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Vielleicht gibt es irgendwann Wanderungsbewegungen in den Weltraum. Je später die zukünftigen Generationen leben, umso geringer ist unser Wissen um ihre Lebenssituation, ihre Möglichkeiten und ihre daran wohl angepassten Interessen. Die zentrale moralische Rücksicht auf die Interessen der Betroffenen bleibt also mit Bezug auf zukünftige Generationen wenn nicht unbestimmt, so doch unterbestimmt.
Wer nutzt den Online-Gebrauchtwarenmarkt? : Umweltorientierte, Prosumenten und andere User auf eBay
(2010)
Dass unser Lebensstil und Konsum auf Dauer das Klima bedrohen, die Vielfalt der Arten reduzieren, das Trinkwasser immer knapper werden lassen, ist der Bevölkerung durchaus bewusst. Doch nur eine Minderheit ist bereit, im Alltag auf das Auto zu verzichten, für Urlaubsreisen nicht das Flugzeug zu benutzen, ökologische Lebensmittel zu kaufen oder beim Kauf von Möbeln auf das Zertifikat »nachhaltige Holzwirtschaft« zu setzen. Wie lässt sich der Widerspruch zwischenWissen um den eigenen Ressourcenverbrauch und Sorge um die Umwelt einerseits und wenig nachhaltigem Konsumverhalten andererseits erklären?
Dass Ludwig Börne seine langjährige vertraute Freundin Jeanette Wohl in einem seiner Briefe scherzhaft mit »Moppel« ansprach, brachte erst eine Spezialaufnahme ans Licht, denn die Stelle war eigentlich für die Nachwelt geschwärzt geworden. Nur ein kleines Beispiel, was die digitale Bearbeitung literarischer Originaltexte zutage fördern kann. Immer mehr Dokumente stehen auch in mehrschichtigen Aufnahmen für die wissenschaftliche Analyse zur Verfügung. Bald werden die bekanntesten schriftlichen Quellen vom Altertum bis zur Gegenwart nachhaltig erfasst und gespeichert und somit digital und online aufrufbar sein. Wie nutzen die Frankfurter Geisteswissenschaftler diese neuen fast grenzenlosen Chancen? Im LOEWE-Schwerpunkt »Digital Humanities« geht es darum, Textcorpora mit digitalen Methoden auszuwerten, zu vergleichen und mit Bilddaten zu verknüpfen.
Die Sonne strahlt weltweit pro Tag genügend Licht ein, um den Weltenergiebedarf für ein ganzes Jahr abzudecken. Somit ist sie die Quelle aller erneuerbarer Energien, denn neben der Erzeugung von Elektrizität aus Licht (Photovoltaik) regelt sie die Gezeiten und damit auch Wind und Wellen, die bei der Windkraft und in Gezeitenkraftwerken genutzt werden. Außerdem liefert sie die Energie für die Photosynthese in nachwachsenden Rohstoffen. Es gibt diesbezüglich nur ein grundlegendes Problem: Erneuerbare Energien fi nden wir in ausreichender Menge vor allem an Stellen mit mangelnder Infrastruktur. Sonnenenergie gibt es am meisten in der Wüste, Wind auf dem Meer und Biomasse im Dschungel. An Orten hoher Industrialisierung und damit auch hoher Bevölkerungsdichte ist für die »Erneuerbaren « so gut wie kein Platz. Es gibt demnach kein Energieproblem, aber ein Problem der Energiespeicherung und des Energietransportes.
Oomyceten – schön, nützlich und gefährlich : sie sind überall zu finden und dennoch kaum bekannt
(2010)
Auf Pflanzen sind sie klein, unscheinbar und leicht verwechselbar. Den Betrachter betören sie beim Blick ins Mikroskop durch wunderschön geformte Sporenträger. Doch Oomyceten, die lange Zeit mit Pilzen verwechselt wurden, können als Pflanzenschädlinge beträchtlichen landwirtschaftlichen Schaden anrichten. Die einzelnen Arten zu unterscheiden und ihre Wirtspflanzen zu kennen, ist eine Voraussetzung dafür, ihre Verbreitung zu kontrollieren. Denn auch in Europa könnten exotische Arten aufgrund der Erderwärmung heimisch werden – mit erwünschten und unerwünschten Folgen.
Nachhaltigkeit – (k)eine Kunst? : Bäume pflanzen, Bienen züchten: ars longa als Gemeinschaftsprojekt
(2010)
Vita brevis, ars longa – kurz ist das Leben, lang währt die Kunst: Wenngleich der Arzt Hippokrates, dem man den Aphorismus zuschreibt, seinerzeit kaum an die Bildende Kunst gedacht haben dürfte, galt diese über Jahrhunderte hinweg als vornehmste Schöpferin und Verwalterin die Zeiten überdauernder Werte.
Mit Mount St. Elias. Die längste Skiabfahrt der Welt. ist Mitte November ein Ski- und Bergfilm in den deutschen Kinos angelaufen, der schon jetzt als einer der meistgesehenen Dokumentarfilme der österreichischen Kinogeschichte gilt. Auch in Deutschland wurde der Film als Bergfilm angekündigt, der neue Maßstäbe setze. Dieser Kommentar beschäftigt sich mit den dramaturgischen Bausteinen des Erfolgs von Mount St. Elias und legt besonderes Augenmerk auf die Inszenierungsstrategien des ,Dokumentarischen‘ im Kontext des alpinen Diskurses.
Lattice Yang-Mills theories at finite temperature can be mapped onto effective 3d spin systems, thus facilitating their numerical investigation. Using strong-coupling expansions we derive effective actions for Polyakov loops in the SU(2) and SU(3) cases and investigate the effect of higher order corrections. Once a formulation is obtained which allows for Monte Carlo analysis, the nature of the phase transition in both classes of models is investigated numerically, and the results are then used to predict – with an accuracy within a few percent – the deconfinement point in the original 4d Yang-Mills pure gauge theories, for a series of values of Nt at once.
Starting from a classical picture of shear viscosity we construct a steady velocity gradient in the partonic cascade BAMPS. Using the Navier-Stokes-equation we calculate the shear viscosity coefficient. For elastic isotropic scatterings we find a very good agreement with the analytic values. For both elastic and inelastic scatterings with pQCD cross sections we find good agreement with previously published calculations.
Introduction: In the large-scale case-control study EPILIFT, we investigated the dose-response relationship between lifestyle factors (weight, smoking amount, cumulative duration of different sports activities) and lumbar disc disease. Methods: In four German study regions (Frankfurt am Main, Freiburg, Halle/Saale, Regensburg), 564 male and female patients with lumbar disc herniation and 351 patients with lumbar disc narrowing (chondrosis) aged 25 to 70 years were prospectively recruited. From the regional population registers, 901 population control subjects were randomly selected. In a structured personal interview, we enquired as to body weight at different ages, body height, cumulative smoking amount and cumulative duration of different sports activities. Confounders were selected according to biological plausibility and to the change-in-estimate criterion. Adjusted, gender-stratified odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results: The results of this case-control study reveal a positive association between weight and lumbar disc herniation as well as lumbar disc narrowing among men and women. A medium amount of pack-years was associated with lumbar disc herniation and narrowing in men and women. A non-significantly lowered risk of lumbar disc disease was found in men with high levels of cumulative body building and strength training. Conclusions: According to our multi-center case-control study, body weight might be related to lumbar disc herniation as well as to lumbar disc narrowing. Further research should clarify the potential protective role of body building or strength training on lumbar disc disease.
Background: Descending inhibitory pain control contributes to the endogenous defense against chronic pain and involves noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. The clinical efficacy of antidepressants suggests that serotonin may be particularly relevant for neuropathic pain conditions. Serotonergic signaling is regulated by synthesis, metabolisms, reuptake and receptors. To address the complexity, we used inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J, 129 Sv, DBA/2J and Balb/c, which differ in brain serotonin levels. Results: Serotonin analysis after nerve injury revealed inter-strain differences in the adaptation of descending serotonergic fibers. Upregulation of spinal cord and midbrain serotonin was apparent only in 129 Sv mice and was associated with attenuated nerve injury evoked hyperalgesia and allodynia in this strain. The increase of dorsal horn serotonin was blocked by hemisectioning of descending fibers but not by rhizotomy of primary afferents indicating a midbrain source. Para-chlorophenylalanine-mediated serotonin depletion in spinal cord and midbrain intensified pain hypersensitivity in the nerve injury model. In contrast, chronic inflammation of the hindpaw did not evoke equivalent changes in serotonin levels in the spinal cord and midbrain and nociceptive thresholds dropped in a parallel manner in all strains. Conclusion: The results suggest that chronic nerve injury evoked hypernociception may be contributed by genetic differences of descending serotonergic inhibitory control.
In this chapter we develop an agenda for future research on the personalization of politics. To do so, we clarify the propositions of the personalization hypothesis, critically discuss the normative standard on which most studies base their evaluation of personalization, and systematically summarize empirical research findings. We show that the condemnation of personalization is based on a trivial logic and on a maximalist definition of democracy. The review of empirical studies leads us to question the assumption that personalization has steadily increased in all areas of politics. Finally, our normative considerations help us develop new research questions on how personalized politics affects democracy. Moreover, this review also makes clear that another weakness of today's empirical research on the personalization of politics lies in methodological problems and a lack of analysis of the impacts of systemic and contextual variables. Consequently, we suggest methodological pathways and possible explanatory factors for the study of personalization.
Background: Haemostasis in liver surgery remains a challenge despite improved resection techniques. Oozing from blood vessels too small to be ligated necessitate a treatment with haemostats in order to prevent complications attributed to bleeding. There is good evidence from randomised trials for the efficacy of fibrin sealants, on their own or in combination with a carrier material. A new haemostatic device is Sangustop(R). It is a collagen based material without any coagulation factors. Pre-clinical data for Sangustop(R) showed superior haemostatic effect. This present study aims to show that in the clinical situation Sangustop(R) is not inferior to a carrier-bound fibrin sealant (Tachosil(R)) as a haemostatic treatment in hepatic resection. Methods: This is a multi-centre, patient-blinded, intra-operatively randomised controlled trial. A total of 126 patients planned for an elective liver resection will be enrolled in eight surgical centres. The primary objective of this study is to show the non-inferiority of Sangustop(R) versus a carrier-bound fibrin sealant (Tachosil(R)) in achieving haemostasis after hepatic resection. The surgical intervention is standardised with regard to devices and techniques used for resection and primary haemostasis. Patients will be followed-up for three months for complications and adverse events. Discussion: This randomised controlled trial (ESSCALIVER) aims to compare the new collagen haemostat Sangustop(R) with a carrier-bound fibrin sealant which can be seen as a "gold standard" in hepatic and other visceral organ surgery. If non-inferiority is shown other criteria than the haemostatic efficacy (e.g. costs, adverse events rate) may be considered for the choice of the most appropriate treatment. Trial Registration: NCT00918619
The physical and functional borders of transit peptide-like sequences in secondary endosymbionts
(2010)
Background: Plastids rely on protein supply by their host cells. In plastids surrounded by two membranes (primary plastids) targeting of these proteins is facilitated by an N-terminal targeting signal, the transit peptide. In secondary plastids (surrounded by three or four membranes), transit peptide-like regions are an essential part of a bipartite topogenic signal sequence (BTS), and generally found adjacent to a N-terminally located signal peptide of the plastid pre-proteins. As in primary plastids, for which no wealth of functional information about transit peptide features exists, the transit peptide-like regions used for import into secondary ones show some common features only, which are also poorly characterised. Results: We modified the BTS (in the transit peptide-like region) of the plastid precursor fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c binding protein D (FcpD) fused to GFP as model substrate for the characterisation of pre-protein import into the secondary plastids of diatoms. Thereby we show that (i) pre-protein import is highly charge dependent. Positive net charge is necessary for transport across the plastid envelope, but not across the periplastid membrane. Acidic net charge perturbs pre-protein import within the ER. Moreover, we show that (ii) the mature domain of the pre-protein can provide intrinsic transit peptide functions. Conclusions: Our results indicate important characteristics of targeting signals of proteins imported into secondary plastids surrounded by four membranes. In addition, we show a self-targeting mechanism, in which the mature protein domain contributes to the transit peptide function. Thus, this phenomenon lowers the demand for pre-sequences evolved during the course of endosymbiosis.
Aus postkolonialer Perspektive gilt der Exotismus im Anschluss an Edward Said als die spezifische Ästhetik des Imperialismus, als Projektion westlicher Wunschphantasien, als ästhetische Ausbeutung des Fremden im Imperium der westlichen Kulturproduktion. Von einem „Ausstieg aus dem kolonialen Syndrom“, mithin von Postkolonialismus, könne man erst sprechen, wenn die diskursive Strategie des Exotismus nicht mehr funktioniere. Die einschlägigen literaturwissenschaftlichen Nachschlagewerke erklären, dass der Begriff Exotismus als Entlehnung aus dem Französischen zu Beginn des 20. ahrhunderts Eingang in die deutsche Sprache gefunden habe. Gerhart Pickerodt verweist im Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft auf „früheste bekannte Belege“ bei dem österreichischen Expressionisten Robert Müller aus dem Jahr 1914.
This essay examines the differing contexts and modes of encounter with Islamic culture in the travel writing of two contrasting women, the Prussian Countess Ida Hahn-Hahn and the Austrian Maria Schuber: both travelled to and wrote from the Middle East in the 1830s and 1840s and published their letters as collections. The encounters both women had with Islam were conditioned, at least in part, by their respective stance on religion, issues of gender and social class, and by the obligations of patronage and the expectations of distinct readerships. Whilst both women can be seen to write about Islam as a religion and culture defined by its difference to Christianity, both can also be seen in differing ways and to differing extents to represent Islam and Muslims as simultaneously belonging to a universal and inclusive notion of humanity and human religion. Thus, without embracing high philosophical discourse of Kant or Hegel, both women can be seen to demonstrate cosmopolitan impulses towards Islam, although these jostle for ascendancy with a more Eurocentric, Christian and indeed völkisch vision of the relationship between cultures.
Fasst man das Konzept der Katharsis als die wohltuende Auflösung eines durch eine Erzählung ausgelösten, emotionalen Spannungszustandes auf, dann lässt sich wohl behaupten, dass diese nach wie vor das aristotelisch-klassische Ziel des modernen Mainstream Kinos ist. Das Besondere an dem Film The Reader ist nun, dass diese Katharsis nicht nur ein latent verfolgtes Ziel des Filmes, d.h. ein unbewusstes Nebenprodukt eines Happy Ends ist, sondern gleichzeitig auch expliziter Teil der Erzählung (und somit eine begriffliche Ausweitung erfährt): Ist eine Katharsis angesichts der Schrecken von Auschwitz überhaupt möglich? Die folgende Deutung glaubt, dass der Film diese Frage versucht zu bejahen, indem er auf die Möglichkeiten eines ‚poetischen Kinos’ verweist. Diese bestehen nicht zuletzt in der Symbolisierung des ‚Unaussprechlichen’, die zwar keine rationale, dafür aber eine emotionale Integration der NS-Vergangenheit zu leisten können beansprucht.
Within the visual cortex, it has been proposed that interhemispheric interactions serve to re-establish the continuity of the visual field across its vertical meridian (VM) by mechanisms similar to those used by intrinsic connections within a hemisphere. However, other specific functions of transcallosal projections have also been proposed, including contributing to disparity tuning and depth perception. Here, we consider whether interhemispheric connections modulate specific response properties, orientation and direction selectivity, of neurons in areas 17 and 18 of the ferret by combining reversible thermal deactivation in one hemisphere with optical imaging of intrinsic signals and single-cell electrophysiology in the other hemisphere. We found interhemispheric influences on both the strength and specificity of the responses to stimulus orientation and direction of motion, predominantly at the VM. However, neurons and domains preferring cardinal contours, in particular vertical contours, seem to receive stronger interhemispheric input than others. This finding is compatible with interhemispheric connections being involved in horizontal disparity tuning. In conclusion, our results support the view that interhemispheric interactions mainly perform integrative functions similar to those of connections intrinsic to one hemisphere. Key words: cooling deactivation , corpus callosum , ferret , optical imaging , orientation selectivity
Studying the role of human parietal cortex in visuospatial attention with concurrent TMS-fMRI
(2010)
Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows study of how local brain stimulation may causally affect activity in remote brain regions. Here, we applied bursts of high- or low-intensity TMS over right posterior parietal cortex, during a task requiring sustained covert visuospatial attention to either the left or right hemifield, or in a neutral control condition, while recording blood oxygenation-level–dependent signal with a posterior MR surface coil. As expected, the active attention conditions activated components of the well-described “attention network,” as compared with the neutral baseline. Also as expected, when comparing left minus right attention, or vice versa, contralateral occipital visual cortex was activated. The critical new finding was that the impact of high- minus low-intensity parietal TMS upon these visual regions depended on the currently attended side. High- minus low-intensity parietal TMS increased the difference between contralateral versus ipsilateral attention in right extrastriate visual cortex. A related albeit less pronounced pattern was found for left extrastriate visual cortex. Our results confirm that right human parietal cortex can exert attention-dependent influences on occipital visual cortex and provide a proof of concept for the use of concurrent TMS–fMRI in studying how remote influences can vary in a purely top–down manner with attentional demands. Key words: concurrent TMS--fMRI, posterior parietal cortex, statedependence, visuospatial attention
Gamma synchronization has generally been associated with grouping processes in the visual system. Here, we examine in monkey V1 whether gamma oscillations play a functional role in segmenting surfaces of plaid stimuli. Local field potentials (LFPs) and spiking activity were recorded simultaneously from multiple sites in the opercular and calcarine regions while the monkeys were presented with sequences of single and superimposed components of plaid stimuli. In accord with the previous studies, responses to the single components (gratings) exhibited strong and sustained gamma-band oscillations (30–65 Hz). The superposition of the second component, however, led to profound changes in the temporal structure of the responses, characterized by a drastic reduction of gamma oscillations in the spiking activity and systematic shifts to higher frequencies in the LFP (~10% increase). Comparisons between cerebral hemispheres and across monkeys revealed robust subject-specific spectral signatures. A possible interpretation of our results may be that single gratings induce strong cooperative interactions among populations of cells that share similar response properties, whereas plaids lead to competition. Overall, our results suggest that the functional architecture of the cortex is a major determinant of the neuronal synchronization dynamics in V1. Key words: attention , gamma , gratings , oscillation , visual cortex
Understanding how temperature affects cod (Gadus morhua) ecology is important for forecasting how populations will develop as climate changes in future. The effects of spawning-season temperature and habitat size on cod recruitment dynamics have been investigated across the North Atlantic. Ricker and Beverton and Holt stock–recruitment (SR) models were extended by applying hierarchical methods, mixed-effects models, and Bayesian inference to incorporate the influence of these ecosystem factors on model parameters representing cod maximum reproductive rate and carrying capacity. We identified the pattern of temperature effects on cod productivity at the species level and estimated SR model parameters with increased precision. Temperature impacts vary geographically, being positive in areas where temperatures are <5°C, and negative for higher temperatures. Using the relationship derived, it is possible to predict expected changes in population-specific reproductive rates and carrying capacities resulting from temperature increases. Further, carrying capacity covaries with available habitat size, explaining at least half its variability across stocks. These patterns improve our understanding of environmental impacts on key population parameters, which is required for an ecosystem approach to cod management, particularly under ocean-warming scenarios. Key words: carrying capacity , cod , hierarchical models , North Atlantic , temperature , uncertainty
The massive amount of genomic sequence data that is now available for analyzing evolutionary relationships among 31 placental mammals reduces the stochastic error in phylogenetic analyses to virtually zero. One would expect that this would make it possible to finally resolve controversial branches in the placental mammalian tree. We analyzed a 2,863,797 nucleotide-long alignment (3,364 genes) from 31 placental mammals for reconstructing their evolution. Most placental mammalian relationships were resolved, and a consensus of their evolution is emerging. However, certain branches remain difficult or virtually impossible to resolve. These branches are characterized by short divergence times in the order of 1-4 million years. Computer simulations based on parameters from the real data show that as little as about 12,500 amino acid sites could be sufficient to confidently resolve short branches as old as about 90 million years ago. Thus, the amount of sequence data should no longer be a limiting factor in resolving the relationships among placental mammals. The timing of the early radiation of placental mammals coincides with a period of climate warming some 100 - 80 million years ago and with continental fragmentation. These global processes may have triggered the rapid diversification of placental mammals. However, the rapid radiations of certain mammalian groups complicate phylogenetic analyses, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting and introgression. These speciation-related processes led to a mosaic genome and conflicting phylogenetic signals. Split network methods are ideal for visualizing these problematic branches and can therefore depict data conflict and possibly the true evolutionary history better than strictly bifurcating trees. Given the timing of tectonics, of placental mammalian divergences, and the fossil record, a Laurasian rather than Gondwanan origin of placental mammals seems the most parsimonious explanation. Key words: continental drift , Cretaceous warming , genome analysis , hybridization , phylogenomics , split decomposition
Fucoxanthin chlorophyll proteins (Fcps), the light-harvesting antennas of heterokont algae, are encoded by a multigene family and are highly similar with respect to their molecular masses as well as to their pigmentation, making it difficult to purify single Fcps. In this study, a hexa-histidine tag was genetically added to the C-terminus of the FcpA protein of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. A transgenic strain expressing the recombinant His-tagged FcpA protein in addition to the endogenous wild type Fcps was created. This strategy allowed, for the first time, the purification of a specific, stable trimeric Fcp complex. In addition, a pool of various trimeric Fcps was also purified from the wild-type cells using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. In both the His-tagged and the wild-type Fcps, excitation energy coupling between fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a was intact and the existence of a chlorophyll a/fucoxanthin excitonic dimer was demonstrated using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Mass spectrometric analyses of the trimeric His-tagged complex indicated that it is composed of FcpA and FcpE polypeptides. It is confirmed here that a trimer is the basic organizational unit of Fcps in P. tricornutum. From circular dichroism spectra, it is proposed that the organization of the pigments on the polypeptide backbone of Fcps is a conserved feature in the case of chlorophyll a/c containing algae.
Transcripts of NANOG and OCT4 have been recently identified in human t(4;11) leukemia and in a model system expressing both t(4;11) fusion proteins. Moreover, downstream target genes of NANOG/OCT4/SOX2 were shown to be transcriptionally activated. However, the NANOG1 gene belongs to a gene family, including a gene tandem duplication (named NANOG2 or NANOGP1) and several pseudogenes (NANOGP2-P11). Thus, it was unclear which of the NANOG family members were transcribed in t(4;11) leukemia cells. 5'-RACE experiments revealed novel 5'-exons of NANOG1 and NANOG2, which could give rise to the expression of two different NANOG1 and three different NANOG2 protein variants. Moreover, a novel PCR-based method was established that allows distinguishing between transcripts deriving from NANOG1, NANOG2 and all other NANOG pseudogenes (P2–P11). By applying this method, we were able to demonstrate that human hematopoietic stem cells and different leukemic cells transcribe NANOG2. Furthermore, we functionally tested NANOG1 and NANOG2 protein variants by recombinant expression in 293 cells. These studies revealed that NANOG1 and NANOG2 protein variants are functionally equivalent and activate a regulatory circuit that activates specific stem cell genes. Therefore, we pose the hypothesis that the transcriptional activation of NANOG2 represents a ‘gain-of-stem cell function’ in acute leukemia.
Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) exploits the possibility to unidirectionally exchange any genetic material flanked by heterotypic recombinase recognition sites (RRS) with target sites in the genome. Due to a limited number of available pre-fabricated target sites, RMCE in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells has not been tapped to its full potential to date. Here, we introduce a universal system, which allows the targeted insertion of any given transcriptional unit into 85 742 previously annotated retroviral conditional gene trap insertions, representing 7013 independent genes in mouse ES cells, by RMCE. This system can be used to express any given cDNA under the control of endogenous trapped promoters in vivo, as well as for the generation of transposon ‘launch pads’ for chromosomal region-specific ‘Sleeping Beauty’ insertional mutagenesis. Moreover, transcription of the gene-of-interest is only activated upon Cre-recombinase activity, a feature that adds conditionality to this expression system, which is demonstrated in vivo. The use of the RMCE system presented in this work requires one single-cloning step followed by one overnight gateway clonase reaction and subsequent cassette exchange in ES cells with efficiencies of 40% in average.
Human Transformer2-beta (hTra2-beta) is an important member of the serine/arginine-rich protein family, and contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM). It controls the alternative splicing of several pre-mRNAs, including those of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) protein and the tau protein. Accordingly, the RRM of hTra2-beta specifically binds to two types of RNA sequences [the CAA and (GAA)2 sequences]. We determined the solution structure of the hTra2-beta RRM (spanning residues Asn110–Thr201), which not only has a canonical RRM fold, but also an unusual alignment of the aromatic amino acids on the beta-sheet surface. We then solved the complex structure of the hTra2-beta RRM with the (GAA)2 sequence, and found that the AGAA tetra-nucleotide was specifically recognized through hydrogen-bond formation with several amino acids on the N- and C-terminal extensions, as well as stacking interactions mediated by the unusually aligned aromatic rings on the beta-sheet surface. Further NMR experiments revealed that the hTra2-beta RRM recognizes the CAA sequence when it is integrated in the stem-loop structure. This study indicates that the hTra2-beta RRM recognizes two types of RNA sequences in different RNA binding modes.
We present here a set of 13C-direct detected NMR experiments to facilitate the resonance assignment of RNA oligonucleotides. Three experiments have been developed: (1) the (H)CC-TOCSY-experiment utilizing a virtual decoupling scheme to assign the intraresidual ribose 13C-spins, (2) the (H)CPC-experiment that correlates each phosphorus with the C40 nuclei of adjacent nucleotides via J(C,P) couplings and (3) the (H)CPC-CCH-TOCSY-experiment that correlates the phosphorus nuclei with the respective C10,H10 ribose signals. The experiments were applied to two RNA hairpin structures. The current set of 13C-direct detected experiments allows direct and unambiguous assignment of the majority of the hetero nuclei and the identification of the individual ribose moieties following their sequential assignment. Thus, 13C-direct detected NMR methods constitute useful complements to the conventional 1H-detected approach for the resonance assignment of oligonucleotides that is often hindered by the limited chemical shift dispersion. The developed methods can also be applied to large deuterated RNAs. Keywords: NMR spectroscopy , Direct carbon , detection , RNA
The Nep1 (Emg1) SPOUT-class methyltransferase is an essential ribosome assembly factor and the human Bowen–Conradi syndrome (BCS) is caused by a specific Nep1D86G mutation. We recently showed in vitro that Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Nep1 is a sequence-specific pseudouridine-N1-methyltransferase. Here, we show that in yeast the in vivo target site for Nep1-catalyzed methylation is located within loop 35 of the 18S rRNA that contains the unique hypermodification of U1191 to 1-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-pseudouri-dine (m1acp3Psi). Specific 14C-methionine labelling of 18S rRNA in yeast mutants showed that Nep1 is not required for acp-modification but suggested a function in Psi1191 methylation. ESI MS analysis of acp-modified Psi-nucleosides in a DeltaNep1-mutant showed that Nep1 catalyzes the Psi1191 methylation in vivo. Remarkably, the restored growth of a nep1-1ts mutant upon addition of S-adenosylmethionine was even observed after preventing U1191 methylation in a deltasnr35 mutant. This strongly suggests a dual Nep1 function, as Psi1191-methyltransferase and ribosome assembly factor. Interestingly, the Nep1 methyltransferase activity is not affected upon introduction of the BCS mutation. Instead, the mutated protein shows enhanced dimerization propensity and increased affinity for its RNA-target in vitro. Furthermore, the BCS mutation prevents nucleolar accumulation of Nep1, which could be the reason for reduced growth in yeast and the Bowen-Conradi syndrome.
Long-range tertiary interactions determine the three-dimensional structure of a number of metabolite-binding riboswitch RNA elements and were found to be important for their regulatory function. For the guanine-sensing riboswitch of the Bacillus subtilis xpt-pbuX operon, our previous NMR-spectroscopic studies indicated pre-formation of long-range tertiary contacts in the ligand-free state of its aptamer domain. Loss of the structural pre-organization in a mutant of this RNA (G37A/C61U) resulted in the requirement of Mg2+ for ligand binding. Here, we investigate structural and stability aspects of the wild-type aptamer domain (Gsw) and the G37A/C61U-mutant (Gswloop) of the guanine-sensing riboswitch and their Mg2+-induced folding characteristics to dissect the role of long-range tertiary interactions, the link between pre-formation of structural elements and ligand-binding properties and the functional stability. Destabilization of the long-range interactions as a result of the introduced mutations for Gswloop or the increase in temperature for both Gsw and Gswloop involves pronounced alterations of the conformational ensemble characteristics of the ligand-free state of the riboswitch. The increased flexibility of the conformational ensemble can, however, be compensated by Mg2+. We propose that reduction of conformational dynamics in remote regions of the riboswitch aptamer domain is the minimal pre-requisite to pre-organize the core region for specific ligand binding.
In prokaryotes, RNA thermometers regulate a number of heat shock and virulence genes. These temperature sensitive RNA elements are usually located in the 5'-untranslated regions of the regulated genes. They repress translation initiation by base pairing to the Shine–Dalgarno sequence at low temperatures. We investigated the thermodynamic stability of the temperature labile hairpin 2 of the Salmonella fourU RNA thermometer over a broad temperature range and determined free energy, enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening of individual nucleobases by measuring the temperature dependence of the imino proton exchange rates via NMR spectroscopy. Exchange rates were analyzed for the wild-type (wt) RNA and the A8C mutant. The wt RNA was found to be stabilized by the extraordinarily stable G14–C25 base pair. The mismatch base pair in the wt RNA thermometer (A8–G31) is responsible for the smaller cooperativity of the unfolding transition in the wt RNA. Enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening events exhibit linear correlation for both RNAs. The slopes of these correlations coincide with the melting points of the RNAs determined by CD spectroscopy. RNA unfolding occurs at a temperature where all nucleobases have equal thermodynamic stabilities. Our results are in agreement with a consecutive zipper-type unfolding mechanism in which the stacking interaction is responsible for the observed cooperativity. Furthermore, remote effects of the A8C mutation affecting the stability of nucleobase G14 could be identified. According to our analysis we deduce that this effect is most probably transduced via the hydration shell of the RNA.
BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder at old age, can be caused by elevated expression or the A53T missense mutation of the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (SNCA). PD is characterized pathologically by the preferential vulnerability of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal projection neurons. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we used two mouse lines overexpressing human A53T-SNCA and studied striatal dysfunction in the absence of neurodegeneration to understand early disease mechanisms. To characterize the progression, we employed young adult as well as old mice. Analysis of striatal neurotransmitter content demonstrated that dopamine (DA) levels correlated directly with the level of expression of SNCA, an observation also made in SNCA-deficient (knockout, KO) mice. However, the elevated DA levels in the striatum of old A53T-SNCA overexpressing mice may not be transmitted appropriately, in view of three observations. First, a transcriptional downregulation of the extraneural DA degradation enzyme catechol-ortho-methytransferase (COMT) was found. Second, an upregulation of DA receptors was detected by immunoblots and autoradiography. Third, extensive transcriptome studies via microarrays and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) of altered transcript levels of the DA-inducible genes Atf2, Cb1, Freq, Homer1 and Pde7b indicated a progressive and genotype-dependent reduction in the postsynaptic DA response. As a functional consequence, long term depression (LTD) was absent in corticostriatal slices from old transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, the dysfunctional neurotransmission and impaired synaptic plasticity seen in the A53T-SNCA overexpressing mice reflect early changes within the basal ganglia prior to frank neurodegeneration. As a model of preclinical stages of PD, such insights may help to develop neuroprotective therapeutic approaches.
Ausgehend von der These, dass insbesondere psychologisierende Filmmusik oft in einer changierenden Bedeutungsbeziehung zur Szene und den Figuren steht und dass das Akzeptieren von Musiken als Darstellung der inneren Realität von Figuren auf einem Prozess der Synthese diverser Kontextinformationen beruht, wird ein Modell der Perspektivität der Filmmusik und ihrer damit einhergehenden semantischen Aufladung vorgeschlagen und an einem Beispiel durchgespielt.
Mit "Golden Age" bezeichnet man die Studioära im Hollywood der 30er und 40er Jahre mit ihrer streng hierarchischen Struktur und einer hoch spezialisierten Form der Arbeitsteilung. Produzenten, Regisseure, Drehbuchschreiber, der technische Stab, sowie Schauspieler, Musiker und auch die Komponisten waren fest angestellte Mitarbeiter, die ihren Dienst auf dem Studiogelände verrichteten. In den dreißiger Jahren hatten Warner Bros. Regisseure wie Michael Curtiz, Produzenten wie Hal Wallis, Schauspieler wie Humphrey Bogart, Erroll Flynn oder Bette Davis, sowie Komponisten wie Erich Wolfgang Korngold oder Max Steiner unter Vertrag. Diese beiden Komponisten werden zusammen mit Alfred Newman (musikalischer Leiter von 20th Century Fox) auch das Triumvirat der Filmmusik des Goldenen Zeitalters in Hollywood genannt.
Hollywood musicals combine two distinctive features: narrative and musical numbers, also referred to as “the real and the expressive” (Telotte 1980a, 4). These two equally important parts of any successful musical have to harmonize such that both seem appropriate in each scene and, ideally, supportive of each other. As musical numbers are traditionally seen as a “source of a tension” (ibid., 2) within the narrative, harmonization is not easy to achieve, and different directors as well as different sub-genres of the film musical have found different ways to deal with this tension. In this work, I will discuss two methods of integrating musical numbers into the plot of Hollywood musicals: the stage-worlds and the world-stages. While the former entails a certain kind of storyline, the latter refers to the setting of single numbers within the plot.
Nur wenigen ist bekannt, dass Anthony Burgess (1917–1993) neben seiner literarischen Tätigkeit zeitlebens auch ein sehr produktiver Komponist war. In einem Zeitraum von etwa 60 Jahren entstand ein OEuvre, das über 170 Werke umfasst und Beiträge zu fast allen großen, musikalischen Gattungen aufweist. So komponierte Burgess unter anderem eine Oper, ein Ballett, drei Symphonien, Konzerte und Kammermusik für diverse Besetzungen (vgl. Burgess 2001, 36–40; Phillips 2001, 614f.).
In seinem Aufsatz Nach wie vor Wunschbild: Beethoven als Chauvinist vertritt Albrecht Riethmüller (2003, 97) die Position, Beethovens Musik erleide in Stanley Kubricks (GB 1971) Verfilmung von Anthony Burgess' (1962) Roman A Clockwork Orange das "Schicksal, als Droge quasi zur männlichen Gewaltausübung (Machismo) und damit als Gewaltverherrlichung schlechthin verstanden, genauer gesagt, mißverstanden zu werden".
Der folgende Artikel entstand für ein Buch über Filmmusik, das Hans-Christian Schmidt (Universität Osnabrück) bei der Wissenschaftlichen Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt mit zahlreichen in- und ausländischen Beiträgen 1994 herausgeben wollte. Leider scheiterte das Vorhaben, da es ihm nicht gelang, die versprochenen Aufsätze rechtzeitig zu bekommen. 1996 wurde das Buchprojekt abgesagt. Mein Beitrag war damals zwar rechtzeitig fertig, droht nun allerdings durch den immer länger werdenden Zeitverzug - und neue Bücher über Greenaway - an Aktualität zu verlieren. Vielleicht ist dies hier ein geeigneter nostalgischer Ort zur Veröffentlichung.
Der Text beleuchtet die dramaturgische Rolle der Filmmusik im Dokumentarfilm. Ausgehend von verschiedenen Dokumentarfilm-Typen sollen sehr unterschiedliche Beispiele zeigen, wie Musik und Tongestaltung verschiedenartige Erzählstrukturen, Wirkungsmechanismen und ästhetische Merkmale ausprägen. Zugleich wird ein Trend eingehender untersucht, der publikumswirksame Dokumentarfilme im Kinoformat hervorgebracht hat, zu dessen Charakteristikum es gehört, dass Musik für eine Dramatisierung des an sich Dokumentarischen und zur Immersion in Dienst genommen wird. Es zeigt sich, wie groß der Anteil der Musik daran ist, dass Wirkungsmechanismen, die dem Publikum aus dem fiktionalen Genre vertraut sind, in den Dokumentarfilm übertragen werden können und dort ebenso funktionieren. Inwieweit dies der poetischen Verdichtung dient oder einer Einfühlungsästhetik zuarbeitet und möglicherweise die Glaubwürdigkeit des abgehandelten Themas in Frage stellt, ist eine kritisch zu diskutierende, stets für den Einzelfall zu beantwortende Frage. Der Beitrag möchte über die Anwendung beim Dokumentarfilm hinausgehend dafür eintreten, Filmmusik als "tiefenwirksames" dramaturgisches Element zu analysieren, wofür die vorgestellten Kategorien Anwendung finden und als Grundlage weiterer Diskussionen verstanden werden können.
Gilt das, was der Drehbuchautor Wolfgang Kohlhaase im oben wiedergegeben Zitat für die Wirkung eines Films im Allgemeinen behauptet, eigentlich auch für die Filmmusik, den Ton, den Dialog? Wenn ja, was ist das dann, die imaginäre[...] Mitte zwischen dem Absender und dem Empfänger, zwischen der Leinwand und den Bedürfnissen und den Emotionen" (ebd.) der Zuschauer/innen? Wo liegt diese Mitte? Lässt sie sich in Begriffe fassen oder entzieht sie sich einer sprachlichen Darstellung? Im Folgenden soll ein Anlauf dazu unternommen werden, die Wirkung dessen, was bei der Rezeption eines Spielfilms gehört wird, gleichermaßen in Abhängigkeit vom audiovisuellen Material und von den intersubjektiven und subjektiven Faktoren zu bestimmen, die die Rezipient/innen in diejenigen Prozesse mit einbringen, in deren Verlauf figureninterne und -externe Realitäten im Spielfilm konstituiert werden.
Einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Ästhetik des cinéma vérité hatte die Entwicklung tontauglicher Handkameras, die den Filmemachern die ästhetische Möglichkeit einer Manipulation und Differenz (im Sinne einer bewussten, eingreifenden Dissoziation und Disjunktion) von Akustischem und Visuellem eröffnete. Anhand ausgewählter Szenen von CHRONIQUE D’UN ÉTÉ möchte ich im Folgenden zeigen, wie sich diese Bewegung auf ästhetischer Ebene darstellt. Im Mittelpunkt soll der Akt des Offenlegens und Reflektierens des filmischen Schaffensprozesses stehen, der als wesentlicher Aspekt filmischer Modernität bezeichnet werden kann. Zu weiten Teilen folge ich dabei den Schriften von Jean-Louis Comolli und Gilles Deleuze, insbesondere was die prominent beschriebene Durchdringung von dokumentarischem und fiktionalem Stil betrifft, die sich in CHRONIQUE D’UN ÉTÉ nicht nur auf bildlicher, sondern auch und gerade – und das ist das Wesentliche an meiner Argumentation – auf akustischer Ebene nachweisen lässt.
Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory disorder of pulmonary or extrapulmonary origin. We have previously demonstrated that netrin-1 dampens murine ALI, and in an attempt to advance this finding into future clinical practice we evaluated whether netrin-1 would reduce alveolar inflammation during porcine ALI. Methods: This was a controlled in vivo experimental study in pigs. We induced ALI through lipoploysaccharide (LPS) infusion (50 micro g/kg) for 2 hours. Following this, we exposed animals to either vehicle, intravenous netrin-1 (netrin-1 i.v.) or inhaled netrin-1 (netrin-1 inh.). Serum samples and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were obtained to determine levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 at baseline and 6 hours following treatment. Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and protein levels were determined in the BAL, and tissue samples were obtained for histological evaluation. Finally, animals were scanned with spiral CT. Results: Following LPS infusion, animals developed acute pulmonary injury. Serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the netrin-1 i.v. group. BAL demonstrated significantly reduced cytokine levels 6 hours post-netrin-1 treatment (TNF-alpha: vehicle 633 ± 172 pg/ml, netrin-1 i.v. 84 ± 5 pg/ml, netrin-1 inh. 168 ± 74 pg/ml; both P < 0.05). MPO activity and protein content were significantly reduced in BAL samples from netrin-1-treated animals. Histological sections confirmed reduced inflammatory changes in the netrin-1-treated animals. Computed tomography corroborated reduced pulmonary damage in both netrin-1-treated groups. Conclusions: We conclude that treatment with the endogenous anti-inflammatory protein netrin-1 reduces pulmonary inflammation during the initial stages of ALI and should be pursued as a future therapeutic option.
During a 4-week run in October–November 2006, a pilot experiment was performed at the CERN Proton Synchrotron in preparation for the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment, whose aim is to study the possible influence of cosmic rays on clouds. The purpose of the pilot experiment was firstly to carry out exploratory measurements of the effect of ionising particle radiation on aerosol formation from trace H2SO4 vapour and secondly to provide technical input for the CLOUD design. A total of 44 nucleation bursts were produced and recorded, with formation rates of particles above the 3 nm detection threshold of between 0.1 and 100 cm -3 s -1, and growth rates between 2 and 37 nm h -1. The corresponding H2O concentrations were typically around 106 cm -3 or less. The experimentally-measured formation rates and htwosofour concentrations are comparable to those found in the atmosphere, supporting the idea that sulphuric acid is involved in the nucleation of atmospheric aerosols. However, sulphuric acid alone is not able to explain the observed rapid growth rates, which suggests the presence of additional trace vapours in the aerosol chamber, whose identity is unknown. By analysing the charged fraction, a few of the aerosol bursts appear to have a contribution from ion-induced nucleation and ion-ion recombination to form neutral clusters. Some indications were also found for the accelerator beam timing and intensity to influence the aerosol particle formation rate at the highest experimental SO2 concentrations of 6 ppb, although none was found at lower concentrations. Overall, the exploratory measurements provide suggestive evidence for ion-induced nucleation or ion-ion recombination as sources of aerosol particles. However in order to quantify the conditions under which ion processes become significant, improvements are needed in controlling the experimental variables and in the reproducibility of the experiments. Finally, concerning technical aspects, the most important lessons for the CLOUD design include the stringent requirement of internal cleanliness of the aerosol chamber, as well as maintenance of extremely stable temperatures (variations below 0.1 °C)
Aging of biological systems ultimately leads to death of the individual. In humans, organ failure as the result of functional impairments after stroke, cardio-vascular disease, tumor development, neurodegeneration and other diseases are certainly crucial in bringing life to an end. But what happens in individuals with no obvious disease or disorders?
Plasticity resembling spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity: the evidence in human cortex
(2010)
Spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) has been studied extensively in a variety of animal models during the past decade but whether it can be studied at the systems level of the human cortex has been a matter of debate. Only recently newly developed non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have made it possible to induce and assess timing dependent plasticity in conscious human subjects. This review will present a critical synopsis of these experiments, which suggest that several of the principal characteristics and molecular mechanisms of TMS-induced plasticity correspond to those of STDP as studied at a cellular level. TMS combined with a second phasic stimulation modality can induce bidirectional long-lasting changes in the excitability of the stimulated cortex, whose polarity depends on the order of the associated stimulus-evoked events within a critical time window of tens of milliseconds. Pharmacological evidence suggests an NMDA receptor mediated form of synaptic plasticity. Studies in human motor cortex demonstrated that motor learning significantly modulates TMS-induced timing dependent plasticity, and, conversely, may be modulated bidirectionally by prior TMS-induced plasticity, providing circumstantial evidence that long-term potentiation-like mechanisms may be involved in motor learning. In summary, convergent evidence is being accumulated for the contention that it is now possible to induce STDP-like changes in the intact human central nervous system by means of TMS to study and interfere with synaptic plasticity in neural circuits in the context of behavior such as learning and memory. Keywords: spike-timing dependent plasticity, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, paired associative stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, human, cortex, translational neuroscience
Potentiation of glycine-gated NR1/NR3A NMDA receptors relieves Ca2+-dependent outward rectification
(2010)
Glycine has diverse functions within the mammalian central nervous system. It inhibits postsynaptic neurons via strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors (GlyRs) and enhances neuronal excitation through co-activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Classical Ca2+-permeable NMDA receptors are composed of glycine-binding NR1 and glutamate-binding NR2 subunits, and hence require both glutamate and glycine for efficient activation. In contrast, recombinant receptors composed of NR1 and the glycine binding NR3A and/or NR3B subunits lack glutamate binding sites and can be activated by glycine alone. Therefore these receptors are also named “excitatory glycine receptors”. Co-application of antagonists of the NR1 glycine-binding site or of the divalent cation Zn2+ markedly enhances the glycine responses of these receptors. To gain further insight into the properties of these glycine-gated NMDA receptors, we investigated their current-voltage (I–V) dependence. Whole-cell current-voltage relations of glycine currents recorded from NR1/NR3B and NR1/NR3A/NR3B expressing oocytes were found to be linear under our recording conditions. In contrast, NR1/NR3A receptors displayed a strong outwardly rectifying I–V relation. Interestingly, the voltage-dependent inward current block was abolished in the presence of NR1 antagonists, Zn2+ or a combination of both. Further analysis revealed that Ca2+ (1.8 mM) present in our recording solutions was responsible for the voltage-dependent inhibition of ion flux through NR1/NR3A receptors. Since physiological concentrations of the divalent cation Mg2+ did not affect the I–V dependence, our data suggest that relief of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ block of NR1/NR3A receptors by Zn2+ may be important for the regulation of excitatory glycinergic transmission, according to the Mg2+-block of conventional NR1/NR2 NMDA receptors. Keywords: NMDA receptor, excitatory glycine receptor, voltage block, NR3 subunit, supralinear potentiation, Zn2+, NR1 antagonist, ligand-binding domain
Although models based on independent component analysis (ICA) have been successful in explaining various properties of sensory coding in the cortex, it remains unclear how networks of spiking neurons using realistic plasticity rules can realize such computation. Here, we propose a biologically plausible mechanism for ICA-like learning with spiking neurons. Our model combines spike-timing dependent plasticity and synaptic scaling with an intrinsic plasticity rule that regulates neuronal excitability to maximize information transmission. We show that a stochastically spiking neuron learns one independent component for inputs encoded either as rates or using spike-spike correlations. Furthermore, different independent components can be recovered, when the activity of different neurons is decorrelated by adaptive lateral inhibition.
We examined whether positive transfer of cognitive training, which so far has been observed for individual tests only, also generalizes to cognitive abilities, thereby carrying greater promise for improving everyday intellectual competence in adulthood and old age. In the COGITO Study, 101 younger and 103 older adults practiced six tests of perceptual speed (PS), three tests of working memory (WM), and three tests of episodic memory (EM) for over 100 daily 1-h sessions. Transfer assessment included multiple tests of PS, WM, EM, and reasoning. In both age groups, reliable positive transfer was found not only for individual tests but also for cognitive abilities, represented as latent factors. Furthermore, the pattern of correlations between latent change factors of practiced and latent change factors of transfer tasks indicates systematic relations at the level of broad abilities, making the interpretation of effects as resulting from unspecific increases in motivation or self-concept less likely. Keywords: cognitive training, cognitive abilities, transfer, latent factors, working memory
Disruptive behaviour disorders are reflected by a great variety of symptoms ranging from impulsive-hot tempered quarrels to purposeful and goal directed acts of cruelty. A growing body of data indicates that there are neurobiological factors that increase the risk for developing disruptive behaviour disorders. In this review, we give a broad overview of recent studies investigating physiological, neural, genetic factors, and specific neurotransmitter systems. We also discuss the impact of psychosocial risk and consider the effects of gene-environment interactions. Due to the heterogeneity of disruptive behaviour disorders, it is concluded that specific subtypes of disruptive behaviour should be considered both in terms their biological basis and in regard to specific treatment needs.
Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative delta 13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from - 18.8‰ to - 25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine delta 18 O values (- 1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to - 3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known asTisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
Schillers Geschichte des Dreißigjährigen Kriegs wurde in der Kalenderausgabe dieser Publikationsform entsprechend mit Titel- und Monatskupfern ausgestattet, die programmatische Allegorien, wichtige Szenen und zusätzlich Portraits der Hauptpersonen zeigten. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Titelkupfer und Monatsbilder auf ihre Darstellung von historischen Frauen und Weiblichkeit sowie die Porträts von Christina von Schweden und Amalia von Hessen und vergleicht sie mit Schillers Text.
Die Propyläen als Toranlage, die zur Akropolis führt, gaben der Kunstzeitschrift Propyläen (1798-1800) den Namen. Goethe gab sie heraus, um durch sie – wie durch ein Tor – die Kunst der Gegenwart zur Orientierung an der Antike zu führen. Das für die Zeitschrift grundlegende Motiv des Tores spielt eine Rolle auch in einem Artikel „Ueber Etrurische Monumente“, den Goethes Freund und Mitarbeiter Johann Heinrich Meyer anonym im ersten Band der Propyläen (S. 66-100) veröffentlichte.
Goethes Naturdenken ist an jener historischen Nahtstelle anzusiedeln, an der sich die europäische Menschheit mit Hilfe von Wissenschaft und Technik aus den drückenden Zwängen der Natur zu befreien und sich ihres Verstandes in freier Wahl zu bedienen vorgenommen hat. Der spezifisch neuzeitliche Akzent, der diesem Vorhaben anhaftet, lautet: Die Entfremdung von der Natur ist die Bedingung der menschlichen Freiheit und ihrer Herrschaft über die Natur, doch versuchen schon die Menschen des späten 18. Jahrhunderts, ästhetisch wiederzugewinnen, was sie in der realen Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Natur verloren haben. Der Aufsatz versucht eine sozialgeschichtliche Einordnung von Goethes Naturdenken auch in die zeitgenössischen Erfahrungen der elementaren Naturgewalten, in Gewitter, Feuersbrunst und Hagelschlag, um die Innovationskraft dieses Denkens und ihres ästhetischen Ausdrucks zu belegen. Goethe hat sich zunächst dem Diskurs über die Theodizee angeschlossen, der nach dem großen Erdbeben von Lissabon lebhafter und heftiger wurde als je zuvor, ist dann aber rasch über diesen Diskurs hinausgeschritten, um den Menschen in seiner Glücksfähigkeit von allen anderen Naturwesen zu unterscheiden.
Background: Abnormalities of 11q23 involving the MLL gene are found in approximately 10% of human leukemias. To date, nearly 100 different chromosome bands have been described in rearrangements involving 11q23 and 64 fusion genes have been cloned and characterized at the molecular level. In this work we present the identification of a novel MLL fusion partner in a pediatric patient with de novo biphenotypic acute leukemia. Methods: Cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), molecular studies (RT-PCR and LDI-PCR), and bioinformatic sequence analysis were used to characterize the CT45A2 gene as novel MLL fusion partner in pediatric acute leukemia. Results: Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the patient G-banded metaphases demonstrated a cryptic insertion of 11q23 in Xq26.3 involving the MLL gene. Breakpoint fusion analysis revealed that a DNA fragment of 653 kb from 11q23, containing MLL exons 1-9 in addition to 16 other 11q23 genes, was inserted into the upstream region of the CT45A2 gene located at Xq26.3. In addition, a deletion at Xq26.3 encompassing the 3' region of the DDX26B gene (exons 9-16) and the entire CT45A1 gene was identified. RNA analysis revealed the presence of a novel MLL-CT45A2 fusion transcript in which the first 9 exons of the MLL gene were fused in-frame to exon 2 of the CT45A2 gene, resulting in a spliced MLL fusion transcript with an intact open reading frame. The resulting chimeric transcript predicts a fusion protein where the N-terminus of MLL is fused to the entire open reading frame of CT45A2. Finally, we demonstrate that all breakpoint regions are rich in long repetitive motifs, namely LINE/L1 and SINE/Alu sequences, but all breakpoints were exclusively identified outside these repetitive DNA sequences. Conclusion: We have identified CT45A2 as a novel spliced MLL fusion partner in a pediatric patient with de novo biphenotypic acute leukemia, as a result of a cryptic insertion of 11q23 in Xq26.3. Since CT45A2 is the first Cancer/Testis antigen family gene found fused with MLL in acute leukemia, future studies addressing its biologic relevance for leukemogenesis are warranted.
Background: The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene exerts oncogene-like activities and its (over)expression has been linked to several human malignancies. Here, we studied a possible association between EZH2 expression and prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: EZH2 protein expression in RCC specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) containing RCC tumor tissue and corresponding normal tissue samples of 520 patients. For immunohistochemical assessment of EZH2 expression, nuclear staining quantity was evaluated using a semiquantitative score. The effect of EZH2 expression on cancer specific survival (CSS) was assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: During follow-up, 147 patients (28%) had died of their disease, median follow-up of patients still alive was 6.0 years (range 0 - 16.1 years). EZH2 nuclear staining was present in tumor cores of 411 (79%) patients. A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high nuclear EZH2 expression was an independent predictor of poor CSS (>25-50% vs. 0%: HR 2.72, p = 0.025) in patients suffering from non-metastatic RCC. Apart from high nuclear EZH2 expression, tumor stage and Fuhrman's grading emerged as significant prognostic markers. In metastatic disease, nuclear EZH2 expression and histopathological subtype were independent predictive parameters of poor CSS (EZH2: 1-5%: HR 2.63, p = 0.043, >5-25%: HR 3.35, p = 0.013, >25%-50%: HR 4.92, p = 0.003, all compared to 0%: HR 0.36, p = 0.025, respectively). Conclusions: This study defines EZH2 as a powerful independent unfavourable prognostic marker of CSS in patients with metastatic and non-metastatic RCC.
The editorial board of Aging reviews research papers published in 2009,which they believe have or will have a significant impact on aging research.Among many others, the topics include genes that accelerate aging or incontrast promote longevity in model organisms, DNA damage responsesand telomeres, molecular mechanisms of life span extension by calorierestriction and pharmacologic interventions into aging. The emergingmessage in 2009 is that aging is not random but determined by agenetically-regulated longevity network and can be decelerated bothgenetically and pharmacologically.
Filamentous fungi are of great importance in ecology, agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. Thus, it is not surprising that genomes for more than 100 filamentous fungi have been sequenced, most of them by Sanger sequencing. While next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized genome resequencing, e.g. for strain comparisons, genetic mapping, or transcriptome and ChIP analyses, de novo assembly of eukaryotic genomes still presents significant hurdles, because of their large size and stretches of repetitive sequences. Filamentous fungi contain few repetitive regions in their 30–90 Mb genomes and thus are suitable candidates to test de novo genome assembly from short sequence reads. Here, we present a high-quality draft sequence of the Sordaria macrospora genome that was obtained by a combination of Illumina/Solexa and Roche/454 sequencing. Paired-end Solexa sequencing of genomic DNA to 85-fold coverage and an additional 10-fold coverage by single-end 454 sequencing resulted in ~4 Gb of DNA sequence. Reads were assembled to a 40 Mb draft version (N50 of 117 kb) with the Velvet assembler. Comparative analysis with Neurospora genomes increased the N50 to 498 kb. The S. macrospora genome contains even fewer repeat regions than its closest sequenced relative, Neurospora crassa. Comparison with genomes of other fungi showed that S. macrospora, a model organism for morphogenesis and meiosis, harbors duplications of several genes involved in self/nonself-recognition. Furthermore, S. macrospora contains more polyketide biosynthesis genes than N. crassa. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that some of these genes may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from a distantly related ascomycete group. Our study shows that, for typical filamentous fungi, de novo assembly of genomes from short sequence reads alone is feasible, that a mixture of Solexa and 454 sequencing substantially improves the assembly, and that the resulting data can be used for comparative studies to address basic questions of fungal biology.
If insufficiently treated, Lyme borreliosis can evolve into an inflammatory disorder affecting skin, joints, and the CNS. Early innate immunity may determine host responses targeting infection. Thus, we sought to characterize the immediate cytokine storm associated with exposure of PBMC to moderate levels of live Borrelia burgdorferi. Since Th17 cytokines are connected to host defense against extracellular bacteria, we focused on interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. Here, we report that, despite induction of inflammatory cytokines including IL-23, IL-17 remained barely detectable in response to B. burgdorferi. In contrast, T cell-dependent expression of IL-22 became evident within 10 h of exposure to the spirochetes. This dichotomy was unrelated to interferon-gamma but to a large part dependent on caspase-1 and IL-1 bioactivity derived from monocytes. In fact, IL-1beta as a single stimulus induced IL-22 but not IL-17. Neutrophils display antibacterial activity against B. burgdorferi, particularly when opsonized by antibodies. Since neutrophilic inflammation, indicative of IL-17 bioactivity, is scarcely observed in Erythema migrans, a manifestation of skin inflammation after infection, protective and antibacterial properties of IL-22 may close this gap and serve essential functions in the initial phase of spirochete infection.
Background: Familial hemophagocytosis (FHL) is a rare disease associated with defects in proteins involved in CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity. Hyperactivation of immune cells results in a perilous, Th1-driven cytokine storm. We set out to explore the regulation of cytokines in an FHL patient who was clinically stable on low-dose immunosuppressive therapy after bone marrow transplantation over a six-month period. During this period, chimerism analyses showed that the fraction of host cells was between 1 and 10%. Both parents of the patient as well as healthy volunteers were studied for comparison. Methods/Principal Findings: Using ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, and clinical laboratory methods, we investigated constitutive and inducible cytokines, polymorphisms, and clinical parameters in whole blood and whole blood cultures. Although routine laboratory tests were within the normal range, the chemokines IP-10 and IL-8 as well as the cytokine IL-27p28 were increased up to 10-fold under constitutive and stimulated conditions compared to healthy controls. Moreover, high levels of IFNgamma and TNFalpha were produced upon stimulation. Unexpectedly, IFNgamma induction of IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) was markedly reduced (1.6-fold vs 5-fold in controls). The patient's mother featured intermediately increased cytokine levels, whereas levels in the father were similar to those in the controls. Conclusions/Significance: Since IL-18 plays a major role in perpetuating hemophagocytosis, the failure of IFNgamma to induce IL-18BP may constitute a fundamental pathogenetic mechanism. Furthermore, increased production of IL-8 and IL-27 appears to be associated with this disease. Such dysregulation of cytokines was also found in the heterozygous parents, providing a novel insight into genotype-phenotype correlation of FHL which may encourage future research of this rare disease.
We solved the crystal structure of a novel type of c-ring isolated from Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4 at 2.5 Å, revealing a cylinder with a tridecameric stoichiometry, a central pore, and an overall shape that is distinct from those reported thus far. Within the groove of two neighboring c-subunits, the conserved glutamate of the outer helix shares the proton with a bound water molecule which itself is coordinated by three other amino acids of outer helices. Although none of the inner helices contributes to ion binding and the glutamate has no other hydrogen bonding partner than the water oxygen, the site remains in a stable, ion-locked conformation that represents the functional state present at the c-ring/membrane interface during rotation. This structure reveals a new, third type of ion coordination in ATP synthases. It appears in the ion binding site of an alkaliphile in which it represents a finely tuned adaptation of the proton affinity during the reaction cycle. Formal Correction: This article has been formally corrected to address the following errors. 1. The images for Figures S2 and S3 were incorrectly switched. The image that appears as Figure S2 should be Figure S3, and the image that appears as Figure S3 should be Figure S2. The figure legends appear in the correct order. Please view the correct... (read formal correction) 2. The images for Figures S2 and S3 were incorrectly switched. The image that appears as Figure S2 should be Figure S3, and the image that appears as Figure S3 should be Figure S2. The figure legends appear in the correct order. Please view the correct... (read formal correction)
Background: Falciparum Malaria, an infectious disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is among the leading causes of death and morbidity attributable to infectious diseases worldwide. In Gabon, Central Africa, one out of four inpatients have severe malarial anemia (SMA), a life-threatening complication if left untreated. Emerging drug resistant parasites might aggravate the situation. This case control study investigates biomarkers of enhanced hemolysis in hospitalized children with either SMA or mild malaria (MM). Methods and Findings: Ninety-one children were included, thereof 39 SMA patients. Strict inclusion criteria were chosen to exclude other causes of anemia. At diagnosis, erythrophagocytosis (a direct marker for extravascular hemolysis, EVH) was enhanced in SMA compared to MM patients (5.0 arbitrary units (AU) (interquartile range (IR): 2.2–9.6) vs. 2.1 AU (IR: 1.3–3.9), p<0.01). Furthermore, indirect markers for EVH, (i.e. serum neopterin levels, spleen size enlargement and monocyte pigment) were significantly increased in SMA patients. Markers for erythrocyte ageing, such as CD35 (complement receptor 1), CD55 (decay acceleration factor) and phosphatidylserine exposure (annexin-V-binding) were investigated by flow cytometry. In SMA patients, levels of CD35 and CD55 on the red blood cell surface were decreased and erythrocyte removal markers were increased when compared to MM or reconvalescent patients. Additionally, intravascular hemolysis (IVH) was quantified using several indirect markers (LDH, alpha-HBDH, haptoglobin and hemopexin), which all showed elevated IVH in SMA. The presence of both IVH and EVH predicted the need for blood transfusion during antimalarial treatment (odds ratio 61.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.9–427). Interestingly, this subpopulation is characterized by a significantly lowered reticulocyte production index (RPI, p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results show the multifactorial pathophysiology of SMA, whereby EVH and IVH play a particularly important role. We propose a model where removal of infected and non-infected erythrocytes of all ages (including reticulocytes) by EVH and IVH is a main mechanism of SMA. Further studies are underway to investigate the mechanism and extent of reticulocyte removal to identify possible interventions to reduce the risk of SMA development.
Proteins can be acetylated at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino acid (methionine or the penultimate amino acid after methionine removal) or at the epsilon-amino group of internal lysines. In eukaryotes the majority of proteins are N-terminally acetylated, while this is extremely rare in bacteria. A variety of studies about N-terminal acetylation in archaea have been reported recently, and it was revealed that a considerable fraction of proteins is N-terminally acetylated in haloarchaea and Sulfolobus, while this does not seem to apply for methanogenic archaea. Many eukaryotic proteins are modified by differential internal acetylation, which is important for a variety of processes. Until very recently, only two bacterial proteins were known to be acetylation targets, but now 125 acetylation sites are known for E. coli. Knowledge about internal acetylation in archaea is extremely limited; only two target proteins are known, only one of which--Alba--was used to study differential acetylation. However, indications accumulate that the degree of internal acetylation of archaeal proteins might be underestimated, and differential acetylation has been shown to be essential for the viability of haloarchaea. Focused proteomic approaches are needed to get an overview of the extent of internal protein acetylation in archaea.
In this paper we discuss experimental evidence related to the structure and origin of the bosonic spectral function alpha 2F (omega) in high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) cuprates at and near optimal doping. Global properties of alpha 2F (omega), such as number and positions of peaks, are extracted by combining optics, neutron scattering, ARPES and tunnelling measurements. These methods give evidence for strong electron-phonon interaction (EPI) with 1<lambda ep <~ 3.5 in cuprates near optimal doping. We clarify how these results are in favor of the modified Migdal-Eliashberg (ME) theory for HTSC cuprates near optimal doping. In Section 2 we discuss theoretical ingredients—such as strong EPI, strong correlations—which are necessary to explain the mechanism of d-wave pairing in optimally doped cuprates. These comprise the ME theory for EPI in strongly correlated systems which give rise to the forward scattering peak. The latter is supported by the long-range part of EPI due to the weakly screened Madelung interaction in the ionic-metallic structure of layered HTSC cuprates. In this approach EPI is responsible for the strength of pairing while the residual Coulomb interaction and spin fluctuations trigger the d-wave pairing.
Background: Current conventional vaccination approaches do not induce potent CD8 T-cell responses for fighting mostly variable viral diseases such as influenza, avian influenza viruses or HIV. Following our recent study on vaccine penetration by targeting of vaccine to human hair follicular ducts surrounded by Langerhans cells, we tested in the first randomized Phase-Ia trial based on hair follicle penetration (namely transcutaneous route) the induction of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses. Methods and Findings: We chose the inactivated influenza vaccine – a conventional licensed tetanus/influenza (TETAGRIP®) vaccine – to compare the safety and immunogenicity of transcutaneous (TC) versus IM immunization in two randomized controlled, multi-center Phase I trials including 24 healthy-volunteers and 12 HIV-infected patients. Vaccination was performed by application of inactivated influenza vaccine according to a standard protocol allowing the opening of the hair duct for the TC route or needle-injection for the IM route. We demonstrated that the safety of the two routes was similar. We showed the superiority of TC application, but not the IM route, to induce a significant increase in influenza-specific CD8 cytokine-producing cells in healthy-volunteers and in HIV-infected patients. However, these routes did not differ significantly for the induction of influenza-specific CD4 responses, and neutralizing antibodies were induced only by the IM route. The CD8 cell response is thus the major immune response observed after TC vaccination. Conclusions: This Phase Ia clinical trial (Manon05) testing an anti-influenza vaccine demonstrated that vaccines designed for antibody induction by the IM route, generate vaccine-specific CD8 T cells when administered transcutaneously. These results underline the necessity of adapting vaccination strategies to control complex infectious diseases when CD8 cellular responses are crucial. Our work opens up a key area for the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for diseases in which CD8 cells play a crucial role.
Purpose. The aim of this prospective longitudinal clinical pilot study was the evaluation of the effect on the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) and patient-centered results of the envelope technique for Connective Tissue Graft (CTG). Methods. Sixteen patients (11 females) 24 to 71 years of age (42.6±11.1) received CTG that had been harvested from the palate and grafted using the envelope technique. Prior to and 3 months after surgery, all patients were examined clinically, completed the OHIP-G49 questionnaire, and were asked to judge the results of surgery. Results. Mean baseline recession depth of 2.5±0.8 mm was reduced by 1.2±0.9 mm (P<.001). Root coverage amounted to 48±39%. In 5 of 16 defects complete root coverage was achieved. Pain at the donor site was more pronounced than at recipient site regarding prevalence (8/6; P=.007), intensity (2.1±2.3/1.1±1.9 [visual analogue scale]; P=.016), and duration (1.4±2.3/0.8±1.4 days; P=.042). Baseline OHIP (15.7±12.1) was decreased by 3.6±8.5 three months after surgery (P=.139). Thirteen patients (81%) would undergo CTG surgery for similar reasons again. Conclusions. Root coverage using CTG according to the envelope technique provided improvement of OHIP as early as 3 months after surgery. Over all, patients were reasonably satisfied with the surgical technique and its results.
Lipid rafts are specialized plasma membrane micro-domains highly enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins. Lipid rafts are thought to be located in the exofacial leaflet of plasma membranes. Functionally, lipid rafts are involved in intracellular trafficking of proteins and lipids, secretory and endocytotic pathways, signal transduction, inflammation and in cell-surface proteolysis. There has been substantial interest in lipid rafts in brain, both with respect to normal functioning and with certain neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the impact of lipid rafts on multitude biochemical pathways, modulation of lipid rafts is used to study related disease pathways and probably offers a target for pharmacological intervention. Lipid rafts can be targeted by modulation of its main components, namely cholesterol and sphingolipids. Other approaches include the modulation of membrane dynamics and it has been reported that protein-lipid interactions can vary the occurrence and composition of these membrane micro-domains. The present review summarizes the possibilities to modulate lipid rafts with focus on neuronal cells. Keywords: Lipid raft, cholesterol, membrane fluidity, statin, cyclodextrine, docosahexaenoic acid.
Since the world today is so significantly shaped by media technologies, it has become crucial for organizations, institutions and political parties to embrace this phenomenon in order for them to be able to communicate their message and programmes effectively. If they fail to do so, they in effect fail to exist in the public consciousness. Mass media hugely influence how culture is created: intelligence, artistic talent and technological innovation become visible through the media. The Roman Catholic Church, the world’s largest religious organization has, for the longest time, on the one hand denied the influence of the media, while on the other hand calling it ‘the work of evil’. When the Church eventually came to acknowledge the media as a powerful force, it proceeded to use this power as a mouthpiece for its authorities. The Catholic Church is still not wholly at ease with the media. The question is whether the Catholic Church has sufficiently familiarized itself with how the media function, in order to utilise the media to communicate the Church’s message to a large public audience. Against the background of ecclesial documents this article investigates the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the media as it has developed over the past 50 years.
Year of the Horse
(2010)
YEAR OF THE HORSE, eine Konzertdokumentation der Welttournee von Neil Young & Crazy Horse aus dem Jahre 1996, ist nach RUST NEVER SLEEPS (1979, Bernard Shakey [= Neil Young]), WELD (1990, unbekannter Regisseur), RAGGED GLORY (1991, Julien Temple) und THE COMPLEX SESSIONS (1995, Jonathan Demme) bereits der fünfte Film über die Band, sieht man von zwei mehr oder eher weniger bekannten Bootlegs (LIVE, o.J.; LIVE AT THE FILLMORE 1970, o.J.) einmal ab. Während der Titel die Tournee zum Album Broken Arrow von 1996 in den Vordergrund des Films zu stellen scheint und die Konzertaufnahmen einen großen Teil von YEAR OF THE HORSE einnehmen, geht es Jarmusch indessen jedoch um die Errichtung eines filmisches Monuments für eines von Neil Youngs langlebigsten Bandprojekten, wofür die gezeigten Konzerte in The Gorge (Washington, USA) und Vienne (Frankreich) nur Anlass und Auslöser sind. Zwischen Aufnahmen in Super 8, 16mm und Hi8 wird Archivmaterial aus den Jahren 1976 und 1986 geschnitten, so dass alle drei Dekaden, über die sich die Karriere von Crazy Horse zum Zeitpunkt des Films bereits spannte, im Film ihre Berücksichtigung finden.
Wattstax
(2010)
„What you see is what you get“ - den Titel des Einleitungssongs seines Festival-Films gleichsam als filmisches Prinzip begreifend, sah Regisseur Mel Stuart bei den Dreharbeiten zur Dokumentation des Wattstax-Festivals etwas genauer hin. Das Ergebnis ist eine einzigartige Mixtur aus Festivalfilm und Milieustudie als Reflexion des durch die schwarze Bürgerrechtsbewegung Erreichten und nicht Erreichten. 1974 wurde Wattstax für den „Golden Globe“ in der Rubrik Dokumentarfilm nominiert.
Viel Passiert – Der BAP-Film
(2010)
VIEL PASSIERT ist ein Film über Musik und Musiker, über Köln, Deutschland, Geschichte und Erinnerung. Es ist keine Dokumentation der Geschichte der Band BAP, es ist vielmehr eine subjektiv motivierte Hommage an den Band-Leader Wolfgang Niedecken und dessen kölsche Texte sowie an den ‚melancholischen Blick zurück’. Wenders kombiniert verschiedenste Filmbilder, die zusammen einen geschlossenen Raum aus Vergangenem und Gegenwart ergeben, verbunden durch Musik und Niedeckens Erinnerungen aus dem Off. Der Film ist auf mehreren Ebenen erzählt.
U2 3D
(2010)
Viele Rockumentaries haben das Ziel, nicht nur ein Konzert, ein Festival, eine Tournee oder eine Band zu porträtieren, sondern auch das Gefühl zu vermitteln, wie es war, dabeigewesen zu sein. Dazu lädt vor allem das anwesende Publikum ein, weshalb Bilder vom Publikum, die die emotionale Angerührtheit oder auch nur die Begeisterung der Fans zeigen, zu den Standardbildern fast aller Rockfilme zählen. Gleichwohl bleibt eine große Differenz zwischen Real-Geschehen und Film bestehen, so intensiv auch der Wunsch des Zuschauers sein mag, den Film als Medium eines imaginären Dabeigewesenseins zu nutzen. Die seit wenigen Jahren sich ausbreitende 3D-Kinematographie scheint zumindest auf den ersten Blick jenem Wunsch nach intensiver Illusionierung entgegenzukommen. Sie scheint ein räumliches Erlebnis zu ermöglichen, das dem Realeindruck näher kommt als die normale 2D-Darstellung. Natürlich gibt es schon diverse Filme, die in 3D gezeigt werden können, jedoch war die Aufnahmetechnik, besonders die Kamera, sehr teuer, sehr kompliziert und sehr groß. Eine Lösung für diese Probleme bietet die digitale Technik.
Total Balalaika Show
(2010)
„Welcome to an outrageous spectacle!“, verkündet eine charmante Ansagerin mit enormer Haartolle, wie sie nur die Stirn eines Leningrad Cowboy zieren kann. Das Musikerkollektiv hat die totale Show initiiert und dafür die 100 Sänger, 40 Musiker und 20 Tänzer des Alexandrov-Ensembles der Roten Armee der unlängst zerfallenen Sowjetunion auf Bühne geladen. 70.000 Zuschauer strömen vor die gewaltige Freilichtbühne ins historische Zentrum Helsinkis. Sie erwarte ein einmaliges Ereignis in der finnischen Rockgeschichte, so die Musiker - und ein Crossover: von Klassik und Rock, von „Old and New, East and West“.
The Road to God Knows Where
(2010)
Gott, Tod, Leid, Drogen, Liebe, Wahnsinn – all das sind Motive, die in den Texten Nick Caves immer wieder erscheinen. Ihnen verdankt er sein düsteres, depressives Image, das ihn seit dreißig Jahren in allen Rollen begleitet, die er nicht nur als Musiker, sondern auch als Schauspieler und selbst als Schriftsteller in der Musik- und Filmlandschaft spielt. Musikalisch-stilistisch setzt Cave Ende der 1970er Jahre mit seiner Band The Boys Next Door, die sich später in The Birthday Party umbenennen, in der frühen Punkszene an. Mit zusätzlichen Elementen aus Rock und Blues und seiner einzigartigen Stimme hat er mit seiner 1984 gegründeten, bis heute bestehenden Band The Bad Seeds – benannt nach dem Film THE BAD SEED von Mervin LeRoy (1956) über ein Kind, das mordet – seine ganz eigene Richtung gefunden.
Dass der britische Musikmanager Malcolm McLaren als Schöpfer der Sex Pistols gilt, einer der ersten Punk-Rock-Bands der Musikgeschichte, hängt wohl maßgeblich mit seiner übertrieben egozentrischen Selbstinszenierung zusammen. Sie findet ihren Höhepunkt in dem von McLaren angestoßenen Film THE GREAT ROCK‘N‘ROLL SWINDLE, der nicht die Band, sondern den Manager in den Mittelpunkt stellt. McLaren hatte Jahre zuvor schon einmal versucht, mit dem für provokante Low-Budget-Produktionen bekannten amerikanischen Regisseur Russ Meyer einen Film mit Musik der Sex Pistols zu drehen; der Film WHO KILLED BAMBI? scheiterte aber, als die Produktionsfirma 20th Century Fox Gelder verwehrte.
Als Bob Dylan 1965 seine erste Konzert-Tournee in England gab, galt er nicht nur als ein musikalischer Grenzgänger zwischen Folk und Rock’n’Roll, sondern wurde von der Musikpresse und dem Fanpublikum auch als Protestsänger gegen das Establishment, gegen Krieg und Unterdrückung gewertet. Als Bob Dylan im Frühjahr 1965 in London aus dem Flugzeug stieg, tat er dies nicht nur als Musiker, sondern – unfreiwillig – auch als eine Ikone der Protestbewegung. Da in der Arena der Massenmedien ökonomisch verwertbare Nachrichten von der Personalisierung von Ereignissen abhängig waren, wurde Dylan bereits lange vor seiner Ankunft in Europa zur umstrittenen Leitfigur einer jugendkulturellen Gegenkultur stilisiert. Doch bereits vor seiner Ankunft in Europa distanzierte sich Dylan in zahlreichen Interviews und Statements von der Erwartungshaltung der Medienöffentlichkeit, die ihn als populär-intellektuellen Fürsprecher der Protestbewegung zu etikettieren versuchte.
NO DIRECTION HOME: Ein Titel, der bereits andeutet, dass es kein Zurück gibt. Entnommen ist der Titel einer Zeile des 1965 von Bob Dylan geschriebenen Songs Like a Rolling Stone, der im selben Jahr auf dem bis dahin sechsten Album Highway 61 Revisited erschienen ist. Er thematisiert den Abstieg von der upper class zum underdog und die damit einhergehende Ignoranz und Verachtung seitens der Gesellschaft. Dieser Song wurde 2004 vom Rolling Stone Magazine zum besten Rocksong aller Zeiten gewählt. Doch was hat dieser Song mit dem Werk Bob Dylans zu tun, zumal die einführenden Worte Dylans den konträren Standpunkt vertreten und suggerieren, dass der folgende Film die Reise nach Hause dokumentieren wird?
„This film should be played loud!“ Der ungewöhnlich zwingende Appell in Form der direkten Zuschauer-Adressierung schwirrt noch vor Augen und hallt im Bewusstsein nach. Unter dem Schwarzbild sind Wortfetzen, teils unverständliche Regieanweisungen zu hören, die eine kurze, offen inszenierte Szene mit Rick Danko am Billardtisch vorbereiten. Doch hier ist der Bassist, Violinenspieler und Sänger kein musikalischer Virtuose, sondern nur ein nicht mehr ganz junger Mann von der Straße bei seinem Zeitvertreib. Cut und Zeitsprung.
Der englische Ort Glastonbury: Vor hunderten von Jahren befand sich hier einer Legende nach das legendäre Avalon. 1970 initiierte Landwirt Michael Eavis dort das britische Pendant zu Woodstock. 2005 ist es zu einem Markennamen und einer hermetisch abgeriegelte Großveranstaltung mit 150.000 Besuchern geworden. Der Dokumentarfilm GLASTONBURY - THE MUD. THE MUSIC. THE MADNESS: Julian Temples Versuch, ein Festival nicht nur anhand eines exemplarisch gewählten Jahres abzubilden, sondern gleichzeitig auch seine Geschichte und Entwicklung nachzuzeichnen.
Full Metal Village
(2010)
„What the hell is going on here?“ – diese programmatische Frage, die sich laut Clifford Geertz jeder stellen sollte, der ethnologisch verstehen und eine Kultur dicht beschreiben möchte, lässt sich in vielfacher Hinsicht als relevant für den Film FULL METAL VILLAGE und seine Analyse betrachten. Erstens ist anzunehmen, dass sich die Regisseurin Sung-Hyung Cho eine ähnliche Frage gestellt hat, als sie die Arbeit für ihr filmisches Porträt des schleswig-holsteinischen Dorfes Wacken, auf dessen Wiesen jedes Jahr das weltgrößte Heavy-Metal-Festival stattfindet, aufgenommen hat. Zweitens stellt sich diese Frage nahezu automatisch beim Schauen des Films, der durch seinen Titel (in der typischen Typografie der Namenszüge von Heavy-Metal-Bands) und dem damit assoziierten thematischen Hintergrund erst einmal als ein Rockumentary daher kommt, dann aber eine filmische (Sinn-)Welt entfaltet, in der es nahezu gar nicht um Musik geht. Drittens ist die Hölle – bei Geertz als Irritation anzeigende Metapher, die es aufzulösen gilt, zu verstehen – im weitesten Sinne jenes mit dem Heavy Metal verbundene Klischee, an dem sich die einzigen im Film geäußerten Einschätzungen zur Musik und ihren Fans abarbeiten. Was zur Hölle passiert nun also hier und wie passiert es und warum?
Der Rock‘n‘Roll-Film ist ein kleines Genre der Musikfilmgeschichte, das seine Blütezeit zwischen 1955 und 1965 erlebte. Es wird heute nicht nur als filmische Verarbeitung der Hochphase des jugendlichen Modetanzes Rock‘n‘Roll gewertet, sondern als allgemeinerer Ausdruck der Ablösung einer eigenständigen Jugendkultur aus einer umfassenden, alters- und generationenneutralen Gesamtkultur. Oft geht es um Probleme jugendlicher Dekultivierung, um aufkommende Gewalttätigkeit, Drogenabhängigkeit, Verdummung und gar Kriminalisierung der Jugend. Die Filme legen aber auch Zeugnis ab über eine neue, ekstatischere Unterhaltungskultur. Insbesondere die Tanzformen, die sich aus der formalen Organisiertheit der Gesellschaftstänze lösen und einem individuelleren, körpernahen, ja akrobatischen Ausdruckverhalten im Tanz Raum verschaffen, sind bis heute auffallend. (Es mag verwundern, dass Sexualität, die allen hier berichteten Filmen eine Rolle spielt, demgegenüber höchst konventionell behandelt wird.) Viele Erzählungen des kleinen Genres thematisieren die Krisenhaftigkeit dieser Prozesse unmittelbar und belegen, dass die rock‘n‘roll-tanzenden Jugendlichen der gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung nicht entzogen sind. Deutlich ist aber fast immer der Konflikt mit der Elterngeneration, seien es die Eltern selbst oder die Vertreter der kommunalen Kultur, die den Rock‘n‘Roll zu unterbinden suchen.
MTV Unplugged
(2010)
Wenn ein Fernsehsender eine Konzertreihe als „Königsklasse der Musikwelt” ausgibt und einen Auftritt in ihr als „Ritterschlag” für jeden Künstler bezeichnet, neigt man dazu, diese Superlative als schamlose Prahlerei abzutun. Die Konzertreihe MTV UNPLUGGED, die im Videotext des Senders MTV mit ebendiesen Attributen beworben wird, kann auf eine mehr als zwanzigjährige Tradition zurückblicken, in deren Verlauf sich das Format nicht nur zur bekanntesten Konzertreihe der Fernsehgeschichte entwickelt hat, sondern unplugged auch zur Bezeichnung für Auftritte mit akustischen Instrumenten im allgemeinen wurde. Es war die Intimität des Auftritts, deren Eindruck sich bei den Konzerten einstellte, der die allgemeine Bekanntheit begründete.
Devotional
(2010)
Ist der Zustand einer Band an der Inszenierung eines Konzertes respektive dessen filmischer Dokumentation erkennbar? Im Fall von Anton Corbijns DEVOTIONAL ja, denn der Film zeigt die englischen Pioniere des Synthie-Pops Depeche Mode einerseits auf dem Höhepunkt ihres musikalischen Schaffens, andererseits setzt er die Spannungen zwischen dem sichtbar vom Drogenkonsum gezeichneten Sänger Dave Gahan und dem Rest der Band eindrucksvoll in Szene. Ein Spiel mit Nähe und Distanz, von Annäherung und Entfremdung durchzieht den Film auf allen Ebenen und macht ihn zu einem künstlerischen Dokument des ostentativen musikalischen und visuellen Tanzes einer Band am Abgrund.
Ebenso wie sein Vorbild Martin Scorsese (THE LAST WALTZ, 1978; SHINE A LIGHT, 2008) drehte Fatih Akin mit CROSSING THE BRIDGE: THE SOUND OF ISTANBUL ein Rockumentary, das einen emotionalen Strudel erzeugt und den Zuschauer sehr nah ans Geschehen bringt. Anders aber als Scorsese, der in SHINE A LIGHT den Mythos „Rolling Stones“ feiert und somit sein Publikum sicher hat, begibt sich Akin auf eine Reise ins Unbekannte. Die Musikszene Istanbuls, die er porträtiert, ist für die meisten Europäer Neuland.
Cracked Actor
(2010)
CRACKED ACTOR ist der bis heute bekannteste Beitrag zu der BBC-Dokumentarfilmreihe OMNIBUS, die von 1967 bis 2003 produziert und gesendet wurde. Der Film, der am 26.1.1975 erstmals ausgestrahlt wurde,zeichnet ein Porträt David Bowies, der auf dem Wege war, zu einem internationalen Star der Rockmusik zu werden. CRACKED ACTOR entstand im August 1974, als Bowie einige Zeit von dem BBC-Redakteur Alan Yentob auf seiner zweiten Diamond-Dogs-Tournee (seiner bereits vierten US-Tournee) durch die Vereinigten Staaten begleitet wurde, der dabei Bowies Arbeitsweise und die Konzeption der Bühnenshows auszuloten und seinen Inspirationsquellen auf die Spur zu kommen suchte.
Come Hell or High Water
(2010)
„Es würde mehr Spaß machen, mit Saddam Hussein auf der Bühne zu stehen als mit Ian Gillan,“ erklärte Ritchie Blackmore nach seinem zweiten und endgültigen Abschied von Deep Purple im Jahr 1993. Die Spannungen zwischen dem Sänger Gillan und dem Gitarristen Blackmore sorgten immer wieder für Probleme in der Band, förderten gleichzeitig aber auch die Kreativität der Mark II genannten Besetzung Ian Gillan (Gesang), Ritchie Blackmore (Gitarre), Jon Lord (Orgel/Keyboard), Roger Glover (Bass) und Ian Paice (Schlagzeug), die von 1969 bis 1973, 1984 bis 1989 sowie 1992 bis 1993 gemeinsam aktiv war. Insgesamt existierten von der Bandgründung im Jahr 1968 bis heute zehn verschiedene Line-Ups, betitelt mit Mark I bis Mark X. Der größte Erfolg war dabei, gemessen an Platten- und Ticketverkäufen, stets Mark II beschieden. Auch die großen Hits der Band wie Highway Star, Perfect Strangers oder das weltbekannte Smoke On The Water stammen von dieser Besetzung, in anderen Konstellationen war die Gruppe verhältnismäßig unproduktiv.
Murray Lerner
(2010)
Murray Lerner ist als einer der erfindungsreichsten Dokumentaristen der Musik bekannt geworden - insbesondere der Film über die China-Tournee des Violinisten Isaac Stern (FROM MAO TO MOZART: ISAAC STERN IN CHINA, 1981, der mit dem Oscar ausgezeichnet wurde) fand weltweite Aufmerksamkeit. Lerner war jedoch auch für eine ganze Reihe von Rockumentaries verantwortlich - ein interviewbasiertes Porträt der Rock-Gruppe The Who (AMAZING JOURNEY: THE STORY OF THE WHO, 2007) sowie die Filme, die aus dem Material entstanden, das Lerner auf dem von mehr als 600.000 Besuchern frequentierten Isle of Wight Festival im August 1970 gedreht hatte - der Festivalfilm MESSAGE TO LOVE: THE ISLE OF WIGHT FESTIVAL (1997) ebenso wie ein Film über den legendären Auftritt Miles Davis‘ (MILES ELECTRIC: A DIFFERENT KIND OF BLUE, 2004), die Dokumentation des Auftritts der Gruppe The Who (LISTENING TO YOU: THE WHO AT THE ISLE OF WIGHT, 1970/1996) oder von Jimi Hendrix‘ Performance auf dem gleichen Festival (JIMI HENDRIX AT THE ISLE OF WIGHT, 1991) sowie der Auftritte von The Moody Blues, Emerson, Lake & Palmer und Leonard Cohen.
I’m D.A. Pennebaker and I – well I guess normally I would say I directed this film, but it’s hard to direct David Bowie in any thing. He kind of does what he wants to do and so you really watch him. My role as director is very questionable, but I did cause this film to be made, let’s say (Audiokommentar Pennebakers in ZIGGY STARDUST, 0:00:21). Dieses Zitat zur Begrüßung auf der Audiokommentarspur des Films drückt nicht nur die von Pennebaker immer wieder reklamierte Bescheidenheit des Filmemachers vor der Inszeniertheit des Rockkonzerts aus, sondern ist auch essenziell für das Verständnis der filmischen Umsetzung des letzten Ziggy-Stardust-Konzerts im Londoner Hammersmith Odeon am 3. Juli 1973. Sofort nach den zu Ziggy und dem Glamrock passenden Neon-Credits setzt die filmische Erzählung mit einer Backstage-Szene ein, in der sich der Musiker und Schauspieler David Bowie in seiner Garderobe in die Bühnenfigur „Ziggy Stardust“ verwandelt. Die
Westernhagen – Keine Zeit
(2010)
Im Gespräch mit Liz Stubbs spricht Pennebaker mit der Finanzierung einen der zentralsten Produktionsfaktoren an. Als unabhängiger Filmemacher war er im Laufe seiner Karriere immer wieder gezwungen, hohe finanzielle Risiken einzugehen. Das Filmemachen ist teuer, erst recht, wenn mit Filmen wie THE WAR ROOM (1993) US-Präsidentschaftskandidaten begleitet werden und über längere Zeiträume viel Personal und Material eingesetzt werden muss. Laut eigener Aussage (Stubbs 2002, 48) macht Pennebaker nicht Filme, um viel Geld zu verdienen. Dennoch ist er natürlich auf finanzielle Mittel angewiesen, um die Filme auch beenden zu können und Kapital für weitere Projekte zu bekommen. Chris Hegedus stimmte im gleichen Gespräch zu und sagte, dass der Film mit Westernhagen ein großer Deal mit Warner Brothers gewesen sei, jedoch nicht in Amerika laufen könne, da er größtenteils in deutscher Sprache produziert wurde.
Filmische Biografien von Musikern gibt es schon seit dem Stummfilm. Aus dem Bereich klassischer Musik haben es Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt und Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart auf die meisten Filme gebracht. Aber auch ihre Kollegen Mahler, Schubert oder Wagner können filmische Darstellungen ihres Lebens vorweisen. Für das Massenmedium Film waren und sind Musikerbiografien als Stoffe für Spielfilme aus zweierlei Gründen interessant: zum einen, wenn es sich dabei um besonders populäre Vertreter handelt, und zum anderen, wenn mit den Musikernamen ein hohes kulturelles Ansehen verbunden ist. Die beiden Pole Entertainment und Hochkultur sind für das Mainstream-Kino, insbesondere für Hollywood, gleichermaßen faszinierend, erfüllen sie doch die unterschiedlichen, aber ebenso wichtigen Funktionen von Massentauglichkeit und kultureller Respektabilität. Für letzteres sind die filmischen Biografien klassischer Komponisten ein Beispiel, für ersteres ebensolche Filme, in deren Mittelpunkt die Walzerkönige und Operettenkaiser wie Johann Strauss Jr. und Franz Lehár stehen. Die filmische Biografie eines bestimmten Musikers hebt nicht nur diesen selbst aus der Masse hervor, sondern auch das musikalische Genre, das er repräsentiert.
Some kind of monster
(2010)
Alle Rockumentaries stehen vor dem Problem, Formen zu finden, die dem, was der Film zeigt, einen Eigenwert über die reine Dokumentation hinaus geben. Stehen sie schon auf Grund der ökonomischen Einbindung der Filmarbeit einerseits vor der Aufgabe, die gezeigten Bands oder Künstler in möglichst gutem Licht erscheinen zu lassen und ihnen ein positives Image zu verleihen, sind sie immer mit der Gefahr konfrontiert, den am Ende werblichen Zweck allzu deutlich auszustellen. Eine kritische oder auch nur skeptische Distanz zum Gegenstand (eine Band zu porträtieren, ein Konzert oder eine Tournee zu dokumentieren etc.) scheint sich schon im Vorfeld der Filmarbeit zu verbieten.
Als die amerikanische Rockband Matchbox Twenty im Jahr 2004 nach dem Start ihres Albums More Than You Think You Are auf Tour durch die Vereinigten Staaten gingen, beschlossen sie, der Tour einen Konzertfilm folgen zu lassen. Er wurde unter dem Titel SHOW: A NIGHT IN THE LIFE OF MATCHBOXTWENTY als Doppel-DVD veröffentlicht.
Don Alan Pennebaker
(2010)
Geboren am 15. Juli 1925, dreht der heute vierundachtzigjährige Don Alan Pennebaker, Sohn eines Fotografen, noch immer Filme. Nach seinem Militärdienst und einem Ingenieurstudium in Yale sowie am M.I.T in Cambridge arbeitete er in verschiedenen Berufen, bevor er auf Drew und Leacock stieß. Michael Barchet zufolge verdiente Pennebaker sein Geld zunächst als Werbetexter und entwickelte u.a. ein computergestütztes Buchungssystem für Fluglinien (Barchet 1991, 154). Inspiriert durch den Filmemacher Francis Thompson drehte Pennebaker mit Ende zwanzig mit DAYBREAK EXPRESS (1953) und BABY (1954) seine ersten Filme über die New Yorker U-Bahn und einen Zoobesuch mit seiner Tochter. Letzterer war eigentlich nichts anderes als ein Amateur-Familienfilm. Jedoch wurde ihm während des Schneidens bewusst, dass er nicht seinem Material eine Story aufdrängen, sondern dass er sich Story und Rhythmus später in der Montage aus sich selbst heraus entwickeln lassen sollte (Saunders 2007, 10).