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Introduction - Issue 7
(2014)
A recent trend in international development circles is "New Institutionalism". In a slogan, the idea is just that good institutions matter. The slogan itself is so innocuous as to be hardly worth comment. But the push to improve institutional quality has the potential to have a much less innocuous impact on aid efforts and other aspects of international development. This paper provides a critical introduction to some of the literature on institutional quality. It looks, in particular, at an argument for the conclusion that making aid conditional on good institutional quality will promote development by reducing poverty. This paper suggests that there is little theoretical or empirical evidence that this kind of conditionality is good for the poor.
Justice, not development : Sen and the hegemonic framework for ameliorating global inequality
(2014)
Starting from the merits of Sen's "Development as freedom", the article also explores its shortcomings. It argues that they are related to an uncritical adoption of the discourse of "development", which is the hegemonic framework for ameliorating global inequality today. This discourse implies certain limitations of thought and action, and the article points out three areas where urgent questions of global justice have been largely ignored by development theory and policy as a consequence. Struggles for justice on a global scale, this is the conclusion, should not take the detour of "development".
The debate about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) when they expire in 2015, is moving very quickly. Weighing in on this debate, we argue that if the SDGs are to be as effective as they can realistically be, concrete responsibilities must be assigned to specific competent actors, measurement methods involved in development targets must not be allowed to be changed midway, and the tracking of progress must be left to independent experts. New development goals should aim for inequality reduction, a more comprehensive view of poverty, and, most importantly, systemic reforms of global institutions. The world will not make decent progress against poverty until the most powerful agents accept real action commitments, not only in the marginal area of development assistance, but in all their policy and institutional design decisions, at both the domestic and especially the supranational level. We end with eight examples of institutional reform goals – ranging from deterring trade barriers to mitigating the effects of lost corporate tax revenues on poor populations – that should be included in the new list.
Rising powers are fundamentally shifting the relations of power in the global economic and political landscape. International political theory, however, has so far failed to evaluate this nascent multipolarity. This article fills this lacuna by synthesizing empirical and normative modes of inquiry. It examines the transformation of sovereignty exercised by emerging democracies and focuses especially on the case of Brazil. The paper shows that – in stark contrast to emerging democracies' foreign policy rhetoric – the "softening" of sovereignty, which means that emerging powers gain as well as lose certain aspects of sovereignty, has become the norm. The paper explores this softening of sovereignty from the perspective of global justice by assessing it on the basis of globalist, statist, and internationalist conceptions of global justice. We find that the emergent multipolarity contributes in various ways to the realization of the distinct socioeconomic and political criteria of these three conceptions of global justice. However, we also point out that the transformation of sovereignty generates particular problems for the realization of all three conceptions.
Objective: To examine risk of malignancy and death in patients with kidney transplant who receive the immunosuppressive drug sirolimus.
Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.
Data sources: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to March 2013.
Eligibility: Randomized controlled trials comparing immunosuppressive regimens with and without sirolimus in recipients of kidney or combined pancreatic and renal transplant for which the author was willing to provide individual patient level data. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full text reports of potentially eligible trials to identify studies for inclusion. All eligible trials reported data on malignancy or survival.
Results: The search yielded 2365 unique citations. Patient level data were available from 5876 patients from 21 randomized trials. Sirolimus was associated with a 40% reduction in the risk of malignancy (adjusted hazard ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.93) and a 56% reduction in the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (0.44, 0.30 to 0.63) compared with controls. The most pronounced effect was seen in patients who converted to sirolimus from an established immunosuppressive regimen, resulting in a reduction in risk of malignancy (0.34, 0.28 to 0.41), non-melanoma skin cancer (0.32, 0.24 to 0.42), and other cancers (0.52, 0.38 to 0.69). Sirolimus was associated with an increased risk of death (1.43, 1.21 to 1.71) compared with controls.
Conclusions: Sirolimus was associated with a reduction in the risk of malignancy and non-melanoma skin cancer in transplant recipients. The benefit was most pronounced in patients who converted from an established immunosuppressive regimen to sirolimus. Given the risk of mortality, however, the use of this drug does not seem warranted for most patients with kidney transplant. Further research is needed to determine if different populations, such as those at high risk of cancer, might benefit from sirolimus.
Christian Kracht é hoje, se não dos melhores, certamente dos mais comentados autores da ficção de língua alemã. Seu trajeto recua a 1995, ano da publicação de "Faserland", o primeiro romance, que aliás distinguiu as balizas daquela que, nessa década, se chamou "Popliteratur". Mas, seja a hora zero de uma obra composta de outros bons momentos, seja o ponteiro literário de uma geração, "Faserland" não é só exemplo pop, tem merecido constantes leituras, sempre novas tiragens, abordagens críticas e assim também a atenção da historiografia literária. No romance são narrados alguns poucos dias da vida narcotizada de um jovem endinheirado e meio sem rumo, do Norte ao Sul da Alemanha, até a Suíça. Nada extraordinário, nenhuma grande peripécia, nenhuma aventura, senão a impressão de um vazio todo presente e o fastio, força do aborrecimento. No texto, investigo que espécie de aborrecimento produz "Faserland".
O artigo objetiva abordar o romance "Imperium" de Christian Kracht (2012) dentro da longa tradição estética de autoencenações de escritores e artistas em geral. No caso de Kracht, isso é feito inicialmente a partir do próprio texto narrativo como encenação literária em todas as suas facetas e, em seguida, a partir de suas desconcertantes aparições mediáticas, em que seus escritos literários, já de per si dúbios, são rearranjados, questionados ou enriquecidos. Geram-se assim incertezas, ambiguidades e desfigurações que são a marca registrada de Kracht no universo literário atual.
Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Beziehung zwischen den Diskursen Literatur und Recht in der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur. Ausgehend von der langen Tradition der sogenannten Dichterjuristen (Goethe, Kleist, Kafka) werden aktuelle Tendenzen dieser Beziehung in den Blick genommen. Nach theoretischen Überlegungen zum Teilaspekt law in literature (Recht in der Literatur) erfolgt die Bestimmung von spezifischen Themen, Genres und ästhetischen Besonderheiten der in Frage stehenden Texte. Als Textgrundlage dienen Romane von Juli Zeh und Ferdinand von Schirach. In dieser Analyse werden auch die Adaptionen für Kino und TV einbezogen (die Serie "Verbrechen" für den TV-Sender ZDF, die auf Ferdinand von Schirachs gleichnamiger Kurzgeschichtensammlung beruht, und die Miniserie "A Menina sem Qualidades", eine Adaption von Juli Zehs "Spieltrieb" für MTV Brasilien).
Utopia ou distopia? : A ansiedade e o vazio em "Schimmernder Dunst über CobyCounty" de Leif Randt
(2014)
Em "Schimmernder Dunst über CobyCounty" (2011), Leif Randt apresenta um condado que seria a mais perfeita representação de uma utopia consumista: localizado à beira-mar, CobyCounty é um lugar de festas abundantes, consumo e bem-estar. O livro, contudo, é narrado por um jovem atormentado pela possibilidade de uma catástrofe que se aproxima, desde que seu melhor amigo abandonou a cidade, ouvindo os conselhos da mãe que se afiliou a uma religião esotérica. Se a perfeição do funcionamento dessa sociedade se aproxima muito de uma utopia, o temor de uma catástrofe anunciada aproxima a obra de uma distopia. Deve-se notar, no entanto, que, ao contrário de utopias e distopias, a obra não apresenta uma força centralizadora de poder – mesmo que a menção ao consumismo e às propagandas seja frequente. Neste artigo, "Schimmernder Dunst über CobyCounty" será apresentado à luz dos estudos da utopia e distopia, enfatizando seus laços com o tempo atual, marcado pela dicotomia entre a sociedade de conforto produzida pelo alto desenvolvimento tecnológico e a necessidade de se evitar os excessos produzidos por essa mesma sociedade em nome de uma possível catástrofe ecológica, anunciada por cientistas e ativistas, mas da qual não se percebe o impacto diretamente.
Geschichtsdarstellung in der Gegenwartsliteratur : Florian Illies' Pop-Chronik der Welt von Gestern
(2014)
Florian Illies' book "1913. Der Sommer des Jahrhunderts" ("1913. The Year before the Storm") has been a major success with critics and readers. Based on documented facts, the author tells a kind of cultural history of the last year before the Great War, formed by independent episodes from the lives of innumerable persons, mainly artists, writers and other celebrities. Using his imagination and techniques of fictional writing the text shows remarkable proximity to fiction although it does not invent characters or events. The article compares the book to other recent literary representations of history and analyses its narrative structure. It will be shown that the author chose a casual ironical style and an intimate perspective on the protagonists in order to entertain the reader with elements still relevant in our contemporary popular culture. It seems to be intended that the reader develops a kind of counterfactual fantasy that links his present directly to the Golden Age of art, omitting the catastrophes of 20th century.
Der vorliegende Beitrag schildert die Herstellung und Anwendung digitaler Lernkartensets in einem Hochschulseminar für KunstpädagogInnen. Diese Sets werden mit Blick auf die Möglichkeiten und Erfordernisse mobilen Lernens reflektiert. Konkret handelt es sich um Zeichnungen aus der eigenen Kindheit, mit denen sich die SeminarteilnehmerInnen auseinandergesetzt haben. Das ermöglichte es ihnen, das Fachwissen über entwicklungsbedingte, verallgemeinerbare Merkmale zur Kinder- und Jugendzeichnung zu festigen und einen biografischen Zugang zu erproben. Das von den TeilnehmerInnen selbst erstellte Lernkartenset kann nach dem Kurs in Form mobilen Lernens individuell eingesetzt werden. Verwendet wird dabei ein dem "open access"- sowie dem Partizipationsgedanken verpflichtetes, flexibel einsetzbares Lern-Tool namens "Quizlet".
The aim of this study is to present two older literary adaptations of the tragic life story of King Otakar (Ottokar) II – the "classic" play "König Ottokars Glück und Ende" by the Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer and the now forgotten drama "Král Přemysl Otakar Druhý" by the Czech author František Zavřel. The article focuses on the controversial depiction of the king and his Czech subjects, which led to a number of angry protests from Czech audiences. The study also explores the causes of the "anti-Czech sentiment" which is said to be found in these plays.
Editorial
(2014)
The article focuses on Jacob Grimm's linguistic scholarship, taking into account biographical details, Grimm's conception of law and freedom, and his morality. Examples consist of original citations from Grimm's works, primarily his "Deutsche Grammatik" and "Deutsches Wörterbuch".
The article focuses on linguistic means used by professionals when defining specific emotions in psychological texts. Based on a linguistic analysis of selected passages of text, the author describes the metaphorical concepts used in order to make it easier for recipients to understand phenomena whose perception is purely subjective. The role of metaphors in professional language is frequently neglected or underestimated.
The article focuses on the current state of research in simultaneous interpreting (SI), comparing cognitive pragmatic models with cognitive linguistic approaches. The author offers an objective list of the advantages and disadvantages of the cognitive linguistic approach and other models currently used in SI. The aim of the article is not to present a one-sidedly positive assessment of the cognitive linguistic approach, but instead to arrive at a balanced evaluation of the individual approaches and the possibilities offered by the models under investigation. The author also points out further approaches that could be characterized as covertly cognitive.
The paper deals with the theses of so-called Radical Argumentativism, an approach which has been shaped and repeatedly modified by the French linguists Jean-Claude Anscombre and Oswald Ducrot since the end of the 1970s. After a brief summary of the fundamental questions of this approach in the context of research of argumentation, the reception of Anscombre and Ducrot's work in the German research of argumentation is outlined. In the process, the focus of interest lies on Atayan Vahram's book "The Macrostructures of Argumentation in German, French and Italian", published in 2006. Vahram's theses directly rest upon the theoretical basis of Radical Argumentativism. With the help of a discussion of his analysis of the indicators of argumentative weakness and strength, the article presents the advantages and disadvantages of Anscombre and Ducrot's approach, which have previously been received only peripherally in the German context.
The article examines issues connected with the translation of certain specific concepts and aspects of reality in the Liturgy of St John Chrysostom, i.e. the liturgy of the Eastern Churches. The author focuses on modern Orthodox German translations of this liturgy in the context of issues related to the translation of selected specific concepts and aspects of reality from the Greek and Old Church Slavonic original texts into modern German. The article also examines the translation of theological terminology. The analysis applies the theory of text filters, which is currently a widely used approach in translation criticism.
Tumor cell plasticity is an event that has been observed in several malignancies. In fact, most of the solid tumors are characterized by cellular heterogeneity and undergo constant changes as the tumor develops. The increased plasticity displayed by these cells allows them to acquire additional properties, enabling epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, dedifferentiation and the acquisition of stem cell-like properties. Here we discuss the particular importance of an inflammatory microenvironment for the bidirectional control of cellular plasticity and the potential for therapeutic intervention.