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To examine the necessity of livestock grazing for managing threatened sand vegetation so as to en-sure and develop its nature-conservation value, we investigated a grazing system in a model nature reserve (German upper Rhine valley) characterized by threatened steppic sandy grassland (Allio-Stipetum vegetation complex: Habitats Directive Annex I, priority type 6240, additionally Koelerion glaucae: priority type 6120). The area has been grazed by sheep and additionally by donkeys since late summer of the year 2000. We established ungrazed (Au) and grazed plots (Ag) in the Allio-Stipetum complex in a systematic grid-plot design before grazing impact started. We sampled phytosociological relevés yearly in the Au/Ag plots for 12 vegetation periods. Addi-tionally, we sampled relevés on former farmland adjacent to the Allio-Stipetum complex (systematic grid-plot design) over ten vegetation periods. These former fields (Fg) were integrated in the grazing system since the beginning of the study. A constancy table was produced for Au, Ag, Fg. To determine the portions of target species (Koelerio-Corynephoretea, Festuco-Brometea species) we calculated target-species ratios (proportion of target species in comparison with the total species number; qualitative or quantitative approach: TSRqual/quant). We tested the effects of grazing, year and interactions on structural and phytodiversity characteristics of the relevés by mixed linear models. The results of the long-term experiment confirmed significant beneficial effects of grazing on habi-tat-typical structure and phytodiversity: e. g. reduction of litter, support of species which are short in height (< 20 cm), reduction of taller species (> 50 cm), support of the diversity of all plant species, of non-graminoid herbs and of target plant species, reduction of Calamagrostis epigejos, positive effects on TSRqual and TSRquant values. Similar developments, e.g. for phytodiversity and Calamagrostis epigejos cover, were observed on the former fields, but there are still seed limitations and high ruderal-plant dominances. In general TSRqual/quant show remarkable increases, but do not reach the values of the Ag plots. Concerning aims of nature conservation, the habitat-typical vegetation structure and phytodiversity of the Allio-Stipetum shows an excellent development as a consequence of the used grazing manage-ment. However, occasionally small populations of target species did not increase (e.g. Koeleria glauca). The former fields show a development towards valuable sandy grassland.
In Central Europe stands of the Koelerion glaucae vegetation complex are threatened and mostly highly fragmented. Knowledge about the impact of abiotic and biotic measures to restore this vegetation complex is crucial. Therefore, an inland sand dune complex (around 2 ha) was created in 2009 as a study model in the Upper Rhine Valley (Germany), which included sites with different substrate conditions as well as grazing impact and minimized inoculation with plant material.
The restoration area is divided into two halves with different substrate conditions (sites 1 and 2), on which inoculation with raked plant material and grazing by donkeys was studied on systematically arranged plots with randomised treatment distribution (32 plots). Additionally the whole area was monitored by a grid-plot approach to show the floristic background (43 plots). Minimized inoculation was conducted with rare Koelerion glaucae plant material in small plots covering around 5–7% of the restoration sites. During the four-year study, vegetation development was recorded and examined in relation to the donor site and an older restoration site. Soil seed bank and seed rain in the newly deposited restoration sites were also investigated, as well as the endozoochorous seed-dispersal by donkeys. Target species ratios (TSR) were calculated to estimate the restoration success. We used mixed linear models and detrended correspondence analysis for data evaluation.
Substrate conditions had an impact on the number of target species and on phanerogam and cryptogam cover. Inoculation enhanced both number and, without grazing, cover of target species since the first year. On not-inoculated plots and on grid-plots, target-species numbers increased gradually. Grazing by donkeys did not affect target-species numbers, but had a decreasing effect on target-species cover. Grazing reduced bryophyte cover, especially on inoculated plots. DCA revealed development of the experimental plots towards the donor site, as has occurred on the older restoration site. Soil seed bank and seed rain were characterized by ruderal species, and did not show similarities to the donor site. Endozoochory revealed some target species to be effectively dispersed by donkeys.
Minimized inoculation is suitable to overcome seed limitation and build up starter populations of target species for the colonization of larger restoration sites. However, within four years species composition of the donor site was not achieved. Grazing by donkeys had mainly structural effects for the studied time period.