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Unsere Studie hat am Steinschmätzer die Folgen einer verlängerten
Brutzeit durch zusätzliche Spätbruten für das Zeitmanagement
von Weitstreckenziehern untersucht. Wir fragten,
ob der Zeitverlauf der Mauser verändert wird, ob saisonale
Aktivitäten verschachtelt werden und ob die Geschlechter
unterschiedlich auf spätes Brüten reagieren. Zudem erwarteten
wir eine verminderte Rückkehrrate von Spätbrütern. Die
Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Steinschmätzer beider Geschlechter
ohne Spätbruten kurz nach dem Ausfliegen der Jungen gleichzeitig
mit der Mauser beginnen, während spät brütende Steinschmätzer
den Mauserbeginn verzögern. Die Verzögerung ist
bei den Weibchen (23 Tage) viel ausgeprägter als bei den
Männchen (6 Tage). Infolgedessen überlappten spätbrütende
Männchen häufig Brut und Mauser, während die Weibchen
möglicherweise vor dem Zugbeginn in Zeitdruck gerieten.
Trotz des späten Mauserbeginns wechselten Spätbrüter beider
Geschlechter ihr Gefieder tendenziell um etwa eine Woche
langsamer und konnten somit ihre Verspätung nicht kompensieren.
Obwohl zwei Bruten für den Steinschmätzer sicher
eine höhere Belastung darstellen, zeigten die Rückkehrraten
keine Benachteiligung auf. Unabhängig von Alter, Geschlecht
und Anzahl der Bruten lag die Rate im Populationsmittel bei
23,5 %. Vermutlich ziehen nur Steinschmätzer in ausgezeichneter
körperlicher Verfassung Spätbruten auf und gleichen
die zusätzliche Belastung aus.
Early maternal care may counteract familial liability for psychopathology in the reward circuitry
(2018)
Reward processing is altered in various psychopathologies and has been shown to be susceptible to genetic and environmental influences. Here, we examined whether maternal care may buffer familial risk for psychiatric disorders in terms of reward processing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during a monetary incentive delay task was acquired in participants of an epidemiological cohort study followed since birth (N = 172, 25 years). Early maternal stimulation was assessed during a standardized nursing/playing setting at the age of 3 months. Parental psychiatric disorders (familial risk) during childhood and the participants’ previous psychopathology were assessed by diagnostic interview. With high familial risk, higher maternal stimulation was related to increasing activation in the caudate head, the supplementary motor area, the cingulum and the middle frontal gyrus during reward anticipation, with the opposite pattern found in individuals with no familial risk. In contrast, higher maternal stimulation was associated with decreasing caudate head activity during reward delivery and reduced levels of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the high-risk group. Decreased caudate head activity during reward anticipation and increased activity during delivery were linked to ADHD. These findings provide evidence of a long-term association of early maternal stimulation on both adult neurobiological systems of reward underlying externalizing behavior and ADHD during development.
Objective: The NADPH oxidase Nox4 is an important source of H2O2. Nox4-derived H2O2 limits vascular inflammation and promotes smooth muscle differentiation. On this basis, the role of Nox4 for restenosis development was determined in the mouse carotid artery injury model. Methods and results: Genetic deletion of Nox4 by a tamoxifen-activated Cre-Lox-system did not impact on neointima formation in the carotid artery wire injury model. To understand this unexpected finding, time-resolved single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) from injured carotid arteries of control mice and massive-analysis-of-cDNA-ends (MACE)-RNAseq from the neointima harvested by laser capture microdissection of control and Nox4 knockout mice was performed. This revealed that resting smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts exhibit high Nox4 expression, but that the proliferating de-differentiated SMCs, which give rise to the neointima, have low Nox4 expression. In line with this, the first weeks after injury, gene expression was unchanged between the carotid artery neointimas of control and Nox4 knockout mice. Conclusion: Upon vascular injury, Nox4 expression is transiently lost in the cells which comprise the neointima. NADPH oxidase 4 therefore does not interfere with restenosis development after wire-induced vascular injury.