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We show that High Frequency Traders (HFTs) are not beneficial to the stock market during flash crashes. They actually consume liquidity when it is most needed, even when they are rewarded by the exchange to provide immediacy. The behavior of HFTs exacerbate the transient price impact, unrelated to fundamentals, typically observed during a flash crash. Slow traders provide liquidity instead of HFTs, taking advantage of the discounted price. We thus uncover a trade-o↵ between the greater liquidity and efficiency provided by HFTs in normal times, and the disruptive consequences of their trading activity during distressed times.
Non-standard errors
(2021)
Menkveld, Albert J. ; Dreber, Anna ; Holzmeister, Felix ; Huber, Jürgen ; Johannesson, Magnus ; Kirchler, Michael ; Razen, Michael ; Weitzel, Utz ; Abad Díaz, David ; Abudy, Menachem ; Adrian, Tobias ; Ait-Sahalia, Yacine ; Akmansoy, Olivier ; Alcock, Jamie ; Alexeev, Vitali ; Aloosh, Arash ; Amato, Livia ; Amaya, Diego ; Angel, James ; Bach, Amadeus ; Baidoo, Edwin ; Bakalli, Gaetan ; Barbon, Andrea ; Bashchenko, Oksana ; Bindra, Parampreet Christopher ; Bjonnes, Geir Hoidal ; Black, Jeff ; Black, Bernard S. ; Bohorquez, Santiago ; Bondarenko, Oleg ; Bos, Charles S. ; Bosch-Rosa, Ciril ; Bouri, Elie ; Brownlees, Christian ; Calamia, Anna ; Cao, Viet Nga ; Capelle-Blancard, Gunther ; Capera, Laura ; Caporin, Massimiliano ; Carrion, Allen ; Caskurlu, Tolga ; Chakrabarty, Bidisha ; Chernov, Mikhail ; Cheung, William M. ; Chincarini, Ludwig Boris ; Chordia, Tarun ; Chow, Sheung Chi ; Clapham, Benjamin ; Colliard, Jean-Edouard ; Comerton-Forde, Carole ; Curran, Edward ; Dao, Thong ; Dare, Wale ; Davies, Ryan J. ; De Blasis, Riccardo ; De Nard, Gianluca ; Declerck, Fany ; Deev, Oleg ; Degryse, Hans ; Deku, Solomon ; Desagre, Christophe ; Dijk, Mathijs van ; Dim, Chukwuma ; Dimpfl, Thomas ; Dong, Yun Jiang ; Drummond, Philip ; Dudda, Tom ; Dumitrescu, Ariadna ; Dyakov, Teodor ; Haubo Dyhrberg, Anne ; Dzieliński, Michał ; Eksi, Asli ; El Kalak, Izidin ; Ellen, Saskia ter ; Eugster, Nicolas ; Evans, Martin D. D. ; Farrell, Michael ; Félez-Viñas, Ester ; Ferrara, Gerardo ; Ferrouhi, El Mehdi ; Flori, Andrea ; Fluharty-Jaidee, Jonathan ; Foley, Sean ; Fong, Kingsley Y. L. ; Foucault, Thierry ; Franus, Tatiana ; Franzoni, Francesco ; Frijns, Bart ; Frömmel, Michael ; Fu, Servanna ; Füllbrunn, Sascha ; Gan, Baoqing ; Gehrig, Thomas ; Gerritsen, Dirk ; Gil-Bazo, Javier ; Glosten, Lawrence R. ; Gomez, Thomas ; Gorbenko, Arseny ; Güçbilmez, Ufuk ; Grammig, Joachim ; Gregoire, Vincent ; Hagströmer, Björn ; Hambuckers, Julien ; Hapnes, Erik ; Harris, Jeffrey H. ; Harris, Lawrence ; Hartmann, Simon ; Hasse, Jean-Baptiste ; Hautsch, Nikolaus ; He, Xuezhong ; Heath, Davidson ; Hediger, Simon ; Hendershott, Terrence ; Hibbert, Ann Marie ; Hjalmarsson, Erik ; Hoelscher, Seth A. ; Hoffmann, Peter ; Holden, Craig W. ; Horenstein, Alex R. ; Huang, Wenqian ; Huang, Da ; Hurlin, Christophe ; Ivashchenko, Alexey ; Iyer, Subramanian Rama ; Jahanshahloo, Hossein ; Jalkh, Naji ; Jones, Charles M. ; Jurkatis, Simon ; Jylha, Petri ; Kaeck, Andreas ; Kaiser, Gabriel ; Karam, Arzé ; Karmaziene, Egle ; Kassner, Bernhard ; Kaustia, Markku ; Kazak, Ekaterina ; Kearney, Fearghal ; Kervel, Vincent van ; Khan, Saad ; Khomyn, Marta ; Klein, Tony ; Klein, Olga ; Klos, Alexander ; Koetter, Michael ; Krahnen, Jan Pieter ; Kolokolov, Aleksey ; Korajczyk, Robert A. ; Kozhan, Roman ; Kwan, Amy ; Lajaunie, Quentin ; Lam, FY Eric C ; Lambert, Marie ; Langlois, Hugues ; Lausen, Jens ; Lauter, Tobias ; Leippold, Markus ; Levin, Vladimir ; Li, Yijie ; Li, Hui ; Liew, Chee Yoong ; Lindner, Thomas ; Linton, Oliver B. ; Liu, Jiacheng ; Liu, Anqi ; Llorente, Guillermo ; Lof, Matthijs ; Lohr, Ariel ; Longstaff, Francis A. ; Lopez-Lira, Alejandro ; Mankad, Shawn ; Mano, Nicola ; Marchal, Alexis ; Martineau, Charles ; Mazzola, Francesco ; Meloso, Debrah ; Mihet, Roxana ; Mohan, Vijay ; Moinas, Sophie ; Moore, David ; Mu, Liangyi ; Muravyev, Dmitriy ; Murphy, Dermot ; Neszveda, Gabor ; Neumeier, Christian ; Nielsson, Ulf ; Nimalendran, Mahendrarajah ; Nolte, Sven ; Norden, Lars L. ; O'Neill, Peter ; Obaid, Khaled ; Ødegaard, Bernt Arne ; Östberg, Per ; Painter, Marcus ; Palan, Stefan ; Palit, Imon ; Park, Andreas ; Pascual, Roberto ; Pasquariello, Paolo ; Pastor, Lubos ; Patel, Vinay ; Patton, Andrew J. ; Pearson, Neil D. ; Pelizzon, Loriana ; Rzeźnik, Aleksandra ; Sanford, Anthony ; Sankaran, Harikumar ; Sarkar, Asani ; Sarno, Lucio ; Scaillet, O. ; Scharnowski, Stefan ; Schenk-Hoppé, Klaus Reiner ; Schertler, Andrea ; Schneider, Michael ; Schroeder, Florian ; Schürhoff, Norman ; Schuster, Philipp ; Schwarz, Marco A. ; Seasholes, Mark S. ; Seeger, Norman ; Shachar, Or ; Shkilko, Andriy ; Shui, Jessica ; Sikic, Mario ; Simion, Giorgia ; Smales, Lee A. ; Söderlind, Paul ; Sojli, Elvira ; Sokolov, Konstantin ; Spokeviciute, Laima ; Stefanova, Denitsa ; Subrahmanyam, Marti G. ; Neusüss, Sebastian ; Szaszi, Barnabas ; Talavera, Oleksandr ; Tang, Yuehua ; Taylor, Nicholas ; Tham, Wing Wah ; Theissen, Erik ; Thimme, Julian ; Tonks, Ian ; Tran, Hai ; Trapin, Luca ; Trolle, Anders B. ; Valente, Giorgio ; Van Ness, Robert A. ; Vasquez, Aurelio ; Verousis, Thanos ; Verwijmeren, Patrick ; Vilhelmsson, Anders ; Vilkov, Grigory ; Vladimirov, Vladimir ; Vogel, Sebastian ; Voigt, Stefan ; Wagner, Wolf ; Walther, Thomas ; Weiss, Patrick ; Wel, Michel van der ; Werner, Ingrid M. ; Westerholm, Joakim ; Westheide, Christian ; Wipplinger, Evert ; Wolf, Michael ; Wolff, Christiaan Cornelis Petrus ; Wolk, Leonard ; Wong, Wing Keung ; Wrampelmeyer, Jan ; Xia, Shuo ; Xiu, Dacheng ; Xu, Ke ; Xu, Caihong ; Yadav, Pradeep ; Yagüe, José ; Yan, Cheng ; Yang, Antti ; Yoo, Woongsun ; Yu, Wenjia ; Yu, Shihao ; Yueshen, Bart Zhou ; Yuferova, Darya ; Zamojski, Marcin ; Zareei, Abalfazl ; Zeisberger, Stefan ; Zhang, Sarah ; Zhang, Xiaoyu ; Zhong, Zhuo ; Zhou, Z. Ivy ; Zhou, Chen ; Zhu, Xingyu Sonya ; Zoican, Marius ; Zwinkels, Remco C. J. ; Chen, Jian ; Duevski, Teodor ; Gao, Ge ; Gemayel, Roland ; Gilder, Dudley ; Kuhle, Paul ; Pagnotta, Emiliano ; Pelli, Michele ; Sönksen, Jantje ; Zhang, Lu ; Ilczuk, Konrad ; Bogoev, Dimitar ; Qian, Ya ; Wika, Hans C. ; Yu, Yihe ; Zhao, Lu ; Mi, Michael ; Bao, Li ; Vaduva, Andreea ; Prokopczuk, Marcel ; Avetikian, Alejandro ; Wu, Zhen-Xing
In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in sample estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: non-standard errors. To study them, we let 164 teams test six hypotheses on the same sample. We find that non-standard errors are sizeable, on par with standard errors. Their size (i) co-varies only weakly with team merits, reproducibility, or peer rating, (ii) declines significantly after peer-feedback, and (iii) is underestimated by participants.
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