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Für die NO-Produktion aus L-Arginin sind drei Isoformen der NO-Synthase verantwortlich: Die Calcium unabhängige induzierbare NO-Synthase (iNOS) sowie die Calcium abhängige endotheliale konstitutive (eNOS) und die neuronale (nNOS) NO-Synthase. Die Stickstoffmonoxid (NO)-Produktion von Endothelzellen ist wegen der verschiedenen Effekte von NO von Interesse. So erhöht NO den Blutfluss, spielt eine Rolle bei der Induktion der Angiogenese, führt jedoch auch zum Zelltod von Tumorzellen und reduziert die Tumorzelladhäsion. NO schützt einerseits vor der von TNF-α induzierten Apoptose, andererseits kann die cytokin-aktivierte NO-Produktion adhärente Tumorzellen töten [34, 72, 37, 36, 49].In einer Studie von Loibl et al. wurde zuvor iNOS-Aktivität in Tumorzellen bei in situ und invasiven primären Mammakarzinomen nachgewiesen. Ihre Rolle als Prognosefaktor ist jedoch bisher noch unzureichend geklärt [42]. Ziel der Arbeit war es, einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verlauf primärer Mammakarzinomerkrankungen und der iNOS-Expression nachzuweisen. Es war zu klären, ob iNOS mit klassischen Prognosefaktoren beim Mammakarzinom korreliert oder ob die iNOS-Expression selbst einen unabhängigen Prognosefaktor für diese Patientinnen darstellt. Unsere Studie zeigt bei dem bisher größten Kollektiv an 161 Patientinnen mit primärem Mammakarzinom einen signifikanten Zusammenhang sowohl zwischen der Expression von iNOS und der Tumorgröße (P=0,018) als auch zwischen iNOS und dem histologischen Differenzierungsgrad (P=0,039). Die iNOS-Expression korreliert ebenfalls signifikant mit einer schlechteren Gesamtüberlebenswahrscheinlichkeit (P=0,049), wobei die Expression von iNOS kein unabhängiger Prognosefaktor für das Gesamtüberleben ist (P=0,077; Hazard Ratio 2,25 [95% Confidence Intervall: 0,89-5,65]).
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has become a major problem for patients and for clinicians, academics and the pharmaceutical industry. To date, existing hepatotoxicity test systems are only poorly predictive and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. One of the factors known to amplify hepatotoxicity is the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), especially due to its synergy with commonly used drugs such as diclofenac. However, the exact mechanism of how diclofenac in combination with TNFα induces liver injury remains elusive. Here, we combined time-resolved immunoblotting and live-cell imaging data of HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) with dynamic pathway modeling using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to describe the complex structure of TNFα-induced NFκB signal transduction and integrated the perturbations of the pathway caused by diclofenac. The resulting mathematical model was used to systematically identify parameters affected by diclofenac. These analyses showed that more than one regulatory module of TNFα-induced NFκB signal transduction is affected by diclofenac, suggesting that hepatotoxicity is the integrated consequence of multiple changes in hepatocytes and that multiple factors define toxicity thresholds. Applying our mathematical modeling approach to other DILI-causing compounds representing different putative DILI mechanism classes enabled us to quantify their impact on pathway activation, highlighting the potential of the dynamic pathway model as a quantitative tool for the analysis of DILI compounds.
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.