-organism’. In effect a single evolutionary individual able to exploit resources over an expanded geographical range, and sometimes with aphids also, a wider range of resources (different kinds of host plants), much more than if the organism concerned were a single individual. Such a view is of course based on the notion that an asexual lineage (clone) has strict genetic fidelity, that is to say, is genetically identical over its entire genome between clone mates. This seems a highly unlikely scenario and indeed, modern molecular markers have revealed a plethora of mutational events within such so-called clones. Here in this talk I provide evidence from aphids that they are not ‘perfect forms’ but rather show a range of variations, including evidence of hybridization events, and that they can and do adapt to environmental circumstances, sometimes swiftly. Hence that even as asexual lineages, aphids are able to exploit new ecological circumstances and flourish, e.g. host adapted forms, whilst some species, notably the highly polyphagous peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae), have also evolved resistance to a range of pesticides, and by so doing, have managed to survive in the face of these poisons. However, there are fitness costs associated with such adaptation, more especially in the highly resistant aphids. Because of the variation and adaptation shown by particular aphid species and asexual lineages, they cannot be described as a single evolutionary unit in a ‘Janzenian’ sense. What they show is ecological plasticity and an ability to adapt quickly, in large part enhanced by their incredible rate of reproduction and population expansion. Some migrating winged aphids are constrained in their exploitation of new habitats by environmental factors – geographical, climatic and ecological, especially lack of suitable hosts. In contrast, some other aphid species have seemingly colonized large areas of the world (probably aided by human agency) so that deciding what a population is exactly is a difficult task. It may even be that certain ‘super clones’ detected using molecular markers have indeed spread far and wide, clones which appear to fit the description of being ‘general purpose genotypes’ in that they can feed on a range of plant hosts under a range of different geographical-climatic conditions. As such, they are nearest to Dan Janzen’s views, although here again, strict genetic fidelity is not necessarily proven, only accepted from the application of a limited number of markers, e.g. multilocus genotypes in the case of microsatellite markers.
The thickness of the cerebral cortex can provide valuable information about normal and abnormal neuroanatomy. High resolution MRI together with powerful image processing techniques has made it possible to perform these measurements automatically over the whole brain. Here we present a method for automatically generating voxel-based cortical thickness (VBCT) maps. This technique results in maps where each voxel in the grey matter is assigned a thickness value. Sub-voxel measurements of thickness are possible using sub-sampling and interpolation of the image information. The method is applied to repeated MRI scans of a single subject from two MRI scanners to demonstrate its robustness and reproducibility. A simulated data set is used to show that small focal differences in thickness between two groups of subjects can be detected. We propose that the analysis of VBCT maps can provide results that are complementary to other anatomical analyses such as voxel-based morphometry.
Background: In Germany, 17% of 59,000 persons living with HIV/AIDS are female. Accordingly, the research focus in clinical studies as well as in cohort analyses has been almost exclusively on HIV-positive men. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to characterize and evaluate the outcome of HAART in HIV-positive women and to identify special requirements of this particular patient population.
Methods: Cross-sectional multicentre (n = 31 centres) evaluation to observe characteristics of 1,557 HIV-positive women receiving medical care in Germany between June 2007 and March 2008. Data acquisition was performed using standardized questionnaires.
Summary of results: Of 1,557 HIV-positive women studied, 1,191 (77%) received HAART. Mean age was 40 years and average time of known HIV-infection was 9 years. Risk of HIV transmission was: 40% heterosexual intercourse in Germany, 36% heterosexual intercourse in a high prevalence country; 17% IDU; 7% other reasons for transmission. 46% of the women had a migration background. Mean time on antiretroviral treatment was 7 years. 53% of the female participants had been treated with >2 HAART-regimens. 47% of the study subjects received a PI-based regimen, 33% a NNRTI-based regimen; 20% were on other combinations. The most commonly used PI and NNRTI were lopinavir/r and nevirapine, respectively. Only 48% of all women under HAART achieved a viral load <40 copies/ml. There was a significant difference between the PI-treated group with 44% patients <40 copies/ml and the NNRTI-treated group with 56% <40 copies/ml (p = 0.003).
Conclusion: We found that HIV-positive women depicted an inferior virological response to HAART compared to those previously published in German cohort analyses dominated by men (response rates >75%). Possible differences in adherence or drug resistance may have impacted these results and are currently being evaluated in ongoing sub-analyses. Of note, the lack of a study arm with male patients is a limitation of this investigation. However, this is partly off-set by the fact that there are good comparative data in the male population found in other cohorts. We conclude that our results are in discordance to the popular assumption that there are no gender specific differences in virological treatment outcome of HAART.
Poster presentation: Purpose of the study To compare the virological, immunological and clinical response to three boosted double protease inhibitor (PI) regimens of saquinavir and ritonavir in combination with lopinavir (LOPSAQ), atazanavir (ATSAQ) or fosamprenavir (FOSAQ) without reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) in HIV-positive patients with limited RTI treatment options. ...
The Video Vortex Reader is the first collection of critical texts to deal with the rapidly emerging world of online video – from its explosive rise in 2005 with YouTube, to its future as a significant form of personal media. After years of talk about digital convergence and crossmedia platforms we now witness the merger of the Internet and television at a pace no-one predicted. These contributions from scholars, artists and curators evolved from the first two Video Vortex conferences in Brussels and Amsterdam in 2007 which focused on responses to YouTube, and address key issues around independent production and distribution of online video content. What does this new distribution platform mean for artists and activists? What are the alternatives?
Verbs, nouns and affixation
(2008)
What explains the rich patterns of deverbal nominalization? Why do some nouns have argument structure, while others do not? We seek a solution in which properties of deverbal nouns are composed from properties of verbs, properties of nouns, and properties of the morphemes that relate them. The theory of each plus the theory of howthey combine, should give the explanation. In exploring this, we investigate properties of two theories of nominalization. In one, the verb-like properties of deverbal nouns result from verbal syntactic structure (a “structural model”). See, for example, van Hout & Roeper 1998, Fu, Roeper and Borer 1993, 2001, to appear, Alexiadou 2001, to appear). According to the structural hypothesis, some nouns contain VPs and/or verbal functional layers. In the other theory, the verbal properties of deverbal nouns result from the event structure and argument structure of the DPs that they head. By “event structure” we mean a representation of the elements and structure of a linguistic event, not a representation of the world. We refer to this view as the “event model”. According to the event model hypothesis, all derived nouns are represented with the same syntactic structure, the difference lying in argument structure – which in turn is critically related to event structure, in the way sketched in Grimshaw (1990), Siloni (1997) among others. In pursuing these lines of analysis, and at least to some extent disentangling their properties, we reach the conclusion that, with respect to a core set of phenomena, the two theories are remarkably similar – specifically, they achieve success with the same problems, and must resort to the same stipulations to address the remaining issues that we discuss (although the stipulations are couched in different forms).